Zvinyorwa Zvekare zveCuneiform Zvinotsigira Bhaibheri

PAKAVHIRINGIDZWA mutauro wevanhu paBhabheri, manyorero akasiyana-siyana akatanga. Vanhu vaigara muMesopotamia vakadai sevaSumer nevaBhabhironi vakashandisa manyorero ecuneiform. Shoko iri rinobva mune rechiLatin rinoti “chinhu chine mativi matatu,” rinoreva manyorerwo aiitwa pahwendefa revhu rainyorwa richiri nyoro.

Vanochera matongo vakafukura mahwendefa akanyorwa necuneiform anotaura nezvevanhu uye zvakaitika zviri muMagwaro. Tinozivei nezvemanyorero ekare iwayo? Zvakafukurwa izvi zvinoratidzei nezvekuvimbika kweBhaibheri?

Mashoko Akachengetwa Kwenguva Refu

Nyanzvi dzinobvuma kuti pakutanga kuMesopotamia kwaishandiswa mifananidzo nezviratidzo pakunyora, izvo zvaimiririra shoko kana imwe pfungwa. Somuenzaniso, pakutanga munhu paainyora panoti mombe aingonyora musoro wayo. Pavakaona kuti vaifanira kuramba vachichengeta mashoko, vakatanga manyorero ecuneiform. Bhaibheri rinonzi NIV Archaeological Study Bible rinotsanangura kuti: “Parizvino zviratidzo zvakanga zvava kumiririra kwete mashoko bedzi asiwo mabhii, aiti akabatanidzwa aibva amiririra shoko.” Pakupedzisira zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokwana 200 zvaishandiswa zvakaita kuti manyorero ecuneiform “amiririre mashoko anotaurika, nokuoma kwose kwemashoko awo negirama.”

Panguva yakazorarama Abrahamu, munenge mugore ra2 000 B.C.E., manyorero ecuneiform akanga afambira mberi chaizvo. Mumazana emakore 20 akazotevera, mitauro inenge 15 yakanga yava kushandisa manyorero aya. Pamahwendefa akawanika, anopfuura 99 muzana akanyorwa necuneiform aiva evhu. Mumakore 150 akapfuura, mahwendefa akawanda akawanikwa muUri, Uruk, Bhabhironi, Nimrud, Nippur, Ashur, Ninivhi, Mari, Ebla Ugarit, nemuAmarna. Bhuku rinonzi Archaeology Odyssey rinoti: “Nyanzvi dzinofungidzira kuti inenge miriyoni imwe kana maviri emahwendefa ecuneiform akatofukurwa, uye mamwe anenge 25,000 kana kupfuura ari kufukurwa gore negore.”

Munyika yose nyanzvi dzinoongorora manyorero ecuneiform dzine basa rakakura rokushandura. Vamwe vakaongorora vakaona kuti “pamahwendefa gumi oga oga akanyorwa necuneiform, rimwe chete ndiro rakamboverengwa kunyange kamwe chete mazuva ano.”

Kuwanika kwemahwendefa akanyorwa necuneiform mumitauro miviri kana mitatu kwakabatsira chaizvo kuti manyorero aya akwanise kuverengwa. Nyanzvi dzakaona kuti mahwendefa aya ane mashoko akafanana akanyorwa mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana, ose akanyorwa nemanyorero ecuneiform. Chakabatsira kuti manyorero iwayo averengeke kwaiva kucherechedza kuti mazita, mazita okuremekedza, madzinza evatongi, uye kunyange mashoko okuzvirumbidza aionekwa kakati wandei.

Pakazosvika ma1850 nyanzvi dzakanga dzava kukwanisa kuverenga mutauro wakanyorwa necuneiform wainyanyoshandiswa makarekare munyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzokuMiddle East, kuAkkad, kana kuti kuAsiriya neBhabhironi. Encyclopædia Britannica inotsanangura kuti: “Pakangokwanisa kuverengwa mutauro wechiAkkadia, manyorero acho akabva atanga kunzwisiswa, izvi zvikabva zvaita kuti mimwe mitauro yakanyorwa necuneiform itange kududzirwa.” Zvinyorwa izvozvo zvinobatana papi neMagwaro?

 Uchapupu Hunotsigira Bhaibheri

Bhaibheri rinoti Jerusarema raitongwa nemadzimambo echiKenani kusvikira Dhavhidhi arikunda munenge mugore ra1070 B.C.E. (Josh. 10:1; 2 Sam. 5:4-9) Asi dzimwe nyanzvi dzaisanyatsozvibvuma. Zvisinei, mugore ra1887 mumwe mukadzi wekumamisha akawana hwendefa revhu kuAmarna, muEgypt. Mahwendefa anenge 380 akawanikwa ikoko akaratidza kuti dzaive tsamba dzezvematongerwo enyika dzainyoreranwa nevatongi vokuEgypt (Amenhotep III naAkhenaton) nemadzimambo ekuKenani. Tsamba nhanhatu dzaibva kuna Abdi-Heba aitonga Jerusarema.

