Christophe Plantin Akatanga Nzira Itsva Yokudhinda BhaibheRi

JOHANNES GUTENBERG (womunenge muna 1397-1468) anozivikanwa zvikuru nokubudisa Bhaibheri rokutanga rakadhindwa pachishandiswa muchina waiita zvokuchinjwa-chinjwa mabhii. Asi vakawanda havazivi nezvaChristophe Plantin. Ndiye akatanga nzira itsva mune zvokudhinda mabhuku uyo akaita basa rinokosha pakuita kuti vanhu munyika yose vawane mabhuku nemaBhaibheri muma1500.

Christophe Plantin akaberekwa munenge muna 1520 muSaint-Avertin, kuFrance. Paakanga ava kuda kusvitsa makore 30, Plantin akasarudza kugara muAntwerp kuLow Countries, * kwaiva nevanhu vaigamuchira zvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana uye kwaiita sokuti kwaizobudirira mune zvoupfumi kupfuura muFrance.

Plantin akatanga achiita basa rokubhainda mabhuku uye kugadzira zvinhu nematehwe. Zvinhu zvake zvaaigadzira nematehwe zvaive zvakanaka chaizvo zvokuti zvaidiwa nevapfumi. Zvisinei, chimwe chinhu chakaitika muna 1555 chakakonzera kuti Plantin achinje basa rake. Paaiendesa bhegi redehwe raainge agadzirira mutongi weLow Countries, Mambo Philip II weSpain, Plantin akarwiswa mune mumwe mugwagwa muAntwerp. Vamwe varume vakanga vakadhakwa vakamubaya nebakatwa pabendekete. Kunyange zvazvo ronda raPlantin rakapora, akanga asingachakwanisi kuita basa rakaoma saka aifanira kurega basa rake. Achitsigirwa nemari naHendrik Niclaes mutungamiriri weboka revaAnabaptist, Plantin akatanga basa rokudhinda.

“Kushanda uye Kutsungirira”

Plantin akatumidza muchina wake wokudhinda kuti De Gulden Passer (Kambasi Yendarama). Chiratidzo chebhizimisi rake chaiva kambasi mbiri dzendarama dzakanyorwa kuti “Labore et Constantia,” zvinoreva kuti “Kushanda uye Kutsungirira.” Chiratidzo chacho chakanga chakakodzera murume uyu aibishaira.

Kunyange zvazvo airarama panguva yaive isina kugadzikana zvechitendero nezvematongerwo enyika muEurope, Plantin akaedza kuti asapinda mungozi. Basa rokudhinda raikosha kwaari kupfuura chero chii zvacho. Kunyange zvazvo ainzwira tsitsi Kuchinja kwechitendero chevaPurotesitendi, akanga “asingaratidzi paaive chaipo panyaya yechitendero,” anodaro munyori anonzi Maurits Sabbe. Pamusana peizvi, makuhwa akapararira okuti Plantin akanga achidhinda mabhuku okupandukira. Somuenzaniso muna 1562, aifanira kutizira kuParis kwerinopfuura gore.

Plantin paakadzokera kuAntwerp muna 1563, akaita mushandirapamwe nevashambadzi vakapfuma, vakawanda vacho vaizivikanwa kuti vaitenda pfungwa dzaCalvin. Mumakore mashanu omushandirapamwe iwoyo, Plantin akadhinda mabhuku akasiyana-siyana 260 nemichina yake. Mabhuku aya aisanganisira maBhaibheri echiHebheru, chiGiriki neechiLatin uyewo maBhaibheri ainge akagadzirwa zvakanaka chaizvo eDutch Catholic Louvain.

