Jerusarema Rekare Rakaparadzwa Rini?—Chikamu Chechipiri

Zvinonyatsoratidzwa Nezvinyorwa Zvevhu

Iyi inyaya yechipiri panyaya mbiri dziri mumagazini eNharireyomurindi dzinotaura nezvemibvunzo yakabvunzwa nenyanzvi nezvegore rakaparadzwa Jerusarema rekare. Nyaya mbiri idzi dzinotevedzana dzine mhinduro dzakanyatsotsvakurudzwa uye dzinobva muBhaibheri dzemibvunzo yatemesa musoro vamwe vaverengi.

Chikamu Chokutanga Chakajekesa Pfungwa Dzinotevera:

▪ Vanyori venhoroondo dzekare vanoti Jerusarema rakaparadzwa muna 587 B.C.E. *

▪ Maverengerwo anoitwa nguva muBhaibheri anoratidza kuti rakaparadzwa muna 607 B.C.E.

▪ Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanotora zvavanotaura pazvinyorwa zvenyanzvi dzenhoroondo dzekare nepachinyorwa chaPtolemy.

▪ Zvinyorwa zvenyanzvi dzenhoroondo dzekare zvine zvikanganiso zvakakura uye zvinombopesana nezvakanyorwa pamahwendefa evhu. *

BHAIBHERI rinoti vaJudha vaizoramba vari nhapwa kuBhabhironi “kuti shoko raTENZI rakarehwa nomuromo waJeremiya rizadziswe rokuti nyika ichagara isina vanhu kwamakore makumi manomwe.” Vakazosunungurwa rini? Mu“gore rokutanga [kutonga] ra[Koreshi] mambo we[Pezhiya].” (2 Makoronike 36:21, 22, Bhaibheri Rinoera) Bhaibheri nezvinyorwa zvenhoroondo dzekare zvinoti utapwa uhwu hwokuBhabhironi hwakaguma Koreshi paakakunda Bhabhironi akasunungura vaJudha, avo vakazodzokera kuJerusarema muna 537 B.C.E. Sezvo Bhaibheri richitaura zvakajeka kuti vaJudha vakaitwa nhapwa kwemakore 70, zviri pachena kuti vakatapwa muna 607 B.C.E.

Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinoti Jerusarema rakaparadzwa muna 587 B.C.E. Kana zvakadaro vaJudha vakatapwa kwemakore 50 chete. Sei vachitaura kudaro? Vanoshandisa zvinyorwa zvekare zvecuneiform izvo zvinotaura nezvaNebhukadhinezari II nemamwe madzimambo akazomutevera pakutonga.¹ Zvakawanda zvacho zvakanyorwa nevanhu vakararama mumazuva ekuparadzwa kweJerusarema. Asi tingavimba here nezvinyorwa izvi zvinotaura nezva587 B.C.E.? Zvinyorwa zvacho zvinomboti chii chaizvo?

Kuti tipindure mibvunzo iyoyo, ngatimboongororai zvinyorwa zvitatu zvinonyanya kushandiswa nenyanzvi, zvinoti: (1) zvinyorwa zveBhabhironi, (2) mahwendefa ebhizimisi, uye (3) mahwendefa ezvemuchadenga.

 ● Zvinyorwa zveBhabhironi.

Zvinyorwa izvi zvii? Aya mahwendefa akawanda anotaura pamusoro pezviitiko zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa munhoroondo yekuBhabhironi.²

Nyanzvi dzinoti kudii? Nyanzvi inoremekedzwa pakuongorora zvinyorwa zvecuneiform inonzi R. H. Sack inoti zvinyorwa izvi hazvitauri mashoko ose ezviitiko zvinokosha munhoroondo. * Akanyorawo kuti vaongorori venhoroondo dzekare vanofanira kuongorora “mamwewo magwaro kuti vazive zvinhu chaizvo zvakaitika.”

Zvinyorwa zvacho zvinoratidzei? Pane zvimwe zvisina kunyorwa panhoroondo iri muzvinyorwa zveBhabhironi.³ (Ona  bhokisi riri pasi apa.) Saka mubvunzo ndewokuti, tingavimba here nemisi inowanika pachishandiswa nhoroondo iyoyo yakasiya zvimwe?

● Mahwendefa ebhizimisi.

Mahwendefa aya chii? Mahwendefa akawanda ebhizimisi epanguva yoUmambo Hwechipiri hweBhabhironi aishandiswa semarisiti pakutengeserana. Mahwendefa aya ainyorwa musi, mwedzi uye gore ramambo anenge achitonga panguva yacho. Somuenzaniso, rimwe hwendefa rinoti pane kutengeserana kwakaitwa musi wa“Nisani 27, mugore rechi11 raNebhukadhirezari [ainziwo Nebhukadhinezari II], mambo weBhabhironi.”⁴

Paifa mambo kana kuti paaibviswa pachigaro pogadzwa mumwe, mwedzi yainge yasara mugore iroro rokupedzisira rokutonga kwake ndiyo yaizonzi gore rokutanga ramambo mutsva.  *⁵ Zviri kurehwa apa ndezvokuti, karenda yevaBhabhironi yairatidza kuti gore raibviswa mambo pachigaro ndiro rainzi igore rokutanga kutonga reaizotevera. Saka, zvine musoro kuti hwendefa regore rinotanga kutonga mumwe mambo ringe richiratidza kuti akatanga kutonga pashure pemwedzi wekupedzisira wokutonga kweanenge abva.

Nyanzvi dzinoti kudii? R. H. Sack akaongorora mahwendefa ebhizimisi akawanda epanguva yoUmambo Hwechipiri hweBhabhironi. Muna 1972, akanyora kuti zvinyorwa zvisina kudhindwa zviri muBritish Museum zvaakaverenga  zvakaratidza pachena kuti zvakanga zvambotaurwa pamusoro pekutanga kutonga kwaAmel-Marduk (aizivikanwawo saEvil-merodach) pashure pokubva kwababa vake Nebhukadhinezari II, zvaiva zvenhema.⁶ Zvakaratidza sei? Sack aiziva kuti mahwendefa airatidza kuti Nebhukadhinezari II akanga achiri kutonga mumwedzi wechitanhatu wegore raakapedzisira kutonga rechi43. Asi mahwendefa aya aakazoongorora anoratidza gore rakatanga kutonga Amel-Marduk aiti akatanga kutonga mumwedzi wechina kana kuti wechishanu wegore iroro.⁷ Zviri pachena kuti zvinotaurwa nezvinyorwa izvi zvakatosiyana.

Zvinyorwa zvinoratidzei? Panezve zvimwe zvakasiyana panguva inonzi yakapedza mumwe mambo kutonga mumwe achizotangawo. Somuenzaniso zvinyorwa zvinoratidza kuti Nebhukadhinezari II akanga achiri kutonga mumwedzi wechi10, nepo zvichinzi mwanakomana wake akanga atova nemwedzi mitanhatu achitonga panguva iyoyo.⁸ Panyaya yokubva kwaAmel-Marduk pachigaro pachipinda Neriglissar panewo zvimwe zvinopesana.⁹

Nei tisingafaniri kufunga kuti kusabvumirana kwacho hakuna basa? Sezvambotaurwa pakutanga, dzimwe nhoroondo dzisimo muzvinyorwa zveBhabhironi dzinoratidza kuti tingasava nenhoroondo inoratidza kunyatsotevedzana kwemadzimambo ose.¹⁰ Pangadaro paine vamwewo vakatonga here panguva yacho? Kana varipo, zvinorevaka kuti Umambo Hwechipiri hweBhabhironi hunofanira kuwedzerwa mamwe makore. Saka zviri pachena kuti zvinyorwa zveBhabhironi uye mahwendefa ebhizimisi hazvipi uchapupu hwakakwana hunoratidza kuti Jerusarema rakaparadzwa muna 587 B.C.E. *

● Mahwendefa ezvemuchadenga.

Mahwendefa aya chii? Izvi zvinyorwa zvecuneiform zvinotsanangura zvakamboitika pazuva, mwedzi uye nyeredzi uyewo mashoko ezvakamboitika zvakadai segore rakatanga kutonga mumwe mambo. Somuenzaniso, hwendefa rezvemuchadenga riri pasi apa rinotaura nezvekuora kwemwedzi kwakaitika mumwedzi wokutanga wegore rakatanga kutonga Mambo Mukin-zeri.¹¹

Nyanzvi dzinoti kudii? Dzinobvuma kuti vaBhabhironi vakanga vakagadzira machati akakura uye vaine urongwa hwaivabatsira kufungidzira kuti kuora kwemwedzi kwaizoitika rini.¹²

Asi vaBhabhironi vaikwanisa here kuziva kuti munguva yakapfuura kuora kwemwedzi kwakanga kwaitika rini? Mumwe muzvinafundo anonzi John Steele anoti: “Pane zvimwe zvavakatanga kufungidzira, vangangodaro vakazonyora mashoko aya zvinhu zvacho zvatoitika.”¹³ Muzvinafundo David Brown uyo anofunga kuti machati  ezvenyeredzi aiva nefungidziro dzakaitwa nguva pfupi zvinhu zvacho zvisati zvaitika, anobvuma kuti zvimwe zvacho zvingangodaro “zvakazonyorwa muzana remakore rechina BC. nemamwewo mazana emakore akazotevera.”¹⁴ Kana kuri kuti zvinhu izvi zvakazonyorwa pava nenguva zvatoitika, tinganyatsova nechivimbo kuti ndezvechokwadi here kunze kwokunge patova nohumwe uchapupu hunozvitsigira?

Kunyange chikava chokwadi kuti kuora kwemwedzi kwakaitika pane mumwe musi, zvinoreva here kuti zvimwe zvinonzi nemunyori wehwendefa zvakaitika musi wacho ndezvechokwadi? Hatingadaro. Nyanzvi inonzi R. J. van der Spek inoti: “Vanyori vemahwendefa aya vaiva vaongorori venyeredzi kwete vanyori venhoroondo dzekare.” Anotsanangura zvimwe zvikamu zvemahwendefa zvine mashoko enhoroondo dzekare achiti “hazvina mashoko anokosha ezvose zvakaitika” uye anonyevera kuti mashoko iwayo anofanira “kushandiswa nokungwaririra.”¹⁵

Zvinyorwa zvinoratidzei? Chimbofunga nezvehwendefa rinonzi VAT 4956. Mutsara wokutanga wehwendefa racho unoti: “Gore rechi37 raNebhukadhinezari, mambo weBhabhironi.”¹⁶ Hwendefa iri rinobva rapa tsanangudzo ine mashoko akawanda yepaiva nemwedzi nemapuraneti kana zvichienzaniswa nepaiva nenyeredzi dzakasiyana-siyana. Hwendefa racho rinotaurawo nezvekumwe kuora kwemwedzi kwakaitika. Nyanzvi dzinoti zvose izvi zvakaitika muna 568/567 B.C.E., zvichiita kuti gore rechi18 rokutonga kwaNebhukadhinezari II raakaparadza Jerusarema rive 587 B.C.E. Asi hwendefa iri rinongotaura nezvegore ra568/567 B.C.E. chete here?

Hwendefa racho rinotaurawo nezvekuora kwemwedzi kunonzi kwakaitika musi wa15 mumwedzi wechitatu weBhabhironi wainzi Simanu. Ichokwadi kuti mwedzi wakaora musi uyu waJuly 4 wekarenda raJulius Caesar mugore ra568 B.C.E. Asi makore 20 akanga apfuura, musi waJuly 15 mugore ra588 B.C.E., mwedzi wakaorawo.¹⁷

Kana gore rechi37 rokutonga kwaNebhukadhinezari II raiva 588 B.C.E., zvinoreva kuti gore rechi18 rokutonga kwake raiva 607 B.C.E. Gore iri ndiro rinonzi rakaparadzwa Jerusarema kana tichishandisa maverengerwo anoitwa nguva muBhaibheri. (Ona  chati iri pasi apa.) Asi VAT 4956 rine mamwe mashoko anotsigira gore ra607 B.C.E. here?

Kuwedzera pakuora kwemwedzi kuchangobva kutaurwa, hwendefa racho rinotaurawo nezvekuongororwa kwakaitwa mwedzi ka13 uyewo mapuraneti ka15. Ongororo idzi dzinotsanangura paiva nemwedzi nemapuraneti kana zvichienzaniswa nepaiva nenyeredzi dzakasiyana-siyana.¹⁸ Hwendefa racho rinoratidzawo kuti pane zvikamu zvisere zvenguva zvakaverengwa pazuva rimwe chete.^18a

Vanotsvakurudza vakakwanisa kunyatsoongorora zvinotaurwa neVAT 4956 nezvenzvimbo 13 dzaiva nemufananidzo wemwedzi nokuti zviri nyore chaizvo kuongorora paiva nemwedzi pane kuongorora mamwe mapuraneti. Vakaongorora  mashoko ari pahwendefa iri vachishandisa purogiramu yepakombiyuta iyo inokwanisa kuratidza paiva nezvinhu zvomuchadenga chero pamusi wavanenge vasarudza kuongorora.¹⁹ Ongororo yavo yakabudisei? Hadzisi nzvimbo dzose dzaiva nemwedzi dzinoenderana negore ra568/567 B.C.E., asi dzose dziri 13 dzinonyatsoti gedye-gedye nezvakaitika makore 20 kudzoka shure mugore ra588/587 B.C.E.

Hwendefa riri pamapeji enyaya ino rinoratidza kuti zvakaongororwa pamwedzi izvi zvinoenderana negore ra588 B.C.E. kwete 568 B.C.E. Pamutsetse wechitatu wehwendefa iri panoratidza paiva nemwedzi “usiku hwemusi wa9 [Nisanu].” Asi nyanzvi dzakatanga kuti izvi zvakaitika muna 568 B.C.E. (zvemuchadenga -567) dzinoti mwedzi waiva panzvimbo iyoyo musi wa“8 Nisanu kwete 9,” muna 568 B.C.E. Kuti dzitsigire pfungwa yokuti hwendefa iri ndera568 B.C.E., nyanzvi idzi dzinoti munyori wehwendefa iri aida kuti “8” panzvimbo pa“9.”²⁰ Asi paiva nemwedzi panotaurwa mumutsetse wechitatu panonyatsoti gedye-gedye nemusi waNisanu 9, 588 B.C.E.²¹

Zviri pachena kuti mashoko akawanda ezvemwedzi ari paVAT 4956 anoratidza kuti gore ra588 B.C.E. ndiro raiva gore rechi37 raNebhukadhinezari II. Izvi zvinotsigira pfungwa yokuti Jerusarema rakaparadzwa muna 607 B.C.E., sezvinongoratidzwawo neBhaibheri.

Nei Tichifanira Kuvimba neBhaibheri?

Vanyori venhoroondo dzekare vanoti Jerusarema rakaparadzwa muna 587 B.C.E. Asi vanyori veBhaibheri vakadai saJeremiya naDhanieri, vanotaura zvakajeka kuti vaJudha vaiva nhapwa kwemakore 70 kwete 50. (Jeremiya 25:1, 2, 11; 29:10; Dhanieri 9:2) Izvozvo zvinonyatsoratidza kuti Jerusarema rakaparadzwa muna 607 B.C.E. Sezvaratidzwa pamusoro apa, panewo humwe uchapupu husiri muBhaibheri hunotsigira gore iri.

Nyanzvi dzinogara dzichiti Bhaibheri harina kururama. Asi panozowanikwa uchapupu hwakawanda, Bhaibheri rinongoratidza kuti nderechokwadi. * Zvine musoro kuti vaya vanovimba neBhaibheri vaite saizvozvo. Vanovimba naro nokuti rinotaura chokwadi panhoroondo dzekare, zvesayenzi uye zvouprofita. Izvozvo zvinoita kuti vabvume zvinotaurwa neBhaibheri zvokuti iShoko raMwari rakafuridzirwa. (2 Timoti 3:16) Wadii kuongorora uchapupu uhwu kuti uzvionere? Unogona kuzovawo nemaonero akadaro.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Chati iri papeji 23]

 (Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

ZVINYORWA ZVEBHABHIRONI—NHOROONDO YAKASIYA ZVIMWE

Zvinyorwa zveBhabhironi zvinongotaura nezvemakore 35 chete pamakore enguva yoUmambo Hwechipiri hweBhabhironi anofungidzirwa kuti aiva 88.

◻GORE RISINA KUTAURWA NEZVINYORWA

◼GORE RINOTAURWA NEZVINYORWA

BM 21901 BM 21946 BM 35382

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

NGUVA YOUMAMBO HWECHIPIRI HWEBHABHIRONI

VAPEZHIYA

Nabopolassar Nebhukadhinezari II Amel-Marduk

Nabhonidhasi

Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk

↑ ↑ ↑

BM 25127 BM 22047 BM 25124

[Kwazvakatorwa]

BM 21901 and BM 35382: Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum; BM 21946: Copyright British Museum; BM 22047, 25124, 25127: © The Trustees of the British Museum

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 24]

HWENDEFA REZVEMUCHADENGA BM 32238

Hwendefa iri rine mashoko ekuora kwomwedzi kwakawanda kwakamboitika, asi rakatozonyorwa pashure pekuora kwemwedzi kwekupedzisira kwakazoitika papera makore 400 kubva pane kwokutanga. Sezvo munyori wacho asina kuona kuora kwomwedzi uku, anogona kunge akashandisa masvomhu kuti aone kuti kwokutanga kwakaitika rini. Kana pakasawanika humwe uchapupu hwokutsigira zvakataurwa nomunyori uyu tingasavimba nezvaakanyora.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

© The Trustees of the British Museum

 [Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 26, 27]

VAT 4956 RINOMBOTI CHII CHAIZVO?

Nei iri nyaya hombe? Mutsetse wechitatu pahwendefa iri unoti “usiku hwemusi wa9” mumwedzi wokutanga (Nisanu/Nisani), “mwedzi waiva pamberi penyeredzi inonzi ß Virginis nekubhiti rimwe.” Zvisinei, Neugebauer naWeidner vakanyora muna 1915 kuti “mwedzi waiva pashure penyeredzi iyi nekubhiti rimwe musi waNisani 8, kwete Nisani 9,” 568 B.C.E. (Tisu tatsveyamisa mashoko.) Izvi zvinoita kuti Jerusarema rinzi rakaparadzwa muna 587 B.C.E. Asi, paiva nemwedzi panonyatsoenderana naNisani 9, 588 B.C.E., zvichiratidza kuti Jerusarema rakaparadzwa muna 607 B.C.E.

Waiva musi wa9 here kana kuti 8?

(1) Sezvinoratidzwa pamufananidzo, 9 akanyorwa nechiAkkad ari kunyatsooneka zvakajeka.

(2) Neugebauer naWeidner vakachinja “9” kuti aite “8” pavaishandura zviri pahwendefa recuneiform.

(3) Mashoko emuzasi chete ndiwo anoratidza kuti pamashoko ekutanga paiva na“9.”

(4) Vakatonyora “8” mushanduro yavo yechiGerman.

(5) Muna 1988, Sachs naHunger vakaisa “9” sezvaiva zvakanyorwa pakutanga.

(6) Asi mushanduro yavo yeChirungu vakanyora kuti “8” uye vakati pakaitwa “chikanganiso chokunyora 9 panzvimbo pa8.”

[Kwazvakatorwa]

bpk/​Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB/​Olaf M. Teßmer

 [Bhokisi riri papeji 28]

Mamwe mashoko okuti “Jerusarema Rekare Rakaparadzwa Rini?—Chikamu Chechipiri”

1. Cuneiform manyorero aiitwa nemunyori achishandisa tsono yakapinza. Ainyora zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana pahwendefa revhu nyoro.

2. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, rakanyorwa naA. K. Grayson, rakabudiswa muna 1975, rakadhindwazve muna 2000, peji 8.

3. Nguva yoUmambo Hwechipiri hweBhabhironi yakatanga muzana remakore rechinomwe B.C.E., madzimambo edzinza revaKadheya paakatanga kutonga Bhabhironi. Mambo wokutanga aiva Nabopolassar, baba vaNebhukadhinezari II. Nguva yacho yakapera pakabviswa Nabhonidhasi pachigaro naMambo Koreshi wePezhiya muna 539 B.C.E.

4. Neo-Babylonian Business and Administrative Documents, rakanyorwa naEllen Whitley Moore, rakabudiswa muna 1935, peji 33.

5. Archimedes, Vhoriyumu 4, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, bhuku rinonzi “Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers,” rakanyorwa naJohn M. Steele, rakabudiswa muna 2000, peji 36.

6. Amel-Marduk 562-560 B.C.—A Study Based on Cuneiform, Old Testament, Greek, Latin and Rabbinical Sources. With Plates, rakanyorwa naRonald H. Sack, rakabudiswa muna 1972, peji 3.

7. Mahwendefa anoti BM 80920 uye BM 58872 akanyorwa kuti ndeegore rokutanga kutonga raEvil-merodach mumwedzi wechina uye wechishanu. Akabudiswa naSack mubhuku rinonzi Amel-Marduk 562-560 B.C.—A Study Based on Cuneiform, Old Testament, Greek, Latin and Rabbinical Sources. With Plates, mapeji 3, 90, 106.

8. Hwendefa riri muBritish Museum (BM 55806) rakanyorwa kuti nderemwedzi wechi10, mugore rechi43.

9. Mahwendefa anoti BM 75106 uye BM 61325 akanyorwa kuti ndeemwedzi wechinomwe mugore rinonzi nderechipiri riri rokupedzisira rokutonga kwaEvil-merodach. Asi hwendefa rinonzi BM 75489 rakanyorwa kuti nderemwedzi wechipiri wegore rokutanga kutonga raNeriglissar uyo akatevera Evil-merodach pachigaro.—Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Bhuku VIII, (Hwendefa Rakabva kuSippar 3) rakanyorwa naErle Leichty, J. J. Finkelstein, naC.B.F. Walker, rakabudiswa muna 1988, mapeji 25 ne35.

Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Bhuku VII, (Mahwendefa Akabva kuSippar 2) rakanyorwa naErle Leichty naA. K. Grayson, rakabudiswa muna 1987, peji 36.

Neriglissar—King of Babylon, rakanyorwa naRonald H. Sack, rakabudiswa muna 1994, peji 232. Mwedzi wakanyorwa pahwendefa racho ndiAjaru (mwedzi wechipiri).

10. Funga nezvemuenzaniso waNeriglissar. Chinyorwa chenhoorondo yemadzimambo chinotaura nezvake chinoti aiva “mwanakomana waBêl-shum-ishkun, mambo weBhabhironi.” (Tisu tatsveyamisa mashoko.) Chimwe chinyorwa chinoti Bêl-shum-ishkun aiva “jinda rakachenjera.” Shoko rokutanga rakashandurwa kuti “jinda,” ndirubû, zita rokuremekedza rinorevawo kuti “mambo kana kuti mutongi.” Sezvo paine mashoko anopesana pakubva pachigaro kwaAmel-Marduk nokupinda kwaNeriglissar, zvinoreva here kuti uyu “mambo weBhabhironi,” Bêl-shum-ishkun akambotonga kwekanguva pakati pevatongi ava? Purofesa R. P. Dougherty, anobvuma kuti “dzinza raNeriglissar harifaniri kuonekwa serisina basa.”—Nabonidus and Belshazzar—A Study of the Closing Events of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, rakanyorwa naRaymond P. Dougherty, rakabudiswa muna 1929, peji 61.

11. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Bhuku V, rakapepetwa naHermann Hunger, rakabudiswa muna 2001, mapeji 2 kusvika ku3.

12. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vhoriyumu 2, Nhamba 4, 1948, bhuku rinonzi “A Classification of the Babylonian Astronomical Tablets of the Seleucid Period,” rakanyorwa naA. Sachs, mapeji 282 kusvika ku283.

13. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Bhuku V, peji 391.

14. Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology, rakanyorwa naDavid Brown, rakabudiswa muna 2000, mapeji 164, 201 kusvika ku202.

15. Bibliotheca Orientalis, L N° 1/2, Januari-Maart, 1993, bhuku rinonzi “The Astronomical Diaries as a Source for Achaemenid and Seleucid History,” rakabudiswa naR. J. van der Spek, mapeji 94 ne102.

16. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Bhuku I, rakanyorwa naAbraham J. Sachs, rakapedziswa uye rikapepetwa naHermann Hunger, rakabudiswa muna 1988, peji 47.

17. Babylonian Eclipse Observations From 750 BC to 1 BC, rakanyorwa naPeter J. Huber naSalvo De Meis, rakabudiswa muna 2004, peji 186. VAT 4956 rinoti kuora kwemwedzi uku kwakaitika musi wa15 wemwedzi wechitatu weBhabhironi, zvichiratidza kuti mwedzi waSimanu wakanga watova nemazuva 15 watanga. Kana mwedzi wakaora musi waJuly 15, 588 B.C.E. wekarenda raJulius Caesar, zvinoreva kuti zuva rokutanga romwedzi waSimanu ndiJune 30/July 1, 588 B.C.E. Saka gore idzva pakarenda reBhabhironi rakatanga mwedzi miviri tichidzokera shure. Izvi zvinoreva kuti rakatanga musi waMay 2/3 (mwedzi unoenderana naNisanu.) Gore rakaitika kuora kwemwedzi raifanira kutanga musi waApril 3/4, asi VAT 4956 rinotaura pamutsetse wechitanhatu kuti mumwe mwedzi wakawedzerwa pashure pemwedzi wokupedzisira wechi12 (Addaru) wegore rakanga richangobva kupfuura. (Hwendefa racho rakanyorwa kuti: “Musi wa8 wemwedzi wechi XII₂ [mwedzi wechi13].”) Izvi zvakaita kuti gore idzva rizotanga musi waMay 2/3. Saka musi wakaitika kuora kwemwedzi muna 588 B.C.E. unonyatsoenderana nezvakanyorwa pahwendefa racho.

18. Maererano nebhuku rinonzi Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig (Mashoko Akabuda Pane Zvakakurukurwa Nezvesayenzi Dzinoitirwa paLeipzig kuSaxony); Bhuku 67; raMay 1, 1915; munyaya inoti “Ein astronomischer Beobachtungstext aus dem 37. Jahre Nebukadnezars II” (Mashoko eMuongorori Wenyeredzi Wegore rechi37 raNebhukadhinezari II), rakanyorwa naPaul V. Neugebauer naErnst F. Weidner, mapeji 67 kusvika ku76, pane kuongorora kwakaitwa nzvimbo 13 dzaiva nemufananidzo wemwedzi dzichienzaniswa nepaiva nenyeredzi dzakasiyana-siyana. Vakanyorawo nezvekuongorora mapuraneti kunosvika 15 kwakaitwa. (Mapeji 72 kusvika ku76) Kunyange zvazvo mufananidzo wemwedzi uri pacuneiform wakajeka, mimwe mifananidzo yemapuraneti nenzvimbo yaaiva hazvina kujeka. (Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy—Astrology, rakanyorwa naDavid Brown, rakabudiswa muna 2000, mapeji 53 kusvika ku57) Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuongorora mapuraneti uku kunogona kuita zvokufungidzirwa kana kutsanangurwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Sezvo zviri nyore kuongorora paiva nemwedzi, zviri nyore kuzivawo paiva nezvimwe zvinhu zvomuchadenga zvinotaurwa paVAT 4956 uye misi yacho haizonetsi kuwana.

18a. Uku kuverengwa kwaiitwa nguva kwainzi “lunar threes.” Somuenzaniso, vaigona kuverenga nguva iri pakati pokunyura kwezuva kusvikira panozonyura mwedzi uye vaigona kuita izvi katatu pamazuva akasiyana omwedzi mumwe chete. Nyanzvi dzakanyora pamakarenda misi inoenderana nenguva idzi dzinonzi “lunar threes.” (Kubva munyaya inoti “The Earliest Datable Observation of the Aurora Borealis,” yakanyorwa naF. R. Stephenson naDavid M. Willis, iri mubhuku rinonzi Under One Sky—Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East, rakapepetwa naJohn M. Steele naAnnette Imhausen, rakabudiswa muna 2002, mapeji 420 kusvika ku428) Vaongorori vekare vane wachi dzavaishandisa asi maverengero avo haangagoni kuvimbwa nawo. (Archimedes, Vhoriyumu 4, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, bhuku rinonzi “Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers,” rakanyorwa naJohn M. Steele, rakabudiswa muna 2000, mapeji 65 kusvika ku66) Asi ongororo yakaitwa yepaiva nemwedzi kana zvichienzaniswa nepaiva nezvimwe zvinhu zvomuchadenga inogona kuvimbwa nayo.

19. Ongororo iyi yakaitwa pachishandiswa purogiramu yepakombiyuta yokuongorora zvomuchadenga inonzi TheSky6™. Pakashandiswawo purogiramu yepakombiyuta isingabhadharwi inonzi Cartes du Ciel/Sky Charts (CDC) uye karenda raJulius Caesar rakabva kuU.S. Naval Observatory. Nemhaka yokuti mimwe mifananidzo yakawanda yepaiva nemapuraneti iri pacuneiform inoita zvokufungidzirwa uye inogona kungotsanangurwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, havana kuzoishandisa kuti vaone gore rairehwa nehwendefa iri rezvemuchadenga.

20. Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig (Mashoko Akabuda Pane Zvakakurukurwa Nezvesayenzi Dzinoitirwa paLeipzig kuSaxony); Bhuku 67; May 1, 1915; munyaya inoti“Ein astronomischer Beobachtungstext aus dem 37. Jahre Nebukadnezars II, (-567/66)” (Mashoko eMuongorori Wenyeredzi Wegore rechi37 raNebhukadhinezari II), rakanyorwa naPaul V. Neugebauer naErnst F. Weidner, peji 41.

21. VAT 4956 rinoti pamutsetse wechitatu: “Mwedzi waiva pamberi penyeredzi inonzi ß Virginis nekubhiti rimwe [kana kuti madhigirii maviri].” Ongororo ichangobva kutaurwa yakabudisa kuti musi waNisanu 9, mwedzi wakanga uri pamberi penyeredzi inonzi ß Virginis nemadhigirii 2°04ʹ uye 0° nechepasi penyeredzi yacho. Izvi zvinonyatsoenderana nezviri pahwendefa racho.

[Chati iri papeji 25]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

VAT 4956 RINOTI JERUSAREMA RAKAPARADZWA GORE RIPI—587 B.C.E. HERE KANA KUTI 607 B.C.E.?

◼ Hwendefa racho rinotsanangura zvakaoneka muchadenga mugore rechi37 rokutonga kwaMambo Nebhukadhinezari II.

◼ Nebhukadhinezari II akaparadza Jerusarema mugore rechi18 rokutonga kwake.—Jeremiya 32:1.

Kana gore rechi37 rokutonga

kwaNebhukadhinezari II raiva

568 B.C.E., zvinoreva kuti Jerusarema

rakaparadzwa 587 ← ← muna 587 B.C.E.

 610 B.C.E. 600 590 580 570 560

607 ← ← Kana gore rake rechi37 raiva

588 B.C.E., zvinoreva kuti

Jerusarema rakaparadzwa muna

607 B.C.E., gore rinoratidzwa

nemaverengerwo enguva muBhaibheri.

◼ VAT 4956 rinoratidza zvisina mubvunzo kuti 607 B.C.E.

ndiro gore racho.

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 22]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum