“Vakaunganidza Sanihedrini”

MUPRISTI mukuru uye vatongi vechiJudha vakanga vapererwa nezano. Vaizoita sei kuti Jesu Kristu asafarirwe? Vakanga vabudirira pakuita kuti aurayiwe, asi zvino vadzidzi vaJesu vainge vari kuzadza Jerusarema nenyaya yokumutswa kwake. Vaizonyaradzwa sei? Kuti vasarudze zvokuita, mupristi mukuru nevabatsiri vake “vakaunganidza Sanihedrini,” dare repamusoro revanhu vechiJudha.—Mabasa 5:21.

MuIsraeri yezana remakore rokutanga, Gavhuna weRoma Pondiyo Pirato ndiye aiva nechiremera chikuru. Asi Sanihedrini yaishanda sei naPirato? Simba romumwe nomumwe raigumira papi? Sanihedrini yaiumbwa navanaani? Uye yaishanda sei?

Kutanga Kwakaita Sanihedrini

Shoko rechiGiriki rakashandurwa kuti “Sanihedrini” chaizvoizvo rinoreva kuti “kugara pasi ne-.” Ishoko raiwanzoshandiswa nokuda kwokuungana kana kuti musangano. Mutsika yechiJudha, raiwanzoreva dare rechitendero rinotonga, kana kungoti dare redzimhosva.

Vanyori veTalmud, yakanyorwa mazana emakore pashure pokuparadzwa kweJerusarema muna 70 C.E., vakarondedzera Sanihedrini sedare rekare. Vakafungidzira kuti nguva dzose raiumbwa neboka renyanzvi dzaiungana kuti dzikurukure zvinhu zvomutemo wechiJudha uye vaifunga kuti rakatanga munguva apo Mosesi akaunganidza varume vakuru 70 kuti vamubatsire kutungamirira vaIsraeri. (Numeri 11:16, 17) Vanyori venhau vanoramba pfungwa iyi. Vanoti chimwe chinhu chakafanana nedare reSanihedrini chakatozovapo pashure pokuva pasi poutongi hwevaPezhiya. Vanyori venhau vanofungawo kuti chikoro cheTalmud chinenge chinopindirana zviri nani neboka revanarabhi  vomuzana remakore rechipiri nerechitatu, kwete Sanihedrini. Saka Sanihedrini yakavapo rini?

Bhaibheri rinozivisa kuti nhapwa dzakadzokera kuJudha dzichibva kuBhabhironi muna 537 B.C.E. dzaiva nehurumende yadzo. Nehemiya naEzra vanotaura nezvemachinda, varume vakuru, vanokudzwa uye vatevedzeri vevatongi—zvichida kutanga kweSanihedrini yomunguva yemberi.—Ezra 10:8; Nehemiya 5:7.

Kubvira nguva yakapedzwa kunyorwa Magwaro echiHebheru kusvikira pakunyorwa kweEvhangeri yaMateu yaiva nguva yenyonganyonga yevaJudha. Muna 332 B.C.E., Alexander Mukuru akatanga kutonga Judhiya. Alexander afa, Judhiya yakava pasi poumambo huviri hwechiGiriki hwaaitonga—pakutanga vekwaPtolemy, ndokuzouya vekwaSeleucus. Muzvinyorwa zvokutonga kwevekwaSeleucus, kwakatanga muna 198 B.C.E., tinowana panotanga kutaurwa nezvedare revaJudha. Dare iri ringangodaro raiva nemasimba mashoma, asi raipa vaJudha kapfungwa kokuti vaizvitonga.

Muna 167 B.C.E., Mambo wevekwaSeleucus Antiochus IV (Epiphanes) akaedza kumanikidzira tsika dzechiGiriki pavaJudha. Akasvibisa temberi yomuJerusarema nokubayira nguruve kuna Zeusi paatari yayo. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nokumukira panguva apo vanaMakabhii vakabva pautongi hwaSeleucus uye ndokutanga dzinza rekwaHasmoneus. * Panguva imwe chete, vanyori nevaFarisi—vatungamiriri vevanhu vazhinji vakatsigira kumukira kwacho—vakawana simba muhurumende rokutarisira zvichiita kuti vapristi vasare vasisina simba.

Sezvinoratidzwa muMagwaro echiGiriki, ndiwo matangiro akanga ari kuita Sanihedrini. Yaizova dare rehurumende uye dare rinotonga repamusoro rinotsanangura mutemo wechiJudha.

Simba reRoma Zvichienzaniswa nereSanihedrini

Pakasvika zana remakore rokutanga, Roma yakanga yatora Judhiya. Zvisinei, vaJudha vakanga vane karusununguko. Wakanga uri mutemo weRoma kupa vanhu vayaitonga kodzero yokusarudza hurumende yavaida. Saka vakuru vakuru veRoma havana kupindira mumabasa aiitwa nematare omunzvimbo imomo, uye vaidzivisa zvinetso zvaigona kumuka pamusana pokusiyana kwetsika. Chinangwa chaiva chokusimudzira rugare uye kuvimbika kwevanhu vaigara munzvimbo yavaitonga nokuvabvumira kuchengeta tsika dzavo uye kuti vazvitonge. Kunze kwokugadza uye kubvisa mupristi mukuru—aiva purezidhendi weSanihedrini—uye kubhadharisa mitero, vaRoma vaipindira munhau dzechiJudha chete kana zvido zvavo nouchangamire zvairayira izvozvo. Sezvinoratidzwa nokutongwa kwakaitwa Jesu, zvinoita sokuti Roma yakachengetedza simba rayo rokupa mutongo worufu.—Johani 18:31.

Saka Sanihedrini yaitonga nhau dzakawanda dzevaJudha. Yaiva nemapurisa aisunga vanhu. (Johani 7:32) Matare maduku aitonga mhosva  duku uye mhosva dzevagari vemo pasina kupindira kweRoma. Matare maduku paaikundikana kupa mutongo wemhosva, yaiendeswa kuSanihedrini, kwaipiwa mutongo wokupedzisira.

Kuti irambe iine simba iroro, Sanihedrini yaifanira kuchengetedza rugare uye kutsigira kutonga kweRoma. Asi kana vaRoma vaifungidzira kuti pane mhosva dzezvematongerwo enyika, yaipindira yotora matanho ayaiona akakodzera. Muenzaniso mumwe wakadaro wakanga uri kusungwa kwomuapostora Pauro.—Mabasa 21:31-40.

Nhengo Dzedare

Sanihedrini yaiva nenhengo 71—mupristi mukuru uye varume 70 vaive vakakurumbira murudzi rwacho. Munguva dzevaRoma yaiumbwa nevapristi vaikudzwa (zvikurukuru vaSadhusi), vanhu vainge vakapfuma, uye vanyori vakadzidza veboka revaFarisi. Vapristi vanhu vainge vakapfuma, vachitsigirwa nevanhu vairemekedzwa, ndivo vakanga vari vazhinji mudare racho. * VaSadhusi vakanga vasingadi kuchinja, asi vaFarisi vakanga vakasununguka pakugamuchira dzimwe pfungwa uye vakawanda vavo vaiva vanhuwo zvavo vane simba zvikuru pavanhu. Maererano nomunyori wenhau Josephus, vaSadhusi vakanga vasingadi kunyatsoteerera zvaidiwa nevaFarisi. Pauro akatora mukana wokusanyatsowirirana kwavo uye wokusiyana kwezvavaitenda paakazvidzivirira pamberi peSanihedrini.—Mabasa 23:6-9.

Sezvo Sanihedrini yaiumbwa nevanhu vainge vakapfuma zvinoratidzika sokuti munhu aibva ava nhengo zvachose uye kana podiwa munhu anotsiva, nhengo dzacho ndidzo dzaisarudza munhu wacho. Maererano neMishnah, nhengo itsva dzaifanira kuva “vapristi, vaRevhi, uye vaIsraeri vane vanasikana vanobvumirwa kuroorwa nevapristi,” kureva kuti, vaJudha vaigona kuratidza kuti dzinza ravo nderavaJudha chaivoivo. Sezvo dare repamusoro raitarisira matare okutonga enyika yose, zvinoratidza kuti varume vainge vazviitira zita rakanaka kumatare maduku vaikwidziridzwa kuchigaro cheSanihedrini.

Nharaunda Yaitongwa uye Simba

VaJudha vairemekedza Sanihedrini zvikuru kwazvo, uye vatongi vomumatare maduku vaisungirwa kugamuchira zvarinenge rasunga, pasina izvozvo vaiwana mutongo worufu. Dare rainyanya kufunga nezvezvaidiwa kuti munhu ave mupristi uye nyaya dzaiva nechokuita neJerusarema, temberi yaro, uye kunamata kwaiitwa patemberi. Kutaura zvazviri, vanhu vaidzorwa neSanihedrini vaingova vaya vaiva muJudhiya chete. Asi sezvo Sanihedrini yainzi idare repamusoro mukutsanangura Mutemo, zvayaisarudza zvaitevedzerwa nenzanga dzechiJudha munyika yose. Somuenzaniso, mupristi mukuru nenhengo dzedare rake vakarayira vatungamiriri vemasinagogi muDhamasiko kushandira pamwe pakusungwa kwevateveri vaKristu. (Mabasa 9:1, 2; 22:4, 5; 26:12) Saizvozvo, vaJudha vaishanya muJerusarema nokuda kwemitambo zvichida vaienda nemashoko ainge aziviswa neSanihedrini.

Maererano neMishnah, Sanihedrini ndiyo yoga yaiva nesimba rokusarudza nhau dzehurumende dzaikosha, kuona zvokuita nevatongi vairamba zvayainge yasarudza uye mukutonga vaprofita venhema. Jesu naStefani vakamira pamberi pedare vachipomerwa mhosva yokumhura, Petro naJohani vakapomerwa mhosva yokupandukira hurumende, uye Pauro akapomerwa mhosva yokumhura temberi.—Mako 14:64; Mabasa 4:15-17; 6:11; 23:1; 24:6.

Kutongwa kwaJesu uye Kwevadzidzi Vake

Sanihedrini yaiungana mudare rayo zuva nezuva kubva pachibayiro chemangwanani kusvikira kuchibayiro chemanheru, kunze kwemisi yeSabata neyemazuva matsvene. Mhosva dzaitongwa zuva rakacheka nyika chete. Sezvo mutongo worufu waizoziviswa pazuva rinotevera kutongwa kwemhosva yacho, mhosva idzi dzaisatongwa zvichinzi mangwana  iSabata kana kuti izuva romutambo. Vaya vaipupurira vairayirwa zvakasimba kuti yainge iri mhosva huru kuteura ropa risina mhosva. Saka, kutongwa manheru uye kupiwa mhosva kwakaitwa Jesu pamberi pezuva romutambo ari kumba kwaKayafasi kwakanga kusiri pamutemo. Kuwedzera pana izvozvo, vatongi vacho vakatotsvaka zvapupu zvenhema uye vakanyengetedza Pirato kuti arayire kuti Jesu aurayiwe.—Mateu 26:57-59; Johani 11:47-53; 19:31.

Talmud inoti vatongi vemhosva dzaigona kuita kuti munhu aurayiwe, vaiedza kudzivirira mupomerwi kana pasina chiri kumhanyirwa. Asi havana kuita izvi pavakatonga Jesu, uyewo havana kudaro pavakazotonga Stefani. Kuzvidzivirira kwake pamberi peSanihedrini kwakaita kuti atemwe nematombo nemhomho yevanhu. Dai pasina kuti hurumende yeRoma yakapindira, muapostora Pauro angadai akaurayiwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana. Chokwadi, vatongi veSanihedrini vaitorangana kumuuraya.—Mabasa 6:12; 7:58; 23:6-15.

Kunenge kuti vashomanene venhengo dzedare vaiva vanhu vane unhu. Mutongi wechiduku muJudha akataura naJesu angangodaro aive nhengo yeSanihedrini. Kunyange zvazvo upfumi hwemurume uyu hwakanga huri chipingamupinyi, anofanira kuve akanga aine unhu hwakanaka, sezvo Jesu akamukoka kuti ave muteveri Wake.—Mateu 19:16-22; Ruka 18:18, 22.

Kutya kuti vamwe vatongi vaizofungei kungave kwakaita kuti Nikodhimo, “mutongi wevaJudha,” ashanyire Jesu usiku. Uyewo Nikodhimo akadzivirira Jesu pamberi peSanihedrini achibvunza kuti: “Ko mutemo wedu unotonga munhu kana usina kutanga wamunzwa uye wasvika pakuziva chaari kuita here?” Nikodhimo akazopa “musanganiswa wemura nearosi” zvokushandisa pakugadzira mutumbi waJesu usati wavigwa.—Johani 3:1, 2; 7:51, 52; 19:39.

Josefa weArimatiya, imwe nhengo yeSanihedrini, noushingi akakumbira Pirato mutumbi waJesu akauviga muguva rake. Josefa akanga “akamirirawo umambo hwaMwari,” asi kutya vaJudha kwakamutadzisa kuti azvizivise somumwe wevadzidzi vaJesu. Sezvineiwo, Josefa akaita zvakanaka pakuti haana kuvhota achibvumirana neSanihedrini pakuronga kwayo kuurayisa Jesu.—Mako 15:43-46; Mateu 27:57-60; Ruka 23:50-53; Johani 19:38.

Gamarieri, imwe nhengo yeSanihedrini akapa zano nouchenjeri vamwe vaaitonga navo kuti vasiyane nevadzidzi vaJesu. Akati, “Kana zvisina kudaro, chokwadi zvimwe mungawanikwa muchirwisana naMwari.” (Mabasa 5:34-39) Chii chakatadzisa dare repamusoro kuziva kuti Jesu nevadzidzi vake vaitsigirwa naMwari? Panzvimbo pokubvuma zvishamiso zvaJesu, Sanihedrini yakati: “Toitei, nokuti munhu uyu anoita zviratidzo zvizhinji? Kana tikamurega achiita izvi, vose vachatenda maari, uye vaRoma vachauya, votora nzvimbo yedu norudzi rwedu.” (Johani 11:47, 48) Kuda simba zvakanyanya ndiko kwakaita kuti dare repamusoro rechiJudha risaruramisire. Saizvozvowo, panzvimbo pokufara apo vadzidzi vaJesu vakaporesa vanhu, vatungamiriri vechitendero ava “vakazadzwa negodo.” (Mabasa 5:17) Sevatongi, vaifanira kunge vachitya Mwari uye vachiruramisira, asi vakawanda vavo vaive nouori uye vasina kutendeseka.—Eksodho 18:21; Dheuteronomio 16:18-20.

Kutonga kwaMwari

Nemhaka yokuti vaIsraeri havana kuteerera Mutemo waMwari uye vakaramba Mesiya, pakupedzisira Jehovha akaramba rudzi rwacho sevanhu vake vaakasarudza. Muna 70 C.E., vaRoma vakaparadza guta reJerusarema netemberi yaro uye vakagumisa urongwa hwose hwemamiriro ezvinhu evaJudha uye pakupedzisira Sanihedrini pachayo.

Jesu Kristu, mutongi akagadzwa waJehovha, achasarudza kana paine nhengo dzezana ramakore rokutanga reSanihedrini dzakakodzera kumutswa uye kuti ndiani pakati pavo akatadzira mudzimu mutsvene. (Mako 3:29; Johani 5:22) Tine chokwadi chokuti, Jesu achaita nokururamisira paachaita izvozvo.—Isaya 11:3-5.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]