“Chirongwa Chinokosha Zvikuru Chokudhinda Chakabudirira”

Muna 1567, panguva iyo nzvimbo dzokuLow Countries dzakanga dzisingadi kutongwa neSpain, Mambo Philip II wokuSpain akatuma Mutongi  wokuAlba kuti anova gavhuna ikoko. Apiwa simba rakakwana namambo, mutongi uyu akaedza kuti vaPurotesitendi vasaramba kutongwa. Naizvozvo Plantin akatanga basa guru raaitarisira kuti raizobvisa kufungira kwose kwokuti akanga ari kupandukira. Aida chaizvo kudhinda shanduro yendima dzeBhaibheri rakanga raitwa nenyanzvi mumitauro yekare. PaBhaibheri raaida kudhinda iri, Plantin akabudirira kuti atsigirwe naPhilip II. Mambo akavimbisa kuti aizotsigira nemari uye akatumira Arias Montano aizivikanwa zvikuru nokusadavira zvechitendero kuti atungamirire basa racho.

Montano aiva nechipo chokuziva mitauro, uye aishanda maawa 11 pazuva. Aibatsirwa nevaitaura mitauro yakawanda vokuSpain, Belgium, neFrance. Chinangwa chavo chaiva chokunyora shanduro itsva yeBhaibheri rakakurumbira rinonzi Complutensian Polyglot. * Kuwedzera pane Latin Vulgate, Greek Septuagint, uye Bhaibheri rechiHebheru rokutanga chairo, Bhaibheri rePolyglot raPlantin raivawo neTargum yechiAramaiki uye Syriac Peshitta, pamwe chete neshanduro dzawo dzechiLatin.

Kudhinda kwakatanga muna 1568. Iri basa rakakura rakapedzwa muna 1573. Kana tichifunga nezvenguva yacho, basa iri rakakurumidza kupera. Mutsamba yaakanyorera Mambo Philip II, Montano akati: “Zvakawanda zviri kuitwa kuno mumwedzi mumwe chete pane zvinoitwa kuRoma mugore rose.” Plantin akadhinda maBhaibheri ePolyglot 1 213, rimwe nerimwe riine mavhoriyamu masere. Peji ine musoro mukuru yaiva nemifananidzo yeshumba, nzombe, mhumhi uye gwayana zvichidya hazvo norugare muchidyiro chimwe chete zvichiratidza zviri pana Isaya 65:25. Mutengo wemavhoriyamu masere ainge asati abatanidzwa waiva 70 guilders—mari yakawanda zvikuru sezvo  panguva iyoyo mhuriwo zvayo yaitambira 50 guilders pagore. Bhaibheri racho rose rakazozivikanwa seAntwerp Polyglot. Rainziwo Biblia Regia (Bhaibheri roUmambo) nokuti Mambo Philip II ndiye akanga aritsigira nemari.

Kunyange zvazvo Pope Gregory XIII akabvuma kuti Bhaibheri racho rishandiswe, Arias Montano akashorwa zvikuru nokuda kwebasa rake. Chimwe chikonzero chaiva chokuti Montano aikoshesa rugwaro rwokutanga rwechiHebheru kupfuura Latin Vulgate. Ainyanya kushorwa naLeón de Castro, nyanzvi yezvechitendero yokuSpain uyo aiti Latin Vulgate ndiyo inopfuura dzimwe shanduro dzose. De Castro akapomera Montano kuti akakanganisa rugwaro nepfungwa dzisingatsigiri dzidziso yoUtatu. Somuenzaniso, de Castro akatotaura kuti Syriac Peshitta pana 1 Johani 5:7 haina kuwedzera mashoko anoti, “kudenga, Baba, Shoko, noMweya Unoyera: uye zvitatu izvi chinhu chimwe chete.” (King James Version) Zvisinei, dare reChechi Rinobvunzurudza rokuSpain rakaona Montano asina mhosva dzokupandukira kwose kwaaifungirwa. Vamwe vanoona Antwerp Polyglot se“chirongwa chinokosha zvikuru chokudhinda chakabudirira chakaitwa nomunhu mumwe chete muzana remakore rechi16.”

Rubatsiro Runogara Kwenguva Refu

Vakawanda vaidhinda panguva iyoyo vaingova nemichina miviri kana mitatu yokudhindisa. Zvisinei, basa rake parakanga rabudirira chaizvo, zvinofungidzirwa kuti Plantin aiva nemichina inopfuura 22 nevashandi 160. Munzvimbo dzose dzaitaurwa chiSpanish, akava nomukurumbira wokudhinda kupfuura vamwe vose vaidhinda.

Zvichakadaro, kuramba kutongwa neSpain kwakanga kuchiwedzera muLow Countries. Antwerp yaivawo mumakakatanwa aya. Muna 1576, mauto okuSpain akanga asina kupiwa mari yawo akapandukira ndokuparadza guta racho. Dzimba dzinopfuura 600 dzakapiswa, uye zviuru zvevagari vomuAntwerp zvakapondwa. Vashambadzi vakatiza muguta racho. Izvi zvakaita kuti Plantin arasikirwe nemari zvikuru. Uyezve, akamanikidzwa kuti abhadhare mauto aya mari yakawandisa.

Muna 1583, Plantin akatamira kuLeiden, guta riri makiromita 100 kuchamhembe kweAntwerp. Ari ikoko akatanga basa rokudhinda uye akapiwa basa rokudhinda neveLeiden University, chikoro chakatangwa nevaPurotesitendi vaidavira dzidziso dzaCalvin. Akatangazve kupomerwa zvaakanga ambopomerwa zvokuti akanga asina kutendeka kuChechi yeKaturike. Saka Plantin akadzokera kuAntwerp pakupera kwa1585, guta racho parakanga richangotanga kutongwazve neSpain. Panguva iyoyo akanga ava mumakore ake okuma60 uye The Golden Compass yakanga yangosara nevashandi vana vaishandisa muchina mumwe chete. Plantin akatanga kusimudzirazve bhizimisi rake rokudhinda. Zvisinei, hazvina kuzoita sezvazvaiva paakatanga, uye Plantin akafa musi waJuly 1, 1589.

Mumakore 34, Christophe Plantin akadhinda mabhuku 1 863 akasiyana-siyana, avhareji yeanenge 55 pagore. Kunyange nhasi, raizova basa guru chaizvo kumunhu anoita basa rokudhinda ari oga! Kunyange zvazvo Plantin pachake asina kuda kusimba mune zvokunamata, basa rake harina kungotsigira zvokudhinda nounyanzvi hwokudhinda chete asiwo kudzidzwa kweMagwaro akafuridzirwa. (2 Timoti 3:16) Chokwadi, Plantin nevamwe vaidhinda panguva yake vakabatsira zvikuru kuti pakupedzisira pazova nemaBhaibheri anogona kutengwa nevanhuwo zvavo.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 15]

MIZIYAMU YAPLANTIN NAMORETUS

Chivako chiri muguta reAntwerp kwaigara uye kwaishanda Plantin nedzinza rake chakazarurwa kuti chive miziyamu inoshanyirwa nevanhu vose muna 1877. Hapanazve imwe imba yokudhindira yepanguva iyi ichiripo. Michina mishanu yokudhindisa yomuzana remakore rechi17 nerechi18 inoratidzwa imomo. Mimwe miviri—inozivikanwa seyekare zvikuru munyika yose—yaivapo panguva inenge imwe chete neyaPlantin. Miziyamu yacho ine zvinhu zvokushandisa pakudhinda zvinenge 15- 000, zvidimbu zvematanda 15 000 zvaishandiswawo pabasa iri, uye mapureti emhangura akati sandara anoshandiswa pakudhinda 3 000 ane mabhii akaita zvokutemerwa. Raibhurari yemiziyamu yacho ine manyoro 638 akanyorwa kutanga muzana remakore rechi9 kusvika kune rechi16 uyewo mabhuku 154 akadhindwa gore ra1501 risati rasvika. Izvi zvinosanganisira Bhaibheri raGutenberg rakadhindwa gore ra1461 risati rasvika uyewo rimwe remaBhaibheri akakurumbira aPlantin reAntwerp Polyglot.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 15]

Arias Montano

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 16]

Antwerp Polyglot rine rugwaro rwechiHebheru, Latin “Vulgate,” ne“Septuagint” yechiGiriki, uyewo Syriac “Peshitta” neTargum yechiAramaiki pamwe chete neshanduro dzadzo dzechiLatin

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Zvakabva kuMiziyamu yaPlantin naMoretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 15]

Mifananidzo yose yakabva kuMiziyamu yaPlantin naMoretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen