Bhaibheri roUmambo—Rinokosha Munyaya Dzedzidzo

NGARAVA yacho yakabva muSpain ichienda kukamukwavarara keItaly pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi16. Munzvimbo inochengeterwa zvinhu mungarava iyi makanga muine zvinhu zvinokosha zvikuru—maBhaibheri akawanda eComplutensian Polyglot akadhindwa pakati pa1514 na1517. Chiriporipocho, dutu guru rakavapo. Vaiva mungarava iyi vakaedza kuita kuti ngarava yacho isanyura, asi zvakashaya basa. Ngarava yacho yakanyura nezvinhu zvaivamo zvaikosha kwazvo.

Njodzi iyoyo yakaita kuti padiwe rimwe Bhaibheri idzva rePolyglot. Pakupedzisira, nyanzvi yokudhinda Christophe Plantin akabvuma kuita basa racho rakaoma. Aida kutsigirwa nomunhu aiva akapfuma kuti aite basa guru iri, saka akakumbira Philip II, mambo wechipiri weSpain, kuti amutsigire nemari. Asati asarudza zvokuita, mambo akabvunza nyanzvi dzakasiyana-siyana dzokuSpain, kusanganisira nyanzvi yeBhaibheri yaiva nomukurumbira yainzi Benito Arias Montano. Akaudza Mambo Philip kuti: “Pane kungoitira Mwari basa uye kubatsira chechi yeRoma Katurike, basa iri richaita kuti zita roumambo Hwenyu Hukuru rikudzwe zvikuru uye imi muremekedzwe.”

Kudhinda rimwe Bhaibheri reComplutensian Polyglot kwaizova kubudirira kunooneka kwetsika, saka Philip akasarudza kutsigira nomwoyo wake wose basa raPlantin. Akapa  Arias Montano basa guru rokunyora Bhaibheri rakasvika pakuzonzi Bhaibheri roUmambo, kana kuti Antwerp Polyglot. *

Philip aifarira zvikuru kufambira mberi kwokudhindwazve kweBhaibheri iri rePolyglot zvokuti akakumbira kuti atumirwe kopi imwe neimwe kuti aiongorore. Sezvaizongoitwa nevakawanda, Plantin akanga asingadikumirira kuti kopi yacho itange yabva kuAntwerp yomboenda kuSpain, yoverengwa nokugadziriswa namambo, uye yobva yazodzorerwa kwaari. Zvakazoitika ndezvokuti Philip akangowana kopi yokutanga yakadhindwa uye zvichida mamwe mapeji okutanga. Panguva iyi, Montano akaenderera mberi nokuverenga achinatsiridza achibatsirwa zvakanaka nemapurofesa matatu okuLouvain nomwanasikana waPlantin akanga achiri kuyaruka.

Aida Shoko raMwari

Arias Montano ainzwa akasununguka paaiva nenyanzvi dzedzidzo dzokuAntwerp. Zvaakanga ari munhu aibvumawo zvaitaurwa nevamwe, akafarirwa naPlantin, uye vaizoshandira pamwe nokushamwaridzana kwoupenyu hwavo hwose. Montano akava nomukurumbira kwete wedzidzo chete asiwo wokuda Shoko raMwari kwazvo. * Paaiva jaya, akanga aine shungu dzokuda kupedza zvidzidzo zvake kuitira kuti apedze nguva yakawanda achidzidza Magwaro chete.

Arias Montano aidavira kuti nepazvaibvira napo Bhaibheri raifanira kushandurwa shoko neshoko. Akaedza kushandura sokunyorwa chaiko kwarakanga rakaitwa mumagwaro okutanga, nokudaro zvichipa muverengi mukana wokuverenga Shoko raMwari rechokwadi. Montano aitevedzera zvakanga zvataurwa naErasmus,  uyo akakurudzira nyanzvi dzedzidzo “kuparidza nezvaKristu dzichishandisa magwaro semanyorerwe aakaitwa mumitauro yepakutanga.” Zvairehwa mundima dzeMagwaro akanyorwa mumitauro yokutanga zvakanga zvisingazivikanwi nevanhu kwemazana emakore nokuda kwokutadza kunzwisisa shanduro dzechiLatin.

Kuronga Mashoko eBhaibheri Racho

Manyoro ose akanga anyorwa nokuongororwa naAlfonso de Zamora kuti Bhaibheri reComplutensian Polyglot ridhindwe akatorwa naArias Montano, uyo akaashandisa pakunyora Bhaibheri roUmambo. *

Pakutanga Bhaibheri roUmambo rakanga ranyorwa kuti rive Bhaibheri rechipiri reComplutensian Polyglot, asi raiva nezvakawanda kupfuura kungodzokorora zvaiva mune rokutanga. Magwaro echiHebheru neechiGiriki eSeptuagint akatorwa muBhaibheri reComplutensian; zvadaro dzimwe ndima itsva dzakawedzerwa kusanganisirawo apendikisi yakakura. Pakupedzisira Polyglot itsva iyi yaiva iine mavhoriyamu masere. Kudhinda kwakatora makore mashanu, kubvira muna 1568 kusvikira muna 1572—nguva pfupi zvikuru kana zvichienzaniswa nemaomero akanga akaita basa racho. Zvakaguma zvaitika ndezvokuti makopi 1 213 akadhindwa.

Kunyange zvazvo Bhaibheri reComplutensian Polyglot romuna 1517 rakaratidza kuva “basa rounyanzvi mune zvokunyora,” Bhaibheri idzva reAntwerp Polyglot rairidarika pakukosha uye mumashoko aro. Chakanga chiri chimwe chinhu chinokosha munhoroondo yezvokudhinda uye zvinotonyanya kukosha, mukugadziridzwa kwendima dzinokosha dzeBhaibheri racho.

Kurwiswa Nevavengi veShoko raMwari

Hazvishamisi kuti vaivenga shanduro yakarurama yeBhaibheri vakabva vaoneka nenguva isipi. Kunyange zvazvo shanduro yeAntwerp Polyglot yakanga yabvumirwa napapa uye Arias Montano aiva nyanzvi yedzidzo yairemekedzwa yaiva nomukurumbira wakanaka, akamiswa pamberi peDare reChechi yeRoma  Rinobvunzurudza. Vaishora vakati basa rake rairatidza kuti Bhaibheri idzva rechiLatin raSantes Pagninus raiva shanduro yakarurama zvikuru yemagwaro echiHebheru neechiGiriki kudarika Vulgate, yakanga yashandurwa mazana emakore akanga adarika. Vakapomerawo Montano mhosva yokutarisa mitauro yakatanga kushandiswa paaida kubudisa shanduro yakarurama yeBhaibheri—muitiro wavaiona sowaipesana nechechi.

Dare reChechi yeRoma Rinobvunzurudza rakatoti “Mambo haana kuwana rukudzo rukuru nokutsigira Bhaibheri racho nemari.” Vakademba kuti Montano haana kunyatsoremekedza Bhaibheri reVulgate rainyanya kushandiswa. Pasinei nezvavaimupomera izvi, havana kuwana uchapupu hwakakwana hwokutsoropodza Montano  kana kuti Bhaibheri rake rePolyglot. Pakupedzisira, Bhaibheri roUmambo rakafarirwa zvikuru, uye ndiro rakazoshandiswa mumayunivhesiti akasiyana-siyana.

Shanduro Inobatsira Pakushandura Bhaibheri

Kunyange zvazvo shanduro yeAntwerp Polyglot yakanga isina kugadzirirwa vanhu vakawanda, yakakurumidza kuva shanduro inobatsira vashanduri veBhaibheri. Kufanana neyakaitangira, shanduro yeComplutensian Polyglot yakabatsira kunatsiridza ndima dzeMagwaro dzakanga dziripo. Yakabatsirawo vashanduri kunatsiridza kunzwisisa kwavo mitauro yepakutanga. Kushandurwa kwakazoitwa Bhaibheri mumitauro mikuru yakawanda yokuEurope kwakabatsirwa neshanduro iyi. Somuenzaniso, bhuku rinonzi The Cambridge History of the Bible rinotaura kuti vashanduri veKing James Version, kana kuti veAuthorized Version, shanduro dzomuna 1611 vakashandisa Antwerp Polyglot kuti ivabatsire nenzira inokosha kushandura mitauro yekare. Bhaibheri roUmambo rakashandiswawo pakushandurwa kwemaBhaibheri maviri anokosha ePolyglot akabudiswa muzana remakore rechi17.—Ona bhokisi rinoti “MaBhaibheri ePolyglot.”

Chimwe chezvakawanda zvakanga zvakanakira shanduro yeAntwerp Polyglot ndechokuti yakakwanisa kuita kuti shanduro yechiSyriac yeMagwaro echiGiriki iwanike kokutanga nenyanzvi dzedzidzo dzokuEurope. Magwaro echiSyriac iwayo akanyorwawo pamwe chete neshanduro yeshoko neshoko yechiLatin. Kuwedzerwa kweshanduro iyi kwakabatsira chaizvo, sezvo shanduro yechiSyriac yakanga iri imwe yeshanduro dzekare zvikuru dzeMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki. Kubvira muzana remakore rechishanu C.E., shanduro yechiSyriac yaibva mumanyoro ekare omuzana remakore rechipiri C.E. Maererano neThe International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, “zvinowanzobvumwa kuti shanduro yePeshitta [yechiSyriac] inobatsira chaizvo pakuongorora ndima dzemagwaro. Ndiyo imwe yeshanduro dzekare zvikuru uye inotaura nezvetsika dzekare.”

Ngarava yakaparara mugungwa kana kuti Dare reChechi yeRoma Rinobvunzurudza rokuSpain hazvina kutadzisa kubudiswa kweshanduro yakanatsiridzwa uye yakazova bhuku guru reshanduro yeBhaibheri yeComplutensian Polyglot muna 1572 rakazonzi Bhaibheri roUmambo. Nhoroondo yeBhaibheri rePolyglot reAntwerp ndomumwe muenzaniso unoratidza zvakaedza kuitwa nevarume vaida kudzivirira Shoko raMwari nomwoyo wose.

Zvisinei nokuti vaizviziva here kana kwete, varume vakanga vakazvipira ava vakaita basa raisava roudyire rakaratidza kuti mashoko ouprofita aIsaya aiva echokwadi. Makore anenge zviuru zvitatu akapfuura, Isaya akanyora kuti: “Uswa hunooma, ruva rinosvava; asi shoko raMwari wedu richagara nokusingaperi.”—Isaya 40:8.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 13]

“Asi shoko raMwari wedu richagara nokusingaperi”

[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 12]

MABHAIBHERI EPOLYGLOT

“Bhaibheri rePolyglot iBhaibheri rine ndima dziri mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana,” inotsanangura kudaro imwe nyanzvi yokuSpain inonzi Federico Pérez Castro. “Zvisinei, zvagara hazvo zvichinzi mashoko acho anoreva maBhaibheri ane ndima dzeMagwaro mumitauro yaishandiswa pakatanga kunyorwa Bhaibheri. Kana kuri kuti ndizvo zvazvinoreva, ndosaka maBhaibheri epolyglot ari mashoma zvikuru.”

1. Bhaibheri reComplutensian Polyglot (1514-17), kuti ribude rakawanirwa mari naCardinal Cisneros, rakadhindwa muAlcalá de Henares, kuSpain. Mavhoriyamu aro matanhatu aiva nendima dzeBhaibheri mumitauro mina yaiti: chiHebheru, chiGiriki, chiAramaiki, uye chiLatin. Rakapa vashanduri vomuzana remakore rechi16 Magwaro epakutanga chaiwo echiHebheru nechiAramaiki.

2. Bhaibheri reThe Antwerp Polyglot (1568-72), rakanyorwa naBenito Arias Montano, rakawedzera shanduro yePeshitta yechiSyriac yeMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki neTargum yechiAramaic yaJonathan pandima dzeBhaibheri reComplutensian. Ndima dzechiHebheru, dzaiva nemavhawero nezviratidzo zvemadaidzirwo eshoko racho, dzakaongororwa pachishandiswa shanduro yakafarirwa yechiHebheru yaJacob ben Hayyim. Saka zvakabva zvaita kuti rive Bhaibheri reMagwaro echiHebheru raifanira kushandiswa nevashanduri.

3. Bhaibheri reThe Paris Polyglot (1629-45) rakabuda rawanirwa mari negweta rokuFrance rainzi Guy Michel le Jay. Rine ndima dzinowanika muAntwerp Polyglot, kunyange zvazvo rine dzimwewo ndima dzechiSamaritan nechiArabic.

4. Bhaibheri reThe London Polyglot (1655-57), rakanyorwa naBrian Walton, raivawo nendima dzomuAntwerp Polyglot. Polyglot iyi yaiva neshanduro dzekare dzokushandurwa kwakaitwa Bhaibheri mumutauro wokuEthiopia nowokuPersia, kunyange zvazvo shanduro idzi dzisina hadzo kuwedzera kujekesa ndima dziri muBhaibheri.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Mucheka wakanyorwa mashoko uye shanduro dzeAntwerp Polyglot (mbiri dziri nechepasi): Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Bhaibheri reAntwerp Polyglot (riri pamusoro): By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen; Bhaibheri reLondon Polyglot: Kubva mubhuku rinonzi The Walton Polyglot Bible, Vol. III, 1655-1657

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 9]

Philip II, mambo wokuSpain

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Philip II: Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 10]

Arias Montano

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Montano: Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 10]

Michina yakatanga kushandiswa pakudhinda muAntwerp, Belgium

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Michina yokudhinda: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 11]

Kuruboshwe: Christophe Plantin uye peji ine musoro mukuru yeBhaibheri reAntwerp Polyglot

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Peji ine musoro mukuru uye Plantin: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 11]

Pamusoro: Eksodho chitsauko 15 iri muzvikamu zvina zvendima dzemagwaro

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 9]

Peji ine musoro mukuru uye Plantin: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 13]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid