“Ngarava dzokukitimu” Dzinogara Dzichifamba Mumakungwa

HONDO dzakawanda dzomumakungwa dzakarwiwa kumabvazuva kweMediterranean. Edza kufungidzira imwe hondo yakadaro ichirwiwa mazana mashanu emakore Kristu asati auya. Imwe ngarava iri nyore kukwasva inokwasvwa nevakwasvi vari munhurikidzwa nhatu ichimhanya zvikuru. Vakwasvi vanenge 170 vari munhurikidzwa idzi vari kukwasva nesimba, vachiti vakakotamira mberi vodzoka kumashure, vakagara pamakusheni ematehwe.

Ichimhanya nesipidhi yemakiromita 13 kusvika 17 paawa, ngarava yacho inocheka nomumafungu yakananga kungarava yevavengi. Ngarava yevavengi inoedza kutiza. Panguva yakaoma iyi, zvinhu zvinoita manyama amire nerongo uye rimwe divi rayo rinosara riri pachena. Inotungwa nomuromo wesimbi wengarava iya iri kuirwisa. Kuparara kwemapuranga ayo noruzha rwemvura inenge yava kupinda nepabhovhorwa zvinotyisa vakwasvi vengarava iyi yomuvengi. Varwi vashoma vakanyatsopakatira zvombo vari mungarava yenhurikidzwa nhatu, vanomhanya nepakati pengarava yavo vachinopinda mungarava yavari kurwisa. Chokwadi dzimwe ngarava dzekare dzakanga dzisingatangiki!

Vadzidzi veBhaibheri vave vachifarira chaizvo mashoko, mamwe ouprofita, anotaura nezve“Kitimu” uye “ngarava dzokuKitimu.” (Numeri 24:24; Dhanieri 11:30; Isaya 23:1) Kitimu yaimbova kupi? Tinozivei nezvengarava dzayo? Uye nei mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi dzichifanira kukunakidza?

Mumwe munyori wenhau dzechiJudha dzakaitika kare ainzi Josephus akadana Kitimu kuti “Chethimos,” achiti yaiva pachitsuwa cheKupro. Zvinonzi guta reKition (kana kuti Citium) riri kumaodzanyemba  kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwechitsuwa cheKupro ndiro Kitimu. Zvachiri panosangana migwagwa yakawanda yaishandiswa nevemabhizimisi vekare, chitsuwa cheKupro chaiva pedyo nezviteshi zvengarava zvokumabvazuva kweMediterranean zviri izvo zvakachibatsira kuti chibudirire. Nemhaka yeparaiva, guta reKupro rakamanikidzwa kuita hwenyakwese pairwisana dzimwe nyika, uye raivawo mutsigiri ane simba kana kuti chipingamupinyi.

VaKupro Negungwa

Uchapupu hwezvakanyururwa mugungwa nezvicherwa zvemakuva, uyewo zvinyorwa zvekare nezvainge zvakadhirowewa pazviumbwa, zvinotibatsira kufungidzira zvainge zvakaita ngarava dzokuKupro. VaKupro vekare vaiva nyanzvi dzokugadzira ngarava. Chitsuwa chavo chaiva nemiti yakawanda, uye zvaiva nyore kungosungirira ngarava pakumbozorora. Miti yaitemwa kwete kuti ingogadziriswa ngarava chete asiwo yaishandiswa pakubika kopa, chicherwa chakaita kuti Kupro ikurumbire kare ikako.

Vanhu vokuFenikiya vakaona kubudirira kwebhizimisi rokutengeserana kwaiita Kupro nedzimwe nyika zvokuti vakatanga kutonga dzimwe nzvimbo dzaivaipfuura nadzo. Imwe nzvimbo yavakatora yaiva Kition iri muKupro.—Isaya 23:10-12.

Zviri pachena kuti Tire yakundwa, vamwe vanhu vayo vakatizira kuKitimu. Vapambepfumi vechiFenikiya vaiva noruzivo rwomugungwa vangangova vari ivo vakasimudzira zvikuru ruzivo rweKupro rwokugadzira ngarava dzehondo. Paiva neKition pakabatsirawo zvikuru kudzivirira ngarava dzeFenikiya.

