Bhaibheri Romutauro wokuItaly—Nhoroondo Yematambudziko Aro

“BHAIBHERI nderimwe remabhuku akaparadzirwa zvikuru munyika medu [Italy], asi zvimwe risinganyanyi kuverengwa. VaKaturike havambokurudzirwi kuti vazive Bhaibheri uye havabatsirwi kuti variverenge seShoko raMwari. Pane vaya vanoda kuziva Bhaibheri, asi kazhinji panenge pasina angavadzidzisa.”

Mashoko aya anomutsa mibvunzo yakawanda, akataurwa muna 1995 nedare roMusangano weMabhishopi okuItaly. MuItaly Bhaibheri raiverengwa nevakawanda zvakadini mumazana emakore akapfuura? Nei kuparadzirwa kwaro kwaiva kwakasarira kana zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nyika? Nei richiri rimwe remabhuku asinganyanyi kuverengwa muItaly? Kuongorora nhoroondo yeshanduro dzeBhaibheri dzomutauro wokuItaly kunotipa dzimwe mhinduro.

Zvakatora makore akawanda kuti mitauro yakaita seyokuFrance, Italy, Spain, uye chiPutukezi, zvichingodaro—ibve muchiLatin. Munyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzokuEurope dzaimbotaura chiLatin, mutauro waitaurwa munyika iyoyo nevanhu vakawanda wakatanga kugamuchirwa zvishoma nezvishoma uye waitoshandiswa mumabhuku ainyorwa. Kugamuchirwa kwakaitwa mutauro wacho kwakabatsira zvakananga pakushandura Bhaibheri. Sei? Pane imwe nguva, kusiyana kwakanga kwakaita chiLatin, mutauro waishandiswa nechechi yeKaturike, nomutauro waishandiswa nevamwe vanhu vose, pamwe chete notumwe tumitauro twawo twakasiyana-siyana, kwakakura zvokuti chiLatin chakanga chisingachanzwisiswi nevaya vakanga vasina kudzidza.

Pakazosvika gore ra1000, vanhu vakawanda vaigara mukamukwavarara keItaly vangave vakaona zvakaoma kuverenga Vulgate muchiLatin, kunyange zvazvo vaigona kuwana kopi. Kwemazana emakore, vatungamiriri vechechi yeKaturike ndivo vaitungamirira dzidzo, kusanganisira iya yokumayunivhesiti mashomanana aivapo. Vashomanana chete ndivo vaigona kuiwana. Saka, Bhaibheri rakazova “bhuku risingazivikanwi.” Asi vakawanda vaida kuva neShoko raMwari uye vaida kurinzwisisa mumutauro wavo.

Kazhinji, vafundisi ndivo vaishora kushandurwa kweBhaibheri, vachitya kuti zvaizokurudzira kupanduka. Maererano nomunyori wenhau dzakaitika anonzi Massimo Firpo, “kushandiswa kwomutauro waitaurwa munyika iyoyo [kwaizoita] kuti [kushandiswa kwechiLatin] kusava chipingamupinyi chaiita kuti vafundisi bedzi vaite zvechitendero.” Saka, zvinhu zvaiva nechokuita netsika, chitendero, uye nzanga ndizvo zvakakonzera kuti vanhu vokuItaly vasadzidza Bhaibheri sezvavachiri kungoita nhasi.

 Shanduro dzeBhaibheri Dzokutanga Dzisina Kuzara

Muzana remakore rechi13 pakava neshanduro dzokutanga dzeBhaibheri dzaibviswa muchiLatin dzichiiswa mumutauro waitaurwa munyika yacho. Shanduro dzisina kuzara dzakadaro dzaikopwa nemaoko uye dzaidhura zvikuru. Nokuwedzera kweshanduro dzakawanda muzana remakore rechi14, rinenge Bhaibheri rakazara rakanga rava kuwanika mumutauro unotaurwa munyika yacho, kunyange zvazvo mabhuku aro akashandurwa nevanhu vakasiyana-siyana, panguva yakasiyana uye munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Shanduro dzakawanda idzi, dzakabudiswa nevashanduri vakanga vasingadi kuzivikanwa, dzaingowanikwa nevapfumi kana kuti vakadzidza chete. Kunyange apo kudhinda kwakanga kwava kuita kuti mitengo yemabhuku iderere, maererano nomunyori wenhau dzakaitika Gigliola Fragnito, maBhaibheri akanga “achingowanikwa nevashomanana.”

Kwemazana emakore, ruzhinji rwevanhu rwakaramba rusingagoni kuverenga nokunyora. Kunyange panguva yokubatana kweItaly muna 1861, 74,7 muzana yevanhu vacho yakanga isingagoni kuverenga nokunyora. Sezvineiwo, paigadzirira hurumende itsva yeItaly kuita mutemo unoita kuti dzidzo iwanike nevanhu vose pachena, Pope Pius IX akanyorera mambo muna 1870 achimukurudzira kuti arambidze mutemo wacho, uyo wakatsanangurwa napapa kuti “denda” rakagadzirirwa “kuparadza zvachose zvikoro zveKaturike.”

Bhaibheri Rokutanga Mumutauro wokuItaly

Bhaibheri rokutanga rakazara mumutauro wokuItaly rakadhindwa muVenice muna 1471, muchina unochinjwa-chinjwa mabhii wava nemakore 16 watanga kushandiswa muEurope. Nicolò Malerbi, mumongi wechiCamaldoli, akabudisa shanduro yake mumwedzi misere. Akashandisa zvakanyanya shanduro dzaitovapo, akadzipepeta achienzanisa neVulgate yechiLatin, achitsiva mamwe mashoko neaya aishandiswa kwaaigara, kuVenetia. Shanduro yake yeBhaibheri yakadhindwa mumutauro wokuItaly ndiyo yakanga iri yokutanga kunyatsoparadzirwa.

Mumwe murume akabudisa imwe shanduro yeBhaibheri muVenice aiva Antonio Brucioli. Akanga ari munhu asingadaviri zvechitendero aiva nepfungwa dzechiPurotesitendi, asi haana kumbosiya Chechi yeKaturike. Muna 1532, Brucioli akashandura Bhaibheri kubva mumitauro yekare yechiHebheru nechiGiriki. Iri raiva Bhaibheri rokutanga kushandurirwa mumutauro wokuItaly kubva mumagwaro ekare. Kunyange zvazvo rakanga risiri mumutauro wokuItaly wakanyatsokwenenzverwa, kuomerera kwaiita shanduro yacho kumagwaro ekare kunoshamisa zvikuru, kana tichifunga nezvoruzivo rwemitauro yekare yemazuva iwayo. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo nomune mamwe mabhuku, Brucioli akadzorera zita raMwari rokuti “Ieova.” Kweanoda kusvika makore zana, Bhaibheri rake raiva rakakurumbira zvikuru pakati pevaPurotesitendi nevapanduki vechitendero.

Dzimwe shanduro dzomutauro wokuItaly—idzo chaizvoizvo dzaiva kudzokororwa kweBhaibheri raBrucioli—dzakabudiswa, dzimwe nevaKaturike. Hapana kana imwe yadzo yakaparadzirwa zvinozivikanwa. Muna 1607, Giovanni Diodati, mufundisi wechiCalvinist ane vabereki vakatizira kuSwitzerland kuti vasatambudzirwe chitendero, akabudisa imwe shanduro mumutauro wokuItaly kubva mumitauro yekare ari kuGeneva. Shanduro yake yakava Bhaibheri revaPurotesitendi vokuItaly kwemazana emakore. Tichifunga nezvenguva yayakabudiswa, inoonekwa seshanduro yakanaka kwazvo yomutauro wokuItaly. Bhaibheri raDiodati rakabatsira vanhu vokuItaly kunzwisisa dzidziso dzeBhaibheri. Asi vafundisi vakawanda vakavhiringidza kuparadzirwa kweBhaibheri iri nedzimwewo shanduro.

Bhaibheri—“Bhuku Risingazivikanwi”

“Chechi yakagara ichibudirira kuita kuti mabhuku arambe achiongororwa, asi pakazotanga zvokudhinda, haina kuona zvichidiwa kuti panyorwe mabhuku akanga arambidzwa nokuti mabhuku iwayo aionekwa seane ngozi akapiswa,” inodaro Enciclopedia Cattolica. Kunyange  pashure pokutanga kuChinja kwechiPurotesitendi, vafundisi vomunyika dzinoverengeka dzomuEurope vakaita nepavaigona napo kuti mabhuku ainzi ndeokupandukira asaparadzirwa. Zvinhu zvakachinja pashure peCouncil of Trent muna 1546, pakakurukurwa nyaya dzeshanduro dzakasiyana-siyana dzemitauro yomunyika yacho. Pakabuda pfungwa mbiri dzakasiyana. Vaya vaitsigira kuti Bhaibheri risaparadzirwe vaiti kuva naro mumitauro inozivikanwa ndokwaiva “musimboti nemavambo okupanduka kwose.” Vaya vaisatsigira vakati “vashori” vavo, vaPurotesitendi, vaizoita nharo dzokuti chechi yairambidza kuti Bhaibheri rive mumitauro inozivikanwa kuti vavanze “uori nokunyengedzera.”

Kusabvumirana kwakaita kuti Council of Trent isaita chisarudzo chakasimba panyaya yacho asi yakabvuma kuti Vulgate, shanduro yaishandiswa neChechi yeKaturike, yaiva yechokwadi. Zvisinei, Carlo Buzzetti, mudzidzisi wepaPontifical University Salesianum, kuRome, anoti kutaura kuti Vulgate “ndeyechokwadi” “kwaitsigira pfungwa yokuti zvechokwadi, ndiyo chete yaiva shanduro yepamutemo yeBhaibheri.” Zvinhu zvakazoitika zvakabudisa izvi pachena.

Muna 1559, Pope Paul IV akabudisa indekisi yokutanga yemabhuku airambidzwa, mabhuku airambidzwa vaKaturike kuti vaverenge, kutengesa, kushandura, kana kuti kuva nawo. Mabhuku aya aionekwa seakaipa uye ane ngozi pakutenda nepakuvimbika mutsika. Indekisi yacho yairambidza kuverengwa kweshanduro dzeBhaibheri dzomutauro wokuItaly, kusanganisira yaBrucioli. Vaisateerera vaidzingwa. Indekisi yomuna 1596 yaitorambidza zvakawanda. Zvakanga zvisingachabvumirwi kushandura kana kudhinda Bhaibheri mumutauro waizivikanwa nevanhu vose. MaBhaibheri akadaro aifanira kuparadzwa.

Somugumisiro, kupiswa kwemaBhaibheri munzvimbo dzaiva nemachechi kwakawedzera pakapera zana remakore rechi16. Mupfungwa dzevanhuwo zvavo, Magwaro akava bhuku revanhu vakapanduka, uye pfungwa iyoyo ichiripo nanhasi. Anenge maBhaibheri ose nemabhuku anotsanangura Bhaibheri mumaraibhurari evoruzhinji neasingashandiswi nevanhu vose vose akaparadzwa, uye mumakore 200 akatevera, hapana muKaturike aishandurira Bhaibheri mumutauro wokuItaly. MaBhaibheri aingowanikwa mukamukwavarara keItaly—muchivande, pachityirwa kuti angatorwa—aiva aya akashandurwa nenyanzvi dzechiPurotesitendi. Saka munyori wenhau dzakaitika Mario Cignoni akati: “Chaizvoizvo, nhengo dzechechi dzakanga dzisingambobati Bhaibheri kwemazana emakore. Bhaibheri rakabva rava bhuku risingambozivikanwi, uye mamiriyoni  evanhu vokuItaly haana kana kumboverenga peji imwe chete zvayo kwoupenyu hwavo hwose.”

Havasisiri Kurambidzwa

Gare gare, Pope Benedict XIV akagadzirisa mutemo wakanga wambogadzwa, mune mumwe murau waiva muindekisi yomusi waJune 13, 1757, “achibvumira kuverengwa kwedzimwe shanduro dzomutauro waizivikanwa nevanhu vose dzakabvumirwa neHoly See uye dzakabudiswa dzichitungamirirwa nemabhishopi.” Somugumisiro, Antonio Martini, uyo akazova bhishopi mukuru weFlorence, akagadzirira kushandura Vulgate. Chikamu chokutanga chakabudiswa muna 1769, uye basa racho rakapera muna 1781. Maererano nerimwe bhuku reKaturike, shanduro yaMartini yaiva “yokutanga yakakodzera kutaurwa nezvayo.” Kusvika panguva iyoyo, vaKaturike vakanga vasinganzwisisi chiLatin vaisagona kuverenga Bhaibheri rakabvumirwa nechechi. Pamakore 150 akatevera, shanduro yaMartini ndiyo yoga yaibvumirwa kuvaKaturike vokuItaly.

Nguva yokuchinja yakasvika padare renyika yose rezvechitendero reVatican II. Muna 1965 gwaro rinonzi Dei Verbum rakakurudzira kokutanga “kuti vashandure zvakakodzera uye zvakarurama . . . vachiisa mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana, kunyanya vachitora mumagwaro ekare emabhuku matsvene.” Nguva pfupi izvi zvisati zvaitika, muna 1958, Pontificio istituto biblico (Pontifical Biblical Institute) yakabudisa “shanduro yokutanga yeKaturike yakabva mumagwaro ekare.” Shanduro iyi yakadzorera zita raMwari rokuti “Jahve mune dzimwe nzvimbo shomanana.”

Kushorwa kweshanduro dzemaBhaibheri kwakanga kuchishungurudza, uye kuchiri kungodaro. Sezvambotaurwa naGigliola Fragnito, kwakaita kuti “vatendi vasava norusununguko rwokuvimba nepfungwa dzavo nehana dzavo.” Uyezve, vanhu vave vachimanikidzwa kuita tsika dzechitendero, izvo vaKaturike vakawanda vanoona sezvinokosha kupfuura Bhaibheri. Zvose izvi zvaita kuti vanhu vasanyanya kufarira Magwaro, kunyange zvazvo vava kugona kuverenga nokunyora.

Zvisinei, basa rouevhangeri reZvapupu zvaJehovha raita kuti vanhu vatange kufarira Bhaibheri mumutauro wokuItaly. Muna 1963 Zvapupu zvakabudisa Shanduro yeNyika Itsva yeMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki mumutauro wokuItaly. Muna 1967 Bhaibheri rakazara rakanga rava kuwanika. Makopi anopfuura 4 000 000 eshanduro iyi ave achiparadzirwa muItaly moga. Shanduro yeNyika Itsva, inodzorera zita raMwari rokuti Jehovha, mushanduro yayo, inosiyana nedzimwe shanduro nokuomerera kwainoita kupfungwa dzemagwaro ekare.

Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvinoenda paimba neimba, zvichiverenga nokutsanangura shoko retariro riri muMagwaro kune vose vanoteerera. (Mabasa 20:20) Pauchasanganazve neZvapupu zvaJehovha, wadii kuzvikumbira kuti zvikuratidze zvinotaura Bhaibheri rako nezvechipikirwa chaMwari chakaisvonaka chokuti nokukurumidza achaunza “nyika itsva” umo “kururama kuchagara”?—2 Petro 3:13.

[Mepu iri papeji 13]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Venice

ROME

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 15]

Shanduro yaBrucioli yakashandisa zita raMwari rokuti Ieova mundima dzayo

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 15]

Indekisi yemabhuku airambidzwa yairatidza shanduro dzeBhaibheri mumutauro wokuItaly sedzine ngozi

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 13]

Peji yomusoro weBhaibheri: Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma

[Vakatipa Mifananidzo iri papeji 15]

Shanduro yaBrucioli: Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma; Indekisi: Su concessione del Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali