Vaikopa Zvakanyorwa Zvekare neShoko raMwari

MAGWARO echiHebheru akapera kunyorwa pakunopera kwezana remakore rechishanu B.C.E. Mumazana emakore akatevera, nyanzvi dzechiJudha, kunyanya vaSoferimu uye gare gare vaMasorete, vaingwarira chaizvo pakuchengetedza magwaro echiHebheru akarurama. Zvisinei, mabhuku eBhaibheri okutangatanga akanyorwa mumazuva aMosesi naJoshua, makore ane chiuru nguva yevaSoferimu isati yasvika. Mabhuku iwayo ainge anyorerwa pazvinhu zvaisakara; saka mipumburu yacho inofanira kunge yakakopwa kakawanda. Chii chinozivikanwa nezvebasa revanyori kare ikako? MuIsraeri yekare maiva nenyanzvi dzokukopa here?

Manyoro ekare zvikuru eBhaibheri aripo nhasi zvikamu zveMipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa, mamwe acho ndeomuzana remakore rechitatu nerechipiri B.C.E. “Hatina mabhuku akatanga kunyorwa echikamu chero chipi zvacho cheBhaibheri,” anotsanangura kudaro Purofesa Alan R. Millard, nyanzvi yemitauro yeNear Eastern uye yezvokuchera matongo. Anowedzera kuti: “Tsika dzemarudzi akanga ari pedyo dzingaratidza kuti vanyori vekare vaishanda sei, uye kuziva izvozvo kungabatsira kuona kukosha kunoita magwaro echiHebheru nenhoroondo yawo.”

Basa Revanyori Kare

Mabhuku enhoroondo, echitendero, ezvemitemo, uye engano ainyorerwa muMesopotamiya zviuru zvemakore zvina zvakapfuura. Zvikoro zvevanyori zvaibudirira, uye chimwe chezvidzidzo zvavaidzidzisa chaiva chokukopa nokutendeka magwaro aitovapo. Nyanzvi dzemazuva ano dzinongowana zvishomanana chete zvakachinjwa mumagwaro eBhabhironi akakopwa kakawanda kwemakore chiuru kana kupfuura.

Basa rokunyora rakanga risingangoitwi muMesopotamiya chete. Bhuku rinonzi The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East rinoti: “Munyori wokuBhabhironi akararama kuma1500 B.C.E. angadaro ainzwa akasununguka kushandira chero munzvimbo ipi zvayo pane dzaishandira vanyori muMesopotamiya, Siriya, Kenani, kunyange Ijipiti.” *

Basa rokunyora raiva chinzvimbo chakakwirira muIjipiti mumazuva aMosesi. Vanyori vaigara vachingokopa mabhuku. Mifananidzo iri pamakuva eIjipiti ava nemakore anopfuura zviuru zvina, inoratidza izvozvo. Enisaikoropidhiya ine mashoko ataurwa pamusoro apa inoti nezvevanyori vekare vairarama panguva iyi: “Pakazosvika  zana remakore rechipiri B.C.E., vakanga vakopa uye vaunganidza mabhuku akawanda airondedzera kubudirira kwenyika yeMesopotamiya neIjipiti uye vakanga vava nebumbiro remitemo raifanira kutevedzerwa nenyanzvi dzokunyora.”

Iri “bumbiro remitemo” raisanganisira kushandiswa kwemashoko ainyorwa kwokupedzisira kwebhuku racho. Mashoko acho aisanganisira zita romunhu aikopa neromuridzi wehwendefa racho, musi wacho, pakatorwa mashoko erokutanga racho achikoperwa pahwendefa, nhamba yemitsetse, nezvimwewo. Kazhinji kacho munyori wacho aiwedzera kuti: “Rakanyorwa uye rakaongororwa maererano nerokutanga.” Mashoko aya anoratidza kuti vanhu vaikopa vekare vaikoshesa kunyora zvakarurama.

Purofesa Millard, ane mashoko ambotaurwa, anoti: “Zvinooneka kuti vanyori vaiva nenzira yavaikopa nayo yaisanganisira kuongorora nokugadzirisa, nzira yaiita kuti vasakanganisa. Dzimwe nzira idzi, kunyanya yokuverenga mitsetse kana kuti mashoko acho chaiwo, dzakazoshandiswawo nevaMasorete pakutanga kweMiddle Ages.” Saka panguva yaMosesi naJoshua, kuMiddle East vakanga vava kutokurudzirwa kungwarira uye kunyora zvakarurama pakukopa magwaro.

VaIsraeri vaivawo nenyanzvi dzokukopa dzaikwanisa here? Uchapupu huri muBhaibheri hunoratidzei?

Vanyori vomuIsraeri Yekare

Mosesi akakurira mumhuri yaFarao. (Eksodho 2:10; Mabasa 7:21, 22) Maererano nenyanzvi dzinodzidza nezveIjipiti yekare, zvakadzidziswa Mosesi zvingava zvaisanganisira kugona kunyora nokuverenga mutauro wokuIjipiti, uyewo humwe unyanzvi hwevanyori. Mubhuku rake rinonzi Israel in Egypt, Purofesa James K. Hoffmeier anoti: “Pane uchapupu hunotsigira zvinotaurwa muBhaibheri zvokuti Mosesi aigona kunyora zviitiko, kunyora mafambiro avaiita, uye kuita zvimwe zvaiitwa nevanyori.” *

Bhaibheri rinotaura nezvevamwe vomuIsraeri  yekare vaiva nyanzvi dzokunyora. Maererano neThe Cambridge History of the Bible, Mosesi “akagadza vakuru vakuru vaigona kunyora . . . kuti vanyore zvainge zvasarudzwa uye zviitiko semaitikiro azvo.” Izvi zvinovakirwa pana Dheuteronomio 1:15, panoti: “Naizvozvo [ini Mosesi] ndakatora vatungamiriri vemadzinza enyu . . . ndikavagadza kuti vave vatungamiriri venyu, vakuru vezviuru nevakuru vemazana nevakuru vemakumi mashanu nevakuru vemakumi nevakuru vakuru vemadzinza enyu.” Vakuru vakuru ava vaiva vanaani?

Shoko rechiHebheru rokuti “mukuru mukuru” rinooneka kakawanda mumagwaro eBhaibheri anotaura nezvemazuva aMosesi naJoshua. Nyanzvi dzakasiyana-siyana dzinotsanangura kuti shoko iri rinoreva kuti “mabharani,” “munhu ‘anonyora,’” uye “mukuru mukuru aibatsira mutongi nokuita basa roumabharani.” Kuoneka kweshoko iri rechiHebheru kakawanda kunoratidza kuti muIsraeri maiva nevanyori vakadaro vakawanda uye kuti vaiva nezvokuita zvakawanda mukutarisirwa kworudzi rwacho pakutanga.

Muenzaniso wechitatu une chokuita nevapristi vomuIsraeri. Encyclopaedia Judaica inoti “mabasa echitendero aiitwa [nevapristi] aida kuti vange vachigona kunyora nokuverenga.” Somuenzaniso, Mosesi akarayira vanakomana vaRevhi kuti: “Panopera makore manomwe oga oga, . . . uchaverenga mutemo uyu vaIsraeri vose vachizvinzwa.” Vapristi vakava vatarisiri voMutemo. Vakabvumira kuti mamwe makopi anyorwe uye vaitarisira kunyorwa kwawo.—Dheuteronomio 17:18, 19; 31:10, 11.

Funga kuti kopi yokutanga yoMutemo yakanyorwa sei. Mumwedzi wokupedzisira woupenyu hwake, Mosesi akaudza vaIsraeri kuti: “Pazuva ramuchayambuka Jodhani muchipinda munyika yamuchapiwa naJehovha Mwari wenyu, muzvimisire matombo makuru muadzurure nesuko. Unofanira kunyora paari mashoko ose omutemo uyu.” (Dheuteronomio 27:1-4) Maguta eJeriko neAi aparadzwa, vaIsraeri vakaungana paGomo reEbhari, raiva nechepakati peNyika Yakapikirwa. Ari ipapo zvechokwadi Joshua akanyora “kopi yomutemo waMosesi” pamatombo eatari. (Joshua 8:30-32) Akanyora nokuti vanhu vaigona kunyora nokuverenga. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti vaIsraeri vekare vaikwanisa uye vaiva nounyanzvi hwaidiwa kuti vachengetedze magwaro avo matsvene akarurama.

Kururama Kwakaita Magwaro

Mazuva aMosesi naJoshua apfuura, mimwe mipumburu yechiHebheru yakasiyana-siyana yakanyorwa, uye vakakopa mimwe yacho nemaoko. Makopi aya paaisakara kana kuti paaikanganiswa nounyoro, aifanira kutsiviwa. Iri basa rokukopa rakaenderera mberi kwemakore.

Pasinei nokungwaririra kwaiita vakopi veBhaibheri, pane zvimwe zvaingokanganisika. Asi zvaikanganiswa nevakopi zvakachinja zvikuru mashoko eBhaibheri here? Aiwa. Kutaura zvazviri, zvakakanganiswa izvi zviduku uye hazvichinji kururama kweBhaibheri, sezvinoratidzwa nokunyatsoongorora manyoro ekare.

KuvaKristu, maonero aiita Jesu Kristu mabhuku eBhaibheri ekare anosimbisa kuti Magwaro Matsvene akarurama. Mashoko akadai sokuti “Hamuna kuverenga here mubhuku raMosesi?” uye “Mosesi haana kukupai Mutemo here?” anoratidza kuti Jesu aibvuma kuti makopi akanyorwa nemaoko aiwanikwa panguva yaaiva pasi pano akanga akarurama. (Mako 12:26; Johani 7:19) Uyezve, Jesu akaratidza kuti Magwaro ose echiHebheru akarurama paakati: “Zvinhu zvose zvakanyorwa mumutemo waMosesi neZvakanyorwa nevaprofita nomuMapisarema pamusoro pangu zvinofanira kuzadzika.”—Ruka 24:44.

Naizvozvo tine chikonzero chokuvimba kuti Magwaro Matsvene akakopwa zvakarurama kubva pamanyoro ekare. Zvakangoita sokunyorwa kwazvakaitwa nomuprofita Isaya kuti: “Uswa hwakasvibirira hwaoma, ruva raoma; asi shoko raMwari wedu, richagara nokusingagumi.”—Isaya 40:8.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 18]

Munyori wokuIjipiti achishanda

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 19]

Mabhuku eBhaibheri ekare zvikuru akanyorwa munguva yaMosesi