FAGNONTENEAGNE 1
Akore ty Nampisy o Ndatio?
“Akore ty nampisy o anak’ajajao?” Va’e fa nagnontane izay rehe tamy i rehe mbe niajaja. Akore ty navale ty rae aman-drene’o azo? Va’e megnatse iareo ndra trea iareo mbe kede rehe le tsy nirehake iareo ndra namale memeke avao. Va’e ho namorogne tantara malakilaky teo iareo faie fanta’o naho fa tafara tatoy tie tsy maregne i rahay. Tsy maintsy nirehafegne tama’o ty tena maregne satria tsy tea’e hanao raha tsy mete rehe sady tea’e naho vognogne ho amy ty fanambaliagne.
Rae aman-drene maro ty tsy mahazo aigne naho fa agnonteneagne tie, akore ty nampisy o anak’ajajao. Faie misy fagnonteneagne lahibey hoe o raha iohoe, sady tsy le tea o mpahay siansao ty mamale aze. Tsy inogne zay fa i tihoey: Akore ty nampisy o ndatio? Tena ilaegne ty vale o fagnonteneagne iohoe mba hahafantaragne ty anto’e iaignantikagne.
Sela ty ajaja vaho niforogne an-troke ao. Sare nihabeizegne miheregne im-800
Ino ty rehafe ty mpahay siansa maro? Mirehake o aze mino ty evolisionao fa tagnate ty antara marine o riakeo eo ndra tambane riake agne ty nifotora ze kila raha, agn’arivo’e tapetrisa taogne lasa zay. Nao zao nisy raha simika nitambatambatse ty tagnate i ranoy tao, le nagnomey raha bontolitoly kedekede manahake o balomao. Nanjare molekiola bey pitsopitso’e o raha iohoe naho fa niavy eo. Io zao hoe ty nanjare sela voaloha’e, sady fara’e “tsotra” o raha iohoe. Nitombo ty isa i selay sady niboake ama’e ao iaby ze raha managne aigne.
Faie tsy magneke izay ty mpahay siansa ila’e, le o aze mino ty evolisionao. Nao zao hoe boake amy i habakabakey ey i sela voaloha’ey, ndra fara faharati’e ze raha agnate’e ao. Mbe tsy voaporofo o mpahay siansao i raha nirehafegne taloha teoy tie, boake tamy ty molekiola tsy misy aigne o raha managne aigneo. Magnamafe izay ty Alexandre Meinesz, manam-pahaiagne miomba ty raha managne aigne. Nirehake reke tamy 2008 fa “tsy voaporofo”, tagnate ty 50 taogne fara’e, “tie niboake boake amy ty molekiola tsy misy aigne ze raha managne aigne an-tane etoy. Tsy ho voaporofo io ndra tie mandroso bey aza o siansao.” 1
Ino ty tena maregne? Iarahagne mahafantatse tie akore ty nampisy o anak’ajajao. Fa voaporofo o mpahay siansao fa boake amy ty raha managne aigne avao ze raha managne aigne. Izay ka vao ty niseho taloha ela bey sa nisy ho aze boake amy ty raha simika tsy misy aigne ze raha managne aigne? Ty aia ty maregne?
Trea o mpikarokeo fa tsy velogne o selao naho tsy misy molekiola bey pitsopitso’e karaza’e telo fara fahakede’e: ADN (acide désoxyribonucléique), ARN (acide ribonucléique), naho proteinina. Tsy ampe avao ty mpahay siansa mahavany mirehake fa nisy ho aze boake amy ty raha simika tsy misy aigne o selao. Faie kera ndra nisy ho aze ty ARN naho ty proteinina? *
Stanley Miller, 1953
Ino ty mahavy ty mpahay siansa maro hino fa nisy ho aze avao o raha managne aigneo? Ty fagnandramagne natao ty mpikaroke atao tihoe Stanley Miller, tamy 1953. Namory gaze sambe hafa, nihevere’e fa nandrongogne ty tane taloha reke. Nasia’e courant o raha iohoe, le nahazo asidra amine reke. Tena ilaegne o asidra iohoe mba hahazoagne proteinina. Nahatreavagne asidra amine ka ty tagnate o taim-basiagneo naho fa tafara tatoy. Midika vao zay fa afake miforogne ho aze ze raha ilaegne mba hampisy ze raha managne aigne?
Hoe ty Robert Shapiro, mpampianatse simia tamy ty Oniversite i New York: “Misy mihevetse fa mila manao fagnandramagne manahake i Miller avao o ndatio, le hahazo ze kila raha ilaegne mba hampisy ze raha managne aigne. Mino ka iareo fa trea tamy i taimbasiagne rey tao o raha rehoe. Faie diso hevetse iareo.”2 *
Andao hodinehentikagne o ARN-o. Misy molekiola maromaro atao tihoe nucléotides ty amo o raha iohoe ao. Boake amy ty asidra amine i nucléotides iohoe sady bey pitsopitso’e ka. Hoe ty Shapiro: “Mbe liako naho naharey tie nahavita nucléotides [o mpahay siansao], naho fa nanao fagnandramagne [manahake i Miller]. Mbe tsy naharey raho tie nisy nucléotides ty amy i taimbasiagney tao.”3 Mirehake ka iareo fa “tena sarotse inoagne tihoe nisy ARN niboake ho aze ty boake amo o raha simikao. Naho ohatse nisy zay ndra taia ndra taia, le raha kisendrasendra avao.”4
Tsy hisy o proteininao naho tsy eo o ARN-o (1), sady tsy hisy ka o ARN-o naho tsy eo o proteininao (2). Tsy afake hisy ho aze avao ty raike amo o raha rehoe, somandrake fa iareo roe mitambatse. Ho rehafegne amy ty toko magnarake o ribôzômao (3).
A manao akore ka o proteininao? Asidra amine 50 hatrake agn’arivo’e ty agnate’e ao. Mitambatambatse o raha rehoe sady milamigne soa. Ahatreavagne asidra amine 200 ty proteinina tsy le bey pitsopitso’e agnate ty sela “tsotra” raike ao. Faie mbe misy karazam-proteinina agn’arivo’e ty agnate i sela rey ao. Trea tamy i fikarohagne natao rey fa tsy azo inoagne tie nisy ho aze io ndra tie proteinina tsy misy naho tsy asidra amine 100 avao aza.
O mpahay siansa mahaio aza mahavita molekiola bey pitsopitso’e, akore ty amo o molekiola tena bey pitsopitso’e agnate o selao aò? Nisy ho aze avao vao i raha rey?
Hoe ka ty Hubert Yockey, mino ty evolisiona: “Tsy boake amo o proteinina ao o raha managne aigneo.”5 Tsy hisy o proteininao naho tsy eo o ARN-o, sady tsy hisy ka o ARN-o, naho tsy eo o proteininao. Faie akore naho sambe miarake miboake ho aze tamy ty toeragne raike o proteininao naho o ARN-o, ndra tie tena sarotse inoagne aza zay? Ho nitambatse vao iareo mba hahazoagne sela raike afake mitombo ty isa’e? Hoe ty Pr. Carl Cleland: * ‘Raha tena tsy hisy zay. Faie hoe mieretseretse ty ankamaroa o mpikarokeo tie naho mazava ama’e tie akore ty nampisy ho aze o proteininao naho o ADN-o, le hazava ama’e ka tie akore ty nampitambatse o raha rehoe.’ Nirehake ka iareo fa “tsy misy mahafa-po ze fagnazavagne mey o mpahay siansao, mba hagnaporofoagne fa nisy ho aze o raha rehoe.”6
O robot tsy managne aigneo aza mipay ndaty mahiran-tsaigne vaho mahavita aze, somandrake fa o selao, lohotsie fa o ndatio
Nagnino ro soa ty mahafantatse izay? Sarotse amo o mpikarokeo ty magnaporofo tie nisy ho aze avao ze raha managne aigne. Maregne aloha fa nahatrea asidra amine tagnate o taimbasiagneo ao iareo sady trea tagnate o sela o raha managne aigne ao vata’e o asidra iohoe. Faie nikezake mafe nagnamboatse molekiola bey pitsopitso’e iareo, sady nampiasa teknike fara’e ambone vaho nahavita izay. Ino ty tanjo’e? Ty hamorogne ze raha iaby ilaegne mba hahavitagne sela “tsotra” raike. Azo oharegne amy ty ndaty hagnamboatse robot o raha iohoe. Mangalake amo o raha finorogneo hey reke mba hagnamboara’e vy, plastike, silikônina, naho tariby. Amboare’e amy izay i robot-oy naho fa avy eo, sady atao’e ze hahavy o raha iohoe hagnamboatse robot hafa mitovy ama’e. Faie ino ty trea amy raha zay ao? Ndaty mahira-tsaigne avao aza mahavita masina bey pitsopitso’e hoe izay.
Andao hatao tihoe mahavita magnamboatse sela vata’e o mpahay siansao. Mahay raha vata’e iareo naho toe mahavita izay. Faie ho afake hagnaporofo vao iareo tamy izay tie nisy ho aze avao o sela iohoe? Tsy ty mifanohetse amy izay vao ro hibaribary?
Akore ty heve’o? Trea boake amy ty porofo ara-tsiansa nisy hatrake amy izay fa boake amo o raha managne aigneo avao o raha managne aigneo. Tena sarotse areke ty mino tie nisy ho aze boake amy ty raha tsy managne aigne o selao, ndra ty sela fara’e “tsotra” aza.
Le mbe hino izay vao rehe? Aloha ty hamalea’o o fagnonteneagne iohoe, le andao hey tikagne handineke o selao. Ho trea’o naho fa avy eo tie, maregne ndra tsy maregne ty fampianara o mpahay siansao tie nisy ho aze o raha managne aigneo.
^ feh. 8 Horehafegne amy toko fahatelo ao o ADN-o.“Nisy ho Aze vao o ADN-o?”
^ feh. 10 Miasa amy ty Sampan-draharaha Amerikana Mikarakara ty Sambon-dagnitse naho Ambone Tsy Taka-maso ey (NASA) ty Pr. Cleland. Tsy mino reke tie, nisy namorogne ze raha managne aigne. Nao nisy ho aze avao o ndatio naho o bibio fa tsy tena fantatse tie, tamy ty fomba akore.
^ feh. 13 Tsy mino ty Dr. Cleland tie nisy namorogne ze kila raha managne aigne. Nisy ho aze avao zao hoe, o ndatio naho o bibio fa tsy tena fantatse tie tamy ty fomba akore ty nampisy aze.
