Bhaibheri Rakanyorwa Rini?

Bhaibheri ibhuku rakasiyana nemamwe ose. Vanhu vanopfuura mabhiriyoni matatu vanoti ibhuku dzvene. Zvinonzi hapana bhuku rati rambotengwa sezvarinoitwa, uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti maBhaibheri mabhiriyoni matanhatu akadhindwa (rose kana kuti chikamu charo) mumitauro inopfuura 2 400.

KUNYANGE zvazvo Bhaibheri riri iro bhuku rinoverengwa kupfuura mamwe ose, vanhu vanotaura zvakasiyana-siyana pamusoro penguva yarakanyorwa, kunyanya pakanyorwa Magwaro echiHebheru, anowanzonzi Testamende Yekare. Ungadaro wakaverenga nyaya dzakadaro mumagazini nemabhuku, kana kuti ungadaro wakamboona nyanzvi dzeBhaibheri dzichizvitsanangura mumapurogiramu eTV. Izvi ndizvo zvimwe zvavanotaura:

▪ “Mabhuku eBhaibheri akatanga kunyorwa muzana remakore rechisere kusvika kune rechitanhatu B.C.E., kana kuti pakati penguva yakararama muprofita Isaya nomuprofita Jeremiya.”

▪ “Kwemakore mazana maviri akapfuura nyanzvi dzeBhaibheri dzaiwanzofungidzira kuti Magwaro echiHebheru akanyorwa akagadziridzwa panguva yaitonga umambo hwePezhiya nehweGirisi muzana remakore rechishanu kusvika kune rechipiri B.C.E.”

▪ “Mashoko ose ari muMagwaro echiHebheru anotangira panguva yaitonga Girisi (zana remakore rechipiri kusvika kune rekutanga [B.C.E.]).”

MuKristu anodavira kuti “Rugwaro rwose rwakafuridzirwa naMwari” anofanira kuona sei pfungwa idzi dzinopesana? (2 Timoti 3:16) Kuti tiwane mhinduro, ngatimboongororai zvinotaurwa nenyanzvi dzichitsoropodza uye zvinotaurwawo neBhaibheri.

Nguva Inotaurwa neBhaibheri

Magwaro echiHebheru ane nhoroondo dzakawanda dzinotaura nezvenguva yakaitika zvinhu. Dzinoratidza kuti mabhuku okutanga akanyorwa panguva yaMosesi naJoshua, makore anenge 3 500 apfuura. * Samueri, Dhavhidhi, Soromoni nevamwe vakanyora mamwe magwaro muzana remakore rechi11 B.C.E. Mushure meaya makazonyorwa mabhuku enhoroondo dzakaitika kare,  enhetembo, uye ouprofita, anotangira muzana remakore rechipfumbamwe kusvika kune rechishanu B.C.E.

PaMipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa pakawanikwa Magwaro kana kuti zvimedu zvemabhuku aya emuBhaibheri, kunze kwebhuku raEsteri. Kuongororwa kunoitwa zvinhu kuti zvionekwe kuti zvava nemakore mangani uye kuongororwa kwemipumburu kwakaratidza kuti mipumburu iyi yakatanga kunyorwa panenge pakati pegore ra200 B.C.E. kusvika ku100 B.C.E.

Zvinotaurwa Nevatsoropodzi

Nyaya yokuti Bhaibheri rakafuridzirwa naMwari ndiyo inonyanya kuita kuti vatsoropodzi vasava nechokwadi nezvenguva inonzi neBhaibheri yakaitika zvinhu. Achitaura nezvenyaya iyi mubhuku rake rinonzi The Old Testament Documents, Muzvinafundo Walter C. Kaiser, Jr., anoti: “Magwaro [Bhaibheri] haasi echokwadi nokuti anonzi akafuridzirwa naMwari, anotaura nezvezvishamiso uye nezvaMwari.” Nyanzvi dzisingadaviri kuti Bhaibheri rakafuridzirwa naMwari dzinoti rinofanira kuongororwa richitsoropodzwa sezvinongoitwa mamwe mabhuku ose.

Kwemakore akati, dzidziso yaDarwin yokuti zvinhu zvakaita zvokushanduka-shanduka yaimboshandiswa kutsanangura mviro-mviro dzokunamata, vachiti vanhu vakatanga nokunamata zvinhu zvinofema, ndokuzonamata vanamwari vakawanda, iye zvino vava kuti kuna mwari mumwe chete. Pamusana pokuti magwaro okutanga eBhaibheri anorondedzera kuti Mwari mumwe chete ndiye anofanira kunamatwa, vamwe vanobva vafungidzira kuti anofanira kunge akatozonyorwa pava paya kwete panguva iri kutaurwa.

Kubva panguva iyoyo Bhaibheri rakaongororwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Somuenzaniso, duramazwi richangobva kubudiswa reTestamende Yekare paraiongorora rakabva ratsoropodza nyaya idzi: manyorerwo aro, kuti nhoroondo dzaro dzakarurama uye kuti dzinoenderana here netsika dzaiitwa panguva iyoyo uye mabhuku mashanu okutanga eBhaibheri.

Kunyange zvazvo nyanzvi dzichitaura misi yakasiyana-siyana yokunyorwa kwakaitwa mabhuku eBhaibheri, vakawanda vanotsigira zvakataurwa naMuzvinafundo R. E. Friedman. Akanyora kuti: “Kwemazana emakore vanyori vekare vaibudisa mabhuku enhetembo, enyayawo zvadzo uye ezvemitemo. Vanyori vaizonyora nyaya dzavo kubva mumabhuku aya. Vakazonyora Bhaibheri vachishandisa nyaya idzodzo.”

Bhuku rinonzi Faith, Tradition, and History rinotaura nezvekutsoropodzwa kwakati wandei kunoitwa Bhaibheri. Zvisinei, muchidimbu rinoti: “Kunyange zvazvo nyanzvi dzichitsigirana kuti Bhaibheri harisi rechokwadi uye dzichiti pfungwa dzavo ndidzo dzine musoro, ivo pachavo vanotoshorana.”

 Kutsigira Nguva Inotaurwa neBhaibheri

Mabhuku okutanga eBhaibheri akanyorerwa pazvinhu zvaisakara. Naizvozvo hazvina musoro kuti titarisire kuti tichazombofa takawana zvakatanga-tanga kunyorwa naMosesi, Joshua, Samueri kana kuti Dhavhidhi. Asi tinogona kushandisa uchapupu hwakanyorwa kare husinei neBhaibheri hunoratidza kuti nyaya dzomuBhaibheri ndedzechokwadi sezvinongoitwa nenyanzvi uye vanochera matongo vanoremekedzwa. Uchapupu hwakadaro hunotiratidzei? Ngatimbokurukurai mienzaniso mishomanana.

▪ Mosesi naJoshua vakararama kuMiddle East makore 3 500 apfuura. Kare ikako kwaiva nemabhuku akanyorwa here sezvinotaurwa neBhaibheri? Makare-kare kuMesopotamiya nokuIjipiti ndiko kwainyorwa mabhuku ezvenhoroondo, ezvitendero, emitemo uye mamwewo. Ko zvakanyorwa naMosesi nevamwe vaIsraeri? Bhuku rinonzi Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch rinoti: “Hapana chingaita kuti tirambe kuti hatiwani mabhuku akanyorwa kuKenani munguva iri [pakati pa1550 kusvika kuna 1200 B.C.E.]” Rinowedzera kuti: “Kana tava kufunga nezvemanyorero aiitwa kare, hapana chingaita kuti tirambe kuti magwaro anonzi akanyorwa naMosesi nemamwewo haana kunyorwa panguva iyoyo.”—Eksodho 17:14; 24:4; 34:27, 28; Numeri 33:2; Dheuteronomio 31:24.

▪ Vanyori veBhaibheri vane zvimwe zvinyorwa zvekare-kare zvavaishandisa here? Hungu, vamwe vacho vanotaura ‘nezvemabhuku,’ anofanira kunge aiva magwaro ehurumende, emadzinza, emabasa aiitwa kare, emarudzi uye emhuri.—Numeri 21:14; Joshua 10:13; 2 Samueri 1:18; 1 Madzimambo 11:41; 2 Makoronike 32:32.

▪ Sei pasati pawanikwa magwaro eBhaibheri ekare kupfuura eMipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa? Magazini inonzi Biblical Archaeology Review inoti: “Magwaro emapepa enhokwe nematehwe akawanda acho haana kuwanikwa kuParestina, kunze kwomunzvimbo dzisinganyanyi kunaya mvura dzakaita sedzakapoteredza Gungwa Rakafa. Magwaro aya akaora pamusana peunyoro hweivhu racho. Naizvozvo kusawanikwa kwawo hakurevi kuti haana kumbobvira avapo.” Asi pakatowanikwa mazana ezvisimbiso zvevhu zvaishandiswa kusimbisa magwaro. Magwaro emapepa enhokwe neematehwe akaparadzwa nemoto kana kuti akaora, asi zvisimbiso zvevhu zvakasara zvakangodaro. Zvisimbiso izvi zvinofungidzirwa kuti ndezvomuzana remakore rechipfumbamwe kusvika kune rechishanu B.C.E.

▪ Magwaro eBhaibheri aichengetedzwa sei? Bhuku rinonzi The Bible as It Was rinoti: “Nyaya, nziyo, mitemo uye uprofita huri muBhaibheri nhasi uno zvinofanira kunge zvakakopwa kasingaperi kunyange panguva yainyorwa Bhaibheri. . . . Kana magwaro aya airamba achikopwa panguva yainyorwa Bhaibheri, chiratidzo chokuti aishandiswa mazuva ose. . . . Hapana munhu angangonetseka  nokukopa magwaro pasina chikonzero.”—Dheuteronomio 17:18; Zvirevo 25:1.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti mabhuku okutanga eBhaibheri airamba achidzokororwa kukopwa kwemakore anenge 1 500 kusvikira muzana remakore rokutanga C.E. Bhuku rinonzi On the Reliability of the Old Testament rinoti: Kunyatsokoponora uku kwaisanganisira “kugadziridza mitemo yomutauro nezviperengo kuti zvienderane nezvepanguva iyoyo, zvaiitwa kuNear East yekare.” * Izvi zvinoita kuti kutsoropodzwa kunoitwa magwaro akanyorwa uye manyorerwo awo kushaye basa.

Bhaibheri Rakanyorwa Rini?

Zvine musoro here kuti titi kushayikwa kwemagwaro epanguva yaMosesi, Joshua, Samueri nevamwe kunoreva kuti mabhuku eBhaibheri haana kunyorwa kare-kare sezvaanotaura? Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinobvumirana kuti kushayikwa kwouchapupu hakurevi kuti uchapupu hwacho hahupo. Tichinyatsotarira zvazviri, mapepa enhokwe nematehwe acho angadai akachengetwa kusvikira rini? Somuenzaniso, imwe nyanzvi inoongorora nyaya dzakaitika kuIjipiti inonzi K. A. Kitchen inofungidzira kuti dzinenge nhokwe dzose dzokuIjipiti dzakanyorwa vaGiriki nevaRoma vasati vava kutonga dzakaparara.

Vaya vanoremekedza Bhaibheri vangazvibvunzawo kuti, ‘Jesu aiona sei Magwaro echiHebheru?’ Nyaya yemisi yarakanyorwa haina kumbobvira yanetsa panguva iyoyo. Zviri pachena kuti Jesu akabvuma misi inotaurwa kuti ndiyo yakaitika zvinhu muMagwaro, sezvaingoitawo vamwe vaJudha vose. Akabvuma here vanhu vanonzi vakanyora mabhuku okutanga eBhaibheri?

Jesu akataura nezvemabhuku akanyorwa naMosesi. Somuenzaniso, akataura nezve“bhuku raMosesi.” (Mako 12:26; Johani 5:46) Akataura nezvenhoroondo dziri muna Genesisi (Mateu 19:4, 5; 24:37-39); Eksodho (Ruka 20:37); Revhitiko (Mateu 8:4); Numeri (Mateu 12:5); uye Dheuteronomio (Mateu 18:16). Akati: “Zvinhu zvose zvakanyorwa mumutemo waMosesi neZvakanyorwa nevaprofita nomuMapisarema pamusoro pangu zvinofanira kuzadzika.” (Ruka 24:44) Kana akabvuma kuti Mosesi nevamwe ndivo vakanyora mabhuku aya, hapana mubvunzo kuti akabvuma kuti mashoko ari muMagwaro echiHebheru anotaura nezvemisi yakaitika zvinhu ndeechokwadi.

Saka Bhaibheri rakanyorwa rini? Zvinotaurwa neBhaibheri nezvemisi yakaitika zvinhu tingavimba nazvo here? Tacherechedza zvataurwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda dzisina chokwadi neizvi uyewo taona zvinotaurwa neBhaibheri, uchapupu hwenhoroondo dzakaitika dzisinei neBhaibheri uye maonero aJesu. Tichifunga nezvezvataurwa izvi, mhinduro yako icharatidza kuti unobvumirana naJesu here paakanyengetera kuna Baba vake Jehovha Mwari kuti: “Shoko renyu ichokwadi”?—Johani 17:17.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Chati/Mifananidzo iri papeji 20]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

(Chati inoratidza makore anofungidzirwa kuti ndopakapera Bhaibheri kunyorwa)

2000 B.C.E.

1800

[Mufananidzo]

Vanyori vokuIjipiti vakanyora mabhuku Mosesi asati avapo

[Kwazvakatorwa]

© DeA Picture Library / Art Resource, NY

1600

[Mufananidzo]

Mosesi akapedza kunyora Genesisi muna 1513 B.C.E., achinyorera pazvinhu zvinoora

Genesisi 1513 B.C.E.

Joshua

1400

1200

Samueri

1000 B.C.E.

[Mufananidzo]

Mazana ezvisimbiso zvevhu akawanikwa

Akanyorwa kubva muna 900 kusvikira muna 500 B.C.E.

Jona

800

Isaya

600

Jeremiya

Dhanieri

[Mufananidzo]

Gwaro renhokwe rakapetwa, rakasungwa netambo nechisimbiso chevhu

Akanyorwa kubva muna 449 B.C.E.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Brooklyn Museum, Bequest of Theodora Wilbour from the collection of her father, Charles Edwin Wilbour

400

200

[Mufananidzo]

Mipumburu yemuGungwa Rakafa yakaputirwa mumucheka werineni uye yakachengeterwa mumidziyo. Ndiwo manyoro eBhaibheri akawanikwa ava nenguva kupfuura mamwe ose

Akanyorwa kubva muna 200 kusvika muna 100 B.C.E.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Shrine of the Book, Photo © The Israel Museum, Jerusalem