Yaitengeserana Zvaibudirira Nedzimwe Nyika

Kare kumabvazuva kweMediterranean zvakanga zvakaoma kuita zvokutengeserana munguva iyi. Zvinhu zvinokosha zvaibva kuKupro zvaiendeswa nengarava kuKrete, Sardinia, Sisiri uyewo kuzvitsuwa zviri kugungwa reAegean. Zvirongo nehari dzemaruva zvokuKupro zvakawanikwa munzvimbo idzi, uye zviumbwa zvakawanda zvakanaka zvevaGiriki (Mycenaean) zvakawanikwa kuKupro. Dzaongorora simbi dzekopa dzakawanikwa muSardinia, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti dzakabva kuKupro.

 Muna 1982 pamhenderekedzo yokumaodzanyemba kweTurkey pakawanikwa ngarava yakaparara yomuzana remakore rechi14 B.C.E. Pazvinhu zvainyururwa mumvura paiva nepfuma zhinji, izvi zvaisanganisira simbi dzekopa dzaifungidzirwa kuti dzakabva kuKupro, zvishongo zveyero, zvirongo zvokuKenani, mapuranga omuvanga, nyanga dzenzou, zvishongo zvegoridhe nezvesirivha zvokuKenani, midziyo yaitaridzika sezvipembenene nezvimwewo zvinhu zvokuIjipiti. Dzichiongorora ivhu rakaumbiswa hari dzaiva mungarava, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti ngarava yacho ingangodaro yaiva yokuKupro.

Sezvineiwo, nguva inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo yakaparara ngarava iyi ndiyowo yakataura Bharami nezvengarava dzokuKitimu mu“chirevo chake.” (Numeri 24:15, 24) Zviri pachena kuti ngarava dzokuKupro dzakanga dzava kuzivikanwa zvikuru kuMiddle East. Ngarava idzi dzakanga dzakaita sei?

Ngarava Dzevatengesi

Ngarava dzakawanda nezvikepe zvokuumba zvakawanikwa mumakuva eguta rekare reAmathus kuKupro. Izvi zvinonyatsoratidza zvakanga zvakaita ngarava dzokuKupro, uye zvimwe zviumbwa zvacho zvakaiswa mumamiziyamu.

Zviumbwa zvengarava idzi zvinoratidza pachena kuti ngarava dzekare dzaishandiswa mune zvokutengeserana murugare. Ngarava duku dzaiwanzokwasvwa nevarume 20. Ngarava dzainge dzakafara uye dziine pasi pokutakurira zvinhu pakakura, dzaifamba dzichitevedza mhenderekedzo yeKupro dzakatakura zvinhu nevaya vaifamba nzendo pfupi. Pliny Mukuru anoti vanhu vokuKupro vakagadzira ngarava duku, isingaremi yaikwasvwa uye yaigona kutakura matani 90.

Paivawo nengarava huru dzaishandiswa nevatengesi seimwe yakawanikwa pedyo nemhenderekedzo yokuTurkey. Dzimwe dzaigona kutakura zvinhu zvairema matani 450. Ngarava huru dzaikwasvwa nevarume vaisvika 50, divi rimwe chete riine 25, uye dzainge dzakareba mamita 30 dziine mapango emaseiri akareba mamita anodarika 10.

Uprofita hweBhaibheri hweNgarava Dzehondo dze“Kitimu”

Mudzimu waJehovha ndiwo wakaita kuti mashoko aya ataurwe anoti: “Kuchava nengarava dzinobva kumhenderekedzo yeKitimu, dzichatambudza  Asiriya.” (Numeri 24:2, 24) Zvakataurwa izvi zvakaitika here? Ngarava dzokuKupro dzakapindawo sei pakuzadzika kwouprofita uhwu? “Ngarava dzinobva kumhenderekedzo yeKitimu” dzakanga dzisiri ngarava dzaishandiswa mune zvokutengeserana murugare dzaifamba nomugungwa reMediterranean. Dzaiva ngarava dzehondo dzaiita kuti vanhu vatambure.

Sezvo kurwa kwaiitika muhondo kwakachinja, pakazogadzirwawo ngarava dzaikurumidza kumhanya uye dzakasimba zvikuru kupfuura dzokutanga. Mufananidzo wakawanikwa muAmathus zvichida waiva wengarava dzehondo dzokutanga dzokuKupro. Unoratidza ngarava yakareba, yakatetepa iine besu refu rakagonyera mudenga, yakafanana nengarava dzehondo dzokuFenikiya. Ine muromo wokubayisa ngarava dzevavengi uye zvinodzivirira mumativi ose pedyo nebesu rayo uye nechokumberi kwayo.

Muzana remakore rechisere B.C.E. muGirisi ndimo makatanga kugadzirwa ngarava dzaikwasvwa nevanhu vainge vari munhurikidzwa mbiri. Ngarava idzi dzainge dzakareba mamita 24 uye dzakafara mamita 3. Pakutanga, dzaishandiswa kutakura varwi vachizonorwa vasiri mumvura. Pasina nguva, zvakaonekwa zvakakodzera kuwedzera imwe nhurikidzwa yechitatu yevakwasvi uye muromo wesimbi wokubayisa ngarava yevavengi mberi. Ngarava itsva ndiyo yakazova ngarava ine nhurikidzwa nhatu sokutaurwa kwayamboitwa kwatangira nyaya ino. Ngarava iyi yakava nomukurumbira muhondo yakaitwa paSalamis (muna 480 B.C.E.) vaGiriki pavakakunda uto romumvura revaPezhiya.

Pave paya, Alexander Mukuru aiva nenzara yokutonga vamwe, akaenda nengarava dzake dzenhurikidzwa nhatu kumabvazuva. Ngarava idzi dzakanga dziri dzehondo, kwete dzenzendo dzomugungwa, sezvo dzaive dzisina pokutakurira zvinhu. Izvi zvakaita kuti dzimbomira pazvitsuwa zvegungwa reAegean kuti vawane zvokushandisa uye kuti dzimbogadzirwa. Chinangwa chaAlexander chaiva chokuparadza ngarava dzevaPezhiya. Zvisinei, kuti akunde aifanira kutanga atora nhare yeTire. Akambozorora paKupro.

Vanhu vokuKupro vakatsigira Alexander Mukuru paakakomba Tire (muna 332 B.C.E.), nokumupa ngarava 120. Madzimambo matatu okuKupro akatungamirira ngarava idzi kuti vanobatana naAlexander. Vakabatana naye pakukomba Tire kwemwedzi minomwe. Tire yakakundwa, uye uprofita hweBhaibheri hwakazadzika. (Ezekieri 26:3, 4; Zekariya 9:3, 4) Achiratidza kuonga kwake, Alexander akapa madzimambo okuKupro simba muumambo hwake.

Kuzadzika Kunoshamisa

Munyori wenhau dzakaitika kare womuzana remakore rokutanga ainzi Strabo anoti Alexander akatumira ngarava dzokuKupro neFenikiya kuti dzinorwa kuArabia. Ngarava idzi dzakanga dzakareruka uye dziri nyore kupazanura, saka dzakasvika kuThapsacus (Tiphsah) kuchamhembe kweSiriya mumazuva manomwe chete. (1 Madzimambo 4:24) Kubva ikoko zvakanga zvava nyore kuenda kuBhabhironi nomurwizi.

Saka, mashoko anoita seasina kujeka ari muBhaibheri akazadzika zvinoshamisa papera makore ane chiuru gare gare! Maererano nemashoko ari pana Numeri 24:24, uto raAlexander Mukuru raishandisa michina rakaramba richirwa rakananga kumabvazuva kubva kuMakedhoniya ndokukunda Asiriya, pakupedzisira rikakunda Umambo hweMedhiya nePezhiya hwaiva nesimba.

Kunyange mashoko mashoma atinawo anotaura nezve“ngarava dzokuKitimu” anoratidza zvisina mubvunzo kuzadzika kunoshamisa kwouprofita hweBhaibheri. Uchapupu hwakadaro hwezvakaitika kare hunosimbisa chivimbo chedu chokuti zvakafanotaurwa neBhaibheri ndezvechokwadi. Uprofita hwakawanda hwakadaro hunosanganisira remangwana redu, saka tinofanira kuhukoshesa.

[Mepu iri papeji 16, 17]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

ITARI

Sardinia

Sisiri

Gungwa reAegean

GIRISI

Krete

LIBYA

TURKEY

KUPRO

Kition

Tire

IJIPITI

[Mepu iri papeji 16]

Mufananidzo wengarava yehondo yevaGiriki yenhurikidzwa nhatu

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 17]

Mufananidzo wengarava yehondo yekare yevaFenikiya, ine nhurikidzwa mbiri

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 17]

Hari ine mufananidzo wengarava yokuKupro

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Published by permission of the Director of Antiquities and the Cyprus Museum

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 18]

Ngarava dzekare dzaitakura zvinhu, sedziya dzinotaurwa pana Isaya 60:9