Kurasika Kwebhuku raJohn Milton

KASHOMA kuti munyori akurumbire sezvakaita John Milton, nyanduri wenhetembo refu yeChirungu inonzi Paradise Lost. Maererano nomumwe munyori woupenyu hwevanhu, Milton “aidiwa nevakawanda, achivengwa nevamwe, asi vashoma vasina kunzwa nezvake.” Nhasi uno, manovhero eChirungu netsika zviri sezvazviri pamusana pezvaakanyora.

John Milton akasvika sei pakuva nomukurumbira wakadai? Chii chakaita kuti pave nemakakatanwa pabhuku rake rokupedzisira rinonzi On Christian Doctrine zvokuti rakatora makore 150 risati rabudiswa?

Kukura Kwake

John Milton akaberekwa mumhuri yaiva nemari kuLondon muna 1608. Milton akati, “Baba vangu vakaita kuti ndidzidze uvaranomwe ndichiri muduku, ndaizvifarira zvikuru zvokuti kubva ndava nemakore gumi nemaviri ndairara pakati pousiku ndichiverenga.” Aigona chaizvo uye akaita dhigirii remasters paCambridge muna 1632. Pashure paizvozvo, akaenderera mberi achiverenga mabhuku ezvakaitika uye euvaranomwe hwechiGiriki nechiRoma.

Milton aida kuva nyanduri, asi panguva iyoyo chimurenga chakanga chichipisa muEngland. Paramende yaitungamirirwa naOliver Cromwell, yakasarudza dare rakaita kuti Mambo Charles I aurayiwe muna 1649. Milton akadzivirira kuuraya uku nemashoko aigutsa achibva apiwa basa rokuva muromo wehurumende yaCromwell. Chokwadi, asati ava nyanduri akakurumbira, John Milton akanga ava kutozivikanwa pamusana pemapepa ake etsika uye ezvematongerwo enyika.

Umambo pahwakatanga zvakare nokugadzwa kwaCharles II muna 1660, upenyu hwaMilton hwakanga hwava mungozi nokuti akanga ambotsigira Cromwell. Milton akavanda uye akatozopona achibatsirwa neshamwari dzaiva nezvinzvimbo. Pasinei neizvi, akaramba achida zvikuru zvokunamata.

“Kushandisa Bhaibheri Pane Kanhu Kose”

Achitsanangura kuti akatanga sei kufarira zvokunamata, Milton akanyora kuti: “Ndichiri mukomana ndakatanga kudzidza nomwoyo wose Testamende Yekare neItsva mumitauro yadzakatanga kunyorwa nayo.” Milton akasvika pakuona Magwaro Matsvene sebhuku roga rakavimbika pakudzidzisa nyaya dzokunamata nedzetsika. Asi paakaverenga mabhuku okunamata aiwanikwa panguva iyoyo akaora mwoyo zvikuru. Gare gare akanyora kuti, “Ndakaona kuti zvaisazova zvakarurama kuti zvandinotenda kana tariro yangu yokuponeswa ibve mumabhuku aya.” Akatsunga kuyera zvaaitenda “achishandisa Bhaibheri pane kanhu kose,” Milton akatanga kunyora magwaro anokosha pasi pemisoro yakasiyana-siyana achibva azonyora mashoko endima idzi.

Nhasi uno, John Milton anoyeukwa nokunyora nhetembo inonzi Paradise Lost, inotaura nezvenyaya yomuBhaibheri yokutadza kwevanhu. (Genesisi, chitsauko 3) Nhetembo iyi yakatanga kubudiswa muna 1667 ndiyo yakaita kuti Milton akurumbire mune zvokunyora kunyanya munyika dzinotaura Chirungu. Akazonyorawo imwe nhetembo inonzi Paradise Regained yaibatana neyokutanga. Nhetembo idzi dzinotaura chinangwa chaMwari chokutanga nevanhu—kuti  vanakidzwe noupenyu hwakakwana muparadhiso pasi pano—uye kuti Mwari achaitazve kuti pasi pano pave Paradhiso achishandisa Kristu. Somuenzaniso, muParadise Lost, Mikaeri ngirozi huru anofanotaura nezvenguva apo Kristu acha“pa mubayiro vanhu vake vakatendeka, ova navo mumufaro usingagumi, kudenga kana kuti panyika, nokuti panguva iyoyo nyika yose inenge yava paradhiso, nzvimbo ine mufaro unopfuura womuEdheni, uye nguva yokufara zvikuru.”

On Christian Doctrine

Kwemakore, Milton aidawo kunyora bhuku rinorondedzera zvakadzama upenyu nedzidziso zvechiKristu. Pasinei nokuti akazova bofu zvachose muna 1652, akashanda nesimba pakunyora bhuku iri achibatsirwa navanamabharani kusvikira afa muna 1674. Milton akapa bhuku rake rokupedzisira iri musoro unoti A Treatise on Christian Doctrine Compiled From the Holy Scriptures Alone. Mumashoko aro okutanga akanyora kuti: “Vanyori vakawanda vakanyora nezvenyaya iyi . . . vakangonyora mumucheto ndima dzeBhaibheri dzinobva zvavanofanira kudzidzisa, vachitaura zvishoma nezvezvitsauko nendima dzacho. Asi ini ndakaedza kuzadza mapeji angu kusvika afashukira nemashoko anobva muzvikamu zvose zveBhaibheri.” Maererano nemashoko aMilton, On Christian Doctrine rinotaura zviri muMagwaro kanopfuura ka9 000.

Kunyange zvazvo Milton akanga asingazezi kutaura maonero ake, akambomira kubudisa bhuku iri. Pamusana pei? Chimwe chikonzero chaiva chokuti aiziva kuti zvaraitsanangura nezveMagwaro zvakanga zvakasiyana nokure nezvaidzidziswa mumachechi. Uye, kutangazve kwakaita umambo kwakaita kuti asafarirwe nehurumende. Nokudaro, angangodai aimirira kuti zvinhu zviti gadzikanei. Zvisinei, Milton afa, mabharani wake akaendesa magwaro akanga akanyorwa muchiLatin kukambani inobudisa mabhuku iyo yakaramba kuadhinda. Gurukota rehurumende yeEngland raiona nezvenyaya dzokunze rakabvuta magwaro aya ndokuaviga. Magwaro aya akazowanikwa kwapera makore zana nemakumi mashanu.

Muna 1823, mumwe mabharani wekwaichengeterwa zvinhu zvehurumende akawana magwaro enhetembo iyi yakakurumbira akaputirwa nemapepa. Mambo George IV aitonga England panguva iyoyo akarayira kuti magwaro aya ashandurwe kubva muchiLatin kuti averengwe nevanhu vose. Paakazobudiswa muChirungu kwapera makore maviri, magwaro aya akamutsa nharo dzakakura mumachechi uye pakati pevanyori vemabhuku. Mumwe bhishopi akabva ati magwaro aya akanga ari enhema, asingabvumi kuti Milton uyo aionekwa nevakawanda somunyori mukuru wenhetembo dzechitendero muEngland aizoramba zvakasimba zvakadaro dzidziso dzainzi itsvene  muchechi. Mushanduri zvaakanga azviziva kuti ndozvaizoitika uye achitsigira kuti Milton ndiye akanyora, akaita kuti bhuku iri rive nemashoko omuzasi anotsanangura kufanana kunokwana 500 kuripo pakati peOn Christian Doctrine neParadise Lost. *

Zvaitendwa naMilton

Pakazorarama Milton, hurumende yeEngland yakanga yatogamuchira kuchinja kwakakonzerwa nechechi dzakabuda muchiKaturike uye isisadyidzane neChechi yeRoma Katurike. Vakabuda muchechi yeRoma Katurike vaitenda kuti Magwaro Matsvene ndiwo chete aifanira kutaura zvokuita panyaya dzokunamata netsika kwete kuudzwa napapa. Zvisinei, muna On Christian Doctrine, Milton akataura kuti zvakawanda zvaidzidziswa uye zvaiitwa nevakanga vabuda muchechi yeRoma zvakanga zvisingapindiraniwo neMagwaro. Achishandisa Bhaibheri akaramba dzidziso dzaJohn Calvin dzokuti zvose zvinoitika muupenyu hwomunhu zvakagara zvarongwa naMwari achitsigira dzidziso yokuti vanhu vanozvisarudzira zvavanoda kuita noupenyu hwavo. Akakurudzira kushandisa zvine ruremekedzo zita raMwari rokuti Jehovha, achirinyora kakawanda mumagwaro ake.

Milton akashandisa Magwaro kuratidza kuti mweya womunhu unogona kufa. Achitaura zviri pana Genesisi 2:7, akanyora kuti: “Pakasikwa munhu nenzira iyi, pakupedzisira zvinonzi: nokudaro munhu akava mweya mupenyu. . . . Haasi zvinhu zviviri kana kuti haagoni kupatsanurwa: haasi sezvinofungwa nevakawanda kuti akaumbwa nezvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana, mweya nenyama. Kusiyana neizvi, munhu wose sezvaari, mweya, uye mweya munhu.” Milton akabva akanda mubvunzo uyu: “Munhu wose sezvaari anofa here, kana kuti nyama chete ndiyo inofa?” Pashure pokunge ataura ndima dzakawanda dzeBhaibheri dzinoratidza kuti munhu wose sezvaari anofa, akawedzera kuti: “Asi kutsanangura kunonyatsogutsa kwokuti mweya unofa ndekwaMwari pachake, kuri pana Ezek[ieri 18:]20: mweya unotadza uchafa.” Milton akataurawo nezvemagwaro akadai saRuka 20:37 naJohani 11:25 achiratidza kuti tariro yevanhu vose vakafa iri pakumutswa kwavo mune ramangwana.

Chii chakaita kuti nharo dzakasimba zvikuru dzimuke pamusoro peOn Christian Doctrine? Hwaiva uchapupu hwaMilton huri nyore kunzwisisa asi hwakasimba hwokuti Kristu, Mwanakomana waMwari, ari pasi paMwari, ivo Baba. Pashure pokutaura nezvaJohani 17:3 naJohani 20:17, Milton anobvunza kuti: “Kana Baba vari Mwari waKristu uye vari Mwari wedu, uye kana kuina Mwari mumwe chete, ndiani anogona kuva Mwari kunze kwaivo Baba?”

Milton anowedzera kuti: “Mwanakomana pachake nevaapostora vake vanobvuma mune zvose zvavanotaura nezvavanonyora kuti Baba vakuru pane Mwanakomana muzvinhu zvose.” (Johani 14:28) “Zvechokwadi ndiKristu anoti, pana Mat. xxvi. 39: Haiwa Baba vangu, kana zvichiita, kapu iyi ngaibve kwandiri; zvisinei, kwete sokuda kwangu, asi sokuda kwenyu. . . . Nei achinyengetera kuna Baba chete pane kuti anyengetere kwaari pachake, kana iye pachake ari Mwari chaizvoizvo? Kana iye pachake ari munhu uye ari Mwari mukuru, nei achinyengeterera chinhu asi aine simba rokuchiita? . . . Sezvo Mwanakomana achida uye achikudza Baba chete nguva dzose, saka anotidzidzisa kuti tiitewo saizvozvo.”

Kukanganisa kwaMilton

John Milton aitsvaka chokwadi. Zvisinei, aikanganisawo sevamwe uye mamwe maonero ake angadaro akavhiringidzwa nezvakaitika muupenyu hwake zvisingafadzi. Somuenzaniso, vachangoroorana, mudzimai wake aiva mwanasikana muduku wemumwe sapurazi weimba yoUmambo, akamutiza uye akadzokera kuvabereki vake kweanenge makore matatu. Munguva iyi, Milton akanyora mapepa anopembedza kurambana, kwete nemhaka yokuita gumbo mumba gumbo kunze, chikonzero choga chakataurwa naJesu, asiwo kana vanhu vatadza kupindirana. (Mateu 19:9) Milton akakurudzira pfungwa imwe chete iyi muOn Christian Doctrine.

Pasinei nokukanganisa kwaMilton, muOn Christian Doctrine munotaurwa maonero eBhaibheri padzidziso dzinokosha dzakawanda. Nanhasi uno, magwaro ake anoita kuti vaverengi vayere zvavanotenda vachishandisa chiyereso chisingakanganisi cheMagwaro Matsvene.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

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Milton aida kwazvo kudzidza Bhaibheri

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Courtesy of The Early Modern Web at Oxford

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Nhetembo inonzi “Paradise Lost” yakaita kuti Milton akurumbire

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Courtesy of The Early Modern Web at Oxford

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Magwaro aMilton aakapedzisira kunyora akarasika kwemakore 150

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Image courtesy of Rare Books and Special Collections, Thomas Cooper Library, University of South Carolina

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 11]

Image courtesy of Rare Books and Special Collections, Thomas Cooper Library, University of South Carolina