Magazini inonzi Biblical Archaeology Review inoti: “Kutaura kunoita mahwendefa epaAmarna nezveJerusarema setaundi kwete nzvimbowo zvayo uye nezvenzvimbo yaAbdi-Heba . . . sagavhuna aigara imomo nemauto akasimba anosvika 50 okuEgypt aiva nomusasa muJerusarema, kunoratidza kuti Jerusarema raiva umambo huduku hwaiva munzvimbo ine zvikomo.” Magazini yacho yakazoti: “Tichishandisa zviri mutsamba yepaAmarna, tinogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti guta raitoverengwawo pane mamwe maguta raivapo zvechokwadi.”

Mazita ari Muzvinyorwa zvevaAsiriya nevaBhabhironi

VaAsiriya vainyora nhoroondo dzavo pamahwendefa evhu, nepazvivako zvakakurumbira, uye ndozvakazoitawo vaBhabhironi. Apo nyanzvi dzakakwanisa kuverenga mutauro wechiAkkadia waiva nemanyorero ecuneiform, dzakaona kuti mahwendefa iwayo aiva nemazita evanhu anowanikwawo muBhaibheri.

Bhuku rinonzi The Bible in the British Museum rinoti: “Muna 1870 Dr Samuel Birch vachitaura kusangano rakanga richangobva kuumbwa reSociety of Biblical Archaeology akakwanisa kuziva [mazita aiva mumahwendefa ecuneiform] emadzimambo echiHebheru Omri, Ahabhi, Jehu, Azariya, . . . , Menahemu, Peka, Hoshea, Hezekiya naManase, Madzimambo eAsiriya Tigrati-pireseri. . . [III], Sagoni Saniheribhi, Esarhaddon naAshurbanipal, . . . uye vaSiriya vanoti Benhadad, Hazaeri naRezini.”

Bhuku rinonzi The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating rinoenzanisa zvakaitika kuvaIsraeri nevaJudha zvakanyorwa muBhaibheri nemagwaro ekare akanyorwa necuneiform. Chii chakaonekwa? “Madzimambo evaIsraeri nevaJudha anokwana 15 kana 16 anowanika muzvinyorwa zvedzimwe nyika, zvinonyatsopindirana nemazita ari [mubhuku reBhaibheri] raMadzimambo zvose nenguva dzavakararama. Hapana kana mambo mumwe chete akataurwa nguva yaasina kurarama, kana kuti akanyorwa muzvinyorwa izvozvo asingawaniki muna Madzimambo.”

Chimwe chinyorwa chakakurumbira chakanyorwa necuneiform chakawanikwa muna 1879, chinonzi Cyrus Cylinder, chine mashoko anoti Koreshi paakatora Bhabhironi muna 539 B.C.E., akadzorera nhapwa kunyika yadzo, sezvaakanga agara achiita. VaJudha ndivo vamwe vakabatsirwa nomutemo wake. (Ezra 1:1-4) Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzomuzana remakore rechi19 dzaisava nechokwadi kuti izvi zvinotaurwa muBhaibheri zvakaitika here. Zvisinei, zvinyorwa zvecuneiform zvepanguva yevaPezhiya, zvinosanganisira zveCyrus Cylinder, zvinopa uchapupu hwakasimba hwokuti zviri muBhaibheri ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitika.

Muna 1883 makawanikwa mahwendefa anopfuura 700 ecuneiform akanga akachengetwa muNippur, pedyo neBhabhironi. Pamazita 2 500 arimo, anenge 70 anogona kuita echiJudha. Munyori wezvakaitika Edwin Yamauchi anoti mahwendefa acho aiita “seevanhu vainyorerana zvibvumirano, vamiririri, zvapupu,vateresi uye vashandi vemumuzinda wamambo.” Uchapupu hwokuti vaJudha vakaramba vachiita mabasa aya vari pedyo neBhabhironi panguva iyi hunokosha. Hunotsigira uprofita hweBhaibheri hwokuti kunyange zvazvo “vakasara” vevaIsraeri vakadzokera kuJudhiya vachibva kuAsiriya nokuBhabhironi, vakawanda havana kudzokera.—Isa. 10:21, 22.

Muchiuru chemakore chokutanga B.C.E., manyorero ecuneiform aishandiswa panguva imwe nemanyorero earufabheti. Asi vaAsiriya nevaBhabhironi vakapedzisira vasiya manyorero ecuneiform vava kufarira earufabheti.

Mazana ezviuru zvemahwendefa akachengetwa mumamiziyamu haasati aongororwa. Aya akatoongororwa nenyanzvi anopa uchapupu hwakasimba hwokuti Bhaibheri rakavimbika. Ndiani angaziva kuti mamwe asati aongororwa achabudisa uchapupu hwakawanda sei?

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 21]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum