Migwagwa yeRoma Mienzaniso Youinjiniya Hwekare

PAZVIVAKO zveRoma zvekare, ndechipi chakanyanya kukurumbira? Ungati inhandare yeColosseum here, ine matongo ari kuRoma? Kana tichida kufunga nezvezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nevaRoma zvakagara kupfuura zvimwe zvose kana kuti zvakakurumbira munhoroondo yezvakaitika kare, tinofanira kufunga nezvemigwagwa.

Migwagwa yokuRoma yakanga isingangoshandiswi nemauto chete kana kuti pakutakura zvinhu. Nyanzvi inodudzira zvakanyorwa pazvivako nezvigadzirwa zvekare Romolo A. Staccioli anoti mumigwagwa “maiita kuti ruzivo, unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu, uye dzidziso dzouzivi nedzechitendero zvikurumidze kupararira,” kusanganisira dzechiKristu.

Munguva yekare, migwagwa yokuRoma yaionekwa sezvivako zvinofanira kuyeukwa. Mumazana emakore akawanda, vanhu vokuRoma vakagadzira migwagwa yakawanda yakanaka yainge yakareba makiromita 80 000 munzvimbo yava yenyika dzinopfuura 30.

Mugwagwa mukuru wokutanga unokosha unonzi via publica, wainzi Via Appia, kana kuti Appian Way. Zvawaizivikanwa somugwagwa mukuru pane yose, waibatanidza Roma neBrundisium (yava kunzi Brindisi), guta raiva nechiteshi chengarava dzaienda kuMabvazuva. Zita romugwagwa uyu rakatorwa pana Appius Claudius Caecus, aiva mukuru mukuru muhurumende yeRoma uyo akatanga kuugadzira munenge muna 312 B.C.E. Migwagwa yainzi Via Salaria naVia Flaminia yaishandiswawo muRoma, yose yainanga kumabvazuva kuGungwa reAdriatic, ichiita kuti zvive nyore kusvika kumatunhu okuBalkans, okuRhine neDanube. Wainzi Via Aurelia waikwidza wakananga kuchamhembe kuGaul neIberian Peninsula, uye wainzi Via Ostiensis waienda kuOstia, chiteshi chengarava chainyanya kushandiswa neRoma pakuenda nokudzoka kuAfrica.

Chirongwa Chokuvaka Chikuru Kupfuura Zvose Chakaitwa muRoma

Migwagwa yaikosheswa muRoma kunyange vagari veko vasati vatombotanga kugadzira mitsva. Guta racho rakavakirwa paisangana migwagwa yekare, inova ndiyo bedzi nzvimbo yaigona kushandiswa kuyambuka Rwizi rwaTiber nechokuzasi kwarwo. Maererano nemagwaro ekare, kuti vanatsiridze migwagwa yavakawana iripo, vaRoma vakatevedzera vanhu vokuCarthage. Asi vanhu chaivoivo vakatangira vaRoma paunyanzvi hwokugadzira migwagwa vangangove vaiva vaEtruscan. Mimwe migwagwa yavo ichiripo. Uyezve, vaRoma vasati vavapo tunzira twakawanda twaifambwa chaizvo twakanga tuchiripo munzvimbo yacho. Tunzira utwu tungangove twaishandiswa kuendesa zvipfuwo kumafuro akasiyana-siyana. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvakaoma kufamba mumigwagwa sezvo yaiva neguruva mumwaka wokusanaya uye madhaka mumwaka wokunaya. VaRoma vaiwanzogadzira migwagwa yavo patunzira utwu.

Migwagwa yomuRoma yakanga yakanyorwa pamapurani uye yaigadzirwa kuti ive yakasimba, inofambika, uye yakanaka chaizvo. Chinangwa chemigwagwa iyi chaiva chokuti ibatanidze nzvimbo mbiri nenzira yokudimburira zvikuru, ndosaka yakawanda yacho yakatwasuka. Zvisinei, kazhinji kacho migwagwa yacho yaifanira kutevedza zvainge zvakaita payaipfuura napo. Pazvaiita, munzvimbo dzaiva dzakakwirira uye dzaiva nemakomo, mainjiniya okuRoma aigadzira migwagwa yacho kunosvika nechepakati pomukwidza wacho yozomonereka, nedivi regomo racho rinenge riine zuva.  Kune vaifamba mumigwagwa iyi, payaiva apa paiita kuti zvisanyanye kuoma kufamba pairi kana mamiriro okunze asina kunaka.

VaRoma vaimbogadzira migwagwa yavo sei? Vaiigadzira nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, asi zvinotevera ndizvo zvakaonekwa pakacherwa matongo.

Purani yomugwagwa wacho yaitanga yagadzirwa. Basa iri raiitwa nevanhu vomunguva iyoyo vaiongorora nzvimbo yaizopfuura nemigwagwa. Zvadaro, basa rainetesa rokuchera raiitwa nemauto, vashandi, kana kuti varanda. Migero miviri yaive yakaererana yaicherwa. Daro duku rokuparadzana kwayaive yakaita raiva mamita anenge 2,4 asi yaiwanzove yakaparadzana nemamita 4, uye yainge yakatopamhama zvikuru mumakona. Upamhi hwomugwagwa wainge wapera kugadzirwa hwaigona kusvika mamita 10, kusanganisira tunzira twetsoka twaiva kumativi ose. Ivhu raiva pakati pemigero miviri yacho raizobviswa, pova negomba. Kana vangosvika paivhu rakasimba, gomba riya raizadzwa nouriri hutatu kana kuti huna hwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Zvichida vaitanga kuisa matombo makuru kana kuti anenge apwanyiwa. Matombo aitsvedzerera kana kuti  hurungudo ndiwo aizotevera kuiswa, zvichida achibatanidzwa nekongiri. Pamusoro paibva pazoiswa matombo maduku kana kuti akagayiwa.

Mimwe migwagwa yomuRoma yaingoiswa matombo maduku otsindirwa. Kunyange zvakadaro chainyanya kuita kuti iyemurwe nevanhu vekare kwaiva kugadzirwa kwayaive yakaitwa nematombo akati sandara. Pamusoro pemigwagwa iyi paiiswa matombo makuru akati sandara, kazhinji kacho aiwanikwa munzvimbo yacho. Yaiva yakatundumara nechepakati kuitira kuti mvura iyerere ichienda kumigero yaiva kumativi omugwagwa wacho. Magadzirirwo aya ndiwo aiita kuti migwagwa iyi igare kwenguva refu uye kuti mimwe yacho irambe iripo kusvika kuzuva redu.

Anenge makore 900 mugwagwa weAppian Way wagadzirwa, mumwe munyori wenhau dzakaitika kare wokuguta reByzantine anonzi Procopius akauti “wakanaka chaizvo.” Nezvematombo aiiswa pamusoro pawo, akanyora kuti: “Pasinei nokuti yave ichifambwa kwenguva yakareba zvikuru nengoro dzakawanda zuva nezuva, haina kumbokanganisika, ichakanaka.”

Migwagwa iyi yaipfuura sei pane zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvakadai senzizi? Imwe nzira inokosha yaishandiswa aiva mabhiriji, mamwe acho achiripo, zvichipa uchapupu hwokuti vaRoma vekare vaiva nounyanzvi hunoshamisa hwokuvaka. Mwena yaigadzirwa nevaRoma kuti ive migwagwa zvichida hainyanyi kuzivikanwa, asi zvaive zvakatooma zvikuru kuigadzira kana tichitarisa nezvoruzivo uye zvishandiso zvaivapo panguva yacho. Rimwe bhuku rinoti: “Mabasa ouinjiniya evaRoma . . . akaguma asina aaigona kuenzaniswa nawo kwemazana emakore.” Mumwe muenzaniso ndowemwena wakaboorwa kuti papfuure nomugwagwa unowanika muFurlo unopfuura nepaVia Flaminia. Kare muna 78 C.E., pashure pokunge mainjiniya anyatsogadzira mapurani acho, mugwagwa wepasi pevhu wakareba mamita 40, wakapamhama mamita 5 uye wakakwirira mamita 5 wakaboorwa nepasi poruware rwegomo. Chokwadi iri raiva basa raishamisa chaizvo, tichifunga nezvezvinhu zvaishandiswa panguva iyoyo. Kugadzira migwagwa yakadaro ndiro rimwe remabasa makuru akaitwa nevanhu.

Vafambi uye Kuparadzirwa Kwepfungwa

Varwi nevatengesi, vaparidzi nevaishanya kunoona nzvimbo, vatambi, uye vaya vemitambo yechisimba vose vaishandisa migwagwa iyi. Vaya vaifamba netsoka vaigona kufamba makiromita 25 kusvika ku30 pazuva. Vafambi vaigona kuziva madaro nokutarisa matombo ainyorwa madaro. Matombo aya aitaridzika zvakasiyana-siyana, kakawanda kacho aiva akaita sedanda, aiiswa padaro remamita 1 480 oga oga—ndiko kureba kwakanga kwakaita kiromita yevaRoma. Maivawo nenzvimbo  dzokuzororera, vafambi pavaigona kuchinja mabhiza, kutenga zvokudya kana kuti dzimwe nguva kurara usiku. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzacho dzakazova mataundi maduku.

Kristu achangoberekwa, Kesari Agasto akatanga chirongwa chokugadziridza migwagwa. Akasarudza vakuru vakuru kuti vatarisire mugwagwa mumwe chete kana yakawanda. Akaita kuti chikwangwani chainzi miliarium aureum, chaiva chendarama, chimiswe muRoman Forum. Chikwangwani ichi chaiva nemabhii ebronze ndicho chairatidza paiperera migwagwa yose yeRoma muItaly. Izvi ndozvakaita kuti pave nechirevo cheChirungu chinoti: “Migwagwa yose inosvika kuRoma.” Agasto akaitawo kuti pave nenzvimbo yaiva nemepu yairatidza migwagwa yomuumambo hwacho. Zvinoita sokuti migwagwa yacho yairatidzika zvakanaka maererano nezvaitarisirwa panguva iyoyo uye zvaidiwa nevanhu vacho.

Vamwe vafambi vekare vaitoshandisa mabhuku, kana kuti mapepa akanyorwa mafambiro avaifanira kuita aivabatsira munzendo dzavo. Mabhuku aya aivapa mashoko aiva nechokuita nemadaro aivapo pakati penzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzokumira uye airondedzera zvaiitwa panzvimbo dzakadaro. Zvisinei, mabhuku aya aidhura, saka akanga asingawaniki nomunhu wose.

Kunyange zvakadaro, vaevhangeri vechiKristu vaironga uye vaifamba nzendo dzakawanda dzemadaro akareba. Sezvaingoita vamwe vakararama munguva yake, muapostora Pauro aiwanzofamba nomugungwa paaienda kumabvazuva nezvikepe zvaishandisa mhepo yomugungwa. (Mabasa 14:25, 26; 20:3; 21:1-3) Mugungwa reMediterranean, mhepo inovhuvhuta ichibva kumadokero mumwaka wechirimo. Zvisinei, Pauro paaifamba achienda kumadokero, aiwanzofamba nepanyika yakaoma, achishandisa migwagwa yeRoma. Nenzira iyi, Pauro akaronga rwendo rwake rwoumishinari rwechipiri norwechitatu. (Mabasa 15:36-41; 16:6-8; 17:1, 10; 18:22, 23; 19:1) * Munenge muna 59 C.E., Pauro akafamba nomugwagwa unonzi Appian Way achienda kuRoma uye akasangana nevamwe vake vaainamata navo paAppii Forum, kana kuti paMusika weApiyo, waiva makiromita 74 kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweRoma. Vamwe vakanga vakamumirira makiromita 14 pedyo neRoma panzvimbo yokuzororera yainzi Hotera Nhatu. (Mabasa 28:13-15) Munenge muna 60 C.E., Pauro akataura kuti mashoko akanaka akanga aparidzwa “munyika yose” yaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo. (VaKorose 1:6, 23) Migwagwa yaivapo yakabatsira kuti zvidaro.

Saka migwagwa yeRoma yaratidza kuti migwagwa inoshamisa uye ine mukurumbira usingaperi—uye yakabatsira kuti mashoko akanaka oUmambo hwaMwari aparadzirwe.—Mateu 24:14.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 14]

Chikwangwani chemakiromita chokuRoma

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 15]

Mugwagwa unonzi Via Appia kunze kweguta reRoma

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 15]

Mugwagwa womuOstia yekare, kuItaly

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 15]

Nzira dzaifamba nengoro kare, kuAustria

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 15]

Chikamu chomugwagwa weRoma une zvikwangwani zvinoratidza makiromita kuJordan

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 16]

Matongo emakuva ari muVia Appia kunze kweguta reRoma

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Furlo Tunnel paVia Flaminia, mudunhu reMarche

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 16, 17]

Bhiriji raTibheriyo riri paVia Emilia paRimini, kuItaly

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 17]

Pauro akasangana nevamwe vake vaainamata navo pamusika waiitwa zvizhinji weAppii Forum, kana kuti Musika weApiyo

[Vakatipa Mifananidzo iri papeji 15]

Nechokuruboshwe, Ostia: ©danilo donadoni/Marka/age fotostock; nechokurudyi, mugwagwa une zvikwangwani zvemakiromita: Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.