Mhen la Nyôr ken Kwaghaôndo u Mbayuda, kua Mbakristu Mbaaiev, man Islam
Mhen la Nyôr ken Kwaghaôndo u Mbayuda, kua Mbakristu Mbaaiev, man Islam
“Dugh akaa agen kera yô, kwaghaôndo ka gbenda u nan ior mkav ér yange á tsa vea kpe keng, shin a̱ lu sha ityendezwa i zuan a uma u hemban doon shín gema, shin a̱ lu sha u hiden maren, shin a̱ kohol akaa ne cii kpaa.”—GERHARD HERM, ORJAMAN U NGEREN KWAGH.
1. Ukwaghaôndo kpishi hàr ityendezwa ve i uma shin ku la sha nyi ityesen i vesene?
KWAGH ne war kan hanma kwaghaôndo cii, kwaghaôndo ka una eren ityendezwa i uma shin ku yô, á har sha jighjigh u nan u or ngu á uma u kpen ga shi or ka nana̱ kpeen yô nan kar nan yem ken iaven igen shin nan gema nan hingir kwaghuma ugen la. Er í vande ôron ken vegher u a kar la nahan, u nan mtsôr u or jighjigh la vande kán vegher u tagher tagher u ukwaghaôndo mba sha Ityoughkitaregh ken mhii je. Kpa kwaghaôndo u Mbayuda, man Mbakristu mbaaiev, man Islam di ye? Yange ityesen ne va hingir tagher tagher ken ukwaghaôndo mban nena?
Kwaghaôndo u Mbayuda Súsè Mbamhen mba Grika
2, 3. Sha kwagh u Encyclopædia Judaica á ôr yô, yange uicighan ngeren mba Mbaheberu tèsè ér uma kpen ga kpa?
2 Kwaghaôndo u Mbayuda wa amise yem ken jime anyom 4,000 je za ar sha ayange a Aberaham la. Yange í hii u ngeren uicighan mba kwaghngeren ken derianyom u sha 16 C.S.W. zan zan í va bee sha shighe u Socrates man Plato ve mase sôron kwaghfan u uma kpen ga ve bee la. Uruamabera mban yange ve tèsè ér uma kpen ga kpa?
3 Encyclopædia Judaica na mlumun ér: “Ka sha iaven i yange í nger Bibilo í bee kera la tseegh jighjigh u nan uma u kpen ga la due wanger wanger, wa ityôgh dông . . . shi hingir môm ken mtôm ma jighjigh u nan u Mbayuda kua Mbakristu kpaa ye.” Shi a kaa kpaa ér: “Sha ayange a Bibilo la i nengen or sha mlu u nan jimin. Sha nahan yô yange i paven uma i veren kposo a iyol ga.” Mbayuda mba tsuaa mbara yange ve na mnder u shin ku jighjigh, man “ka u á pav” kwagh ne “á ver kposo a jighjigh u nan . . . uma u kpen ga la,” kape tihi takerada shon u pasen akaa la shi kaa kpaa la.
4-6. Ityesen i uma kpen ga la yange i hingir “môm ken mtôm” ma kwaghaôndo u Mbayuda nena?
4 Tsô, er nan ve ityesen ne yange i “hingir môm ken mtôm” ma kwaghaôndo u Mbayuda? Akaa a mbayiase na ikyar shami. Ken inyom i 332 C.S.W. la, Alekesander u Tamen ta ityav sha veghertar u hen Icombotar u sha Ityoughkitaregh la hemba fese je igyo lu̱ a̱ kure hô ga. Va nyer ken Yerusalem yô, Mbayuda ngohol un ave ahar. Sha kwaghôron u Oryuda Flavius Josephus, u ngeren akaa a mbayiase ken derianyom u hiihii la yô, yange ve tese un kwaghôron u profeti u ken takerada ú Daniel je kpaa, u i nger hemba anyom 200 ken jime la, ijiir la pase mbamhembe mba Alekesander wanger wanger ér un ka “tor u Grika.” (Daniel 8:5-8, 21) Mba ve kàr ve tema sha ityough ki Alekesander la ve za hemen a awashima u geman ior cii hingir Mbagrika la, i samber aa zwa Grika, kua gado man fa-tsenger-tsenger ve kpaa cii tser hanma vegher u tartor la. Mnongo u nungwan gado mba uhar mban—u Grika man u Mbayuda la—kera lu̱ kwagh u bunden ga.
5 E̱r derianyom u sha utar C.S.W. la hii ica lu̱ a gba ga je tsô, i hii mgem u geman Ruamabera u hiihii u ken zwa Heberu la ken zwa Grika, í yilan un ér Septuagint. Sha iwasen i mgem shon yô Atôatyev kpishi hingir u kaven shi nan kwaghaôndo u Mbayuda la icivir, mbagenev je yô gema a gema kuaa je. Ken vegher u Mbayuda di kpaa, ve hii u kaven kwaghfan u Grika, man mbagen ken ave hingir mbatôvon kwaghfan, u lu̱ hegh hen ave la. Philo u ken Alekesanderia, u ken derianyom u hiihii S.A. la, lu̱ môm ken Mbayuda mba shon mbatôvon kwaghfan mbara.
6 Philo yange civir Plato shi nôngo ér una tôô kwaghfan u Mbagrika una pàsè kwaghaôndo u Mbayuda a mi. Takerada u í yer ér Heaven—A History la, kaa ér: “Philo yange sôr gbenda ver sha ci u Mbakristu [kua Mbayuda] mba timen sha akaa, sha u zuan kwaghfan u Plato kpiaan a ityesen i Bibilo.” Man Philo yange na jighjigh a uma nena? Takerada la za hemen nahan ér: “Sha mnenge na yô, ku ka u hide a uma sha mlu na u hiihii, u̱ ngise vande lun cii man í mar or shon la. E̱r uma á lú kwagh u ken tar u ujijingi yô, uma u ken iyol ka a lu di kwagh u sha anshighe kpuaa tseegh, man ashighe agen je yô, shighe ne ka a lu u saan saan kpaa ga.” Mbayuda mbagenev mba̱ timen sha akaa mba̱ yange ve na uma u kpen ga la jighjigh yô lu̱ Isaac Israeli, Oryuda u yange za iti sha tom tweregh na ken derianyom u sha pue la, man Moses Mendelssohn, Oryuda u fan kwagh u taregh u yange i mar un ken tar u Jamani ken derianyom u sha 18 la.
7, 8. (a) Talmud tèsè ér uma kanyi? (b) Ngeren mba akaa a cimin a Mbayuda á ken masejime ôr sha kwagh u uma ér nyi?
7 Takerada ugenegh u shi ú bende a mhen man uma u Mbayuda kpishi yô ka Talmud—atindi a ôron a ôr á yange i nger àsàv-á-sàv, shi i va seer mbampase kua iwanger sha atindi shon, á mbatesen vev kohol ijiir môm ken derianyom u sha uhar S.A. zan zan ar ken Ikyov i hen Atô la. Encyclopædia Judaica kaa ér: “Mbatesen Talmud yange ve na jighjigh ér uma ka a lu her shin ku.” Talmud ôr kwagh u mbakpenev zuan ishigh a mbaumav je kpaa. Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics kaa ér: “Alaghga ityesen i Plato la yange i na yô [mbatesen] mbara na jighjigh a ityesen i uma vande ngun la.”
8 Ken masejime yô, takerada u áhír u Mbayuda, ú i yer ér Cabala la, za hemen tèsè kpe hide mar je kpaa. Sha jighjigh u nan ne yô, The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia nger ér: “Ka inja er mhen la yange due ken India nahan. . . . Ken Kabbalah yô mhen la hii duen ken takerada u i yer ér Bahir la, tsô, hii ken Zohar yem hemen je, mbaerenahir ngohol un wuee, nahan á hingir tagher tagher ken jighjigh u nan man ngeren mba gbaa kwaghaôndo u Mbayuda u i yer ér Hasid la.” Ken Iserael nyian yô, i lumun a ityesen i kpe hide mar la wuee ér ka ityesen i Mbayuda.
9. Mnenge u ágbár a kwaghaôndo u Mbayuda kpishi nyian sha kwagh u uma kpen ga la ngu nena?
9 Nahan, mhen u uma kpen ga la yange nyôr ken kwaghaôndo u Mbayuda sha m-tev u kwaghfan u Grika, man nyian i ngohol mhen la sha ágbáá a mcivir wue wue. Kpa á kaa ér nyi sha mnyer u ityesen ne i nyer ken Mbakristu mbaaiev laa?
Mbakristu Mbaaiev Ngohol Mbamhen mba Plato
10. Icôr-or u timen sha akaa ken Spain yange kùrè ér nyi sha jighjigh u nan u Yesu sha kwagh u uma kpen ga laa?
10 Kwagh u Kristu u mimi yange hii sha Kristu Yesu. Miguel de Unamuno, côr-or u ken Spain u timen sha akaa ken derianyom u sha 20 yange nger sha kwagh u Yesu, ér: “Yange na mnder u shin ku u iyolough la jighjigh, sha e̱r Mbayuda kpaa vande nan jighjigh nahan, lu̱ uma u kpen ga, u sha ityesen í [Grika] sha mnenge u Plato la ga. . . . Á fatyô u nengen a mimi u kwagh ne ken hanma takerada ú pasen akaa cii.” Á mase kùrèn ér: “Uma u kpen ga la . . . ka ityesen i kwaghfan u mba ve civir Aôndo ga yô.”
11. Ka hanma shighe yange kwaghfan u Grika hii u nyôron ken Kwagh u Kristu?
11 Ka hanma shighe yange “ityesen i kwaghfan u mba ve civir Aôndo ga” ne nyôr ken Kwagh u Kristu, man yange í nyôr nena? New Encyclopædia Britannica pàsè ér: “Hii ken atô u derianyom u sha uhar AD la je Mbakristu mba yange i tèsè ve kwaghfan u Grika yô sàr ve u pasen jighjigh u nan ve sha asember a kwaghfan la, sha u tesen mfe ve shi mèén mba fan takerada mba ve civir Aôndo ga la sha u ve̱ gema ishima.” Kwaghfan u yange za ve zwa yum yô lu̱ ityesen i Plato la.”
12-14. Kanyi tom Origen man Augustine yange ve e̱r sha u kórón kwaghfan u Plato sha Kwagh u Kristu?
12 Mbafankwagh tsúrá mba tsuaa mbara uhar yange ve tév atesen a Mbakristu mbaaiev kpishi je. Môm ken ave lu̱ Origen u Alekesanderia (c. 185-254 S.A.), shi ugen la di lu̱ Augustine u Hippo (354-430 S.A.). New Catholic Encyclopedia ôr kwagh ve ér: “Ka hen atô u Origen sha Ityoughkitaregh man Sent Augustine shin Ityôtar tseegh yange í gema uma hingir semakwagh u ken jijingi shi hingir súmégh ku kwaghfan kpaa ye.” Ka sha nyi yange Origen man Augustine ve maa mbamhen vev sha kwagh u uma?
13 Origen yange lu̱ wanye makeranta u Clement u ken Alekesanderia, un u yange lu̱ “or u hiihii ken Uter mba yange ve gba injô ken aeren a Grika sha kwagh u uma la,” kape New Catholic Encyclopedia á pase la. Ka keng mbamhen mba Plato lu̱ a mi sha kwagh u uma la yange ve tév Origen tsung. Werner Jaeger pase ken The Harvard Theological Review wener: “[Origen] yange magh ákagh a atesen a uma á yange hen sha ikyev i Plato la sha ityesen i Mbakristu.”
14 Mbakristu mbaaiev mbagenev tôô ér Augustine yange hemba mfe cii sha ayange a mbayiase a tsuaa tsuaa la. Cii man yange gema nyôr “Kwagh u Kristu” zum u a lu̱ anyom 33 la yô, Augustine yange hàr ishima tsung sha kwaghfan u kérén shi dondon ityesen i Plato i i hìdè i sôr la. Yange gem ishima yô, a za hemen a ityesen i Plato la ken mhen na. The New Encyclopædia Britannica kaa ér: “Ishima na i lu̱ kwèse u kwaghaôndo u Ikuryan i He yange nungwa shimi vindi vindi a aeren a Grika sha kwaghfan u Plato yô.” New Catholic Encyclopedia lumun ér “ityesen i” Augustine “[i uma], i yange i hingir ityesen i vesen shin Ityôtar zan zan ken atô u derianyom u sha 12 la, yange i due . . . ken ityesen i Plato i he la.”
15, 16. Isharen i ior yange ve lu̱ a mi sha atesen a Aristotle ken derianyom u sha 13 la yange gema mtíl u côôci sha ityesen i uma kpen ga la kpa?
15 Ken derianyom u sha 13 la, atesen a Aristotle za gwa ken Europa, sha ci u akaangeren ken zwa Latin a yange mbatimen sha akaa ken Arabia ve nger tsusee sha ngeren mba Aristotle la, yange dumbur. Mbamhen mba Aristotle yange ve doo Orkatoliko u timen sha akaa ugen u i yilan ér Thomas Aquinas la. Ngeren mba Aquinas yange ve na yô mbamhen mba Aristotle hemba taver ken ityesen i côôci á mbá Plato. Nahan cii kpa, kwagh ne bende a ityesen i uma kpen ga la ga.
16 Aristotle yange tèsè ér a fatyô u paven uma veren kposo a iyol ga shi mayange uma ze hemen her zum u or nan kpe kpaa ga, man aluer mà kwagh ugen sha iyol i or una luun her yô, ka kwagh u a nenge a mi boung ga, ngu a mhen shin a bèndè a or kpaa ga. Imba mnenge i nengen uma ne i zua sha jighjigh u côôci i ne uma u waren ku la ga. Sha ci u nahan yô, Aquinas sôr mnenge u Aristotle sha kwagh u uma la, gema tèsè ér á fatyô u pasen kwagh u uma kpen ga la sha kwargbidyen. Nahan yô, jighjigh u côôci ná ér uma kpen ga la lu̱ her dông.
17, 18. (a) Msérakaa u ken derianyom u sha 16 la yange va a mgem sha ityesen i uma kpa? (b) Mtíl u iniongo i kwaghaôndo kpishi ken Mbakristu mbaaiev sha kwagh u uma kpen ga la ngu nena?
17 Ken derianyom u sha 14 man 15, ken mhii u Ibughashe i he la, i hide i nder mhen u Plato la. Tsombor u Medici ken Italy u yange ú za iti yum la yange ú wase u veren makeranta ken gar u Florence u gbúngúr a mhen u kwaghfan u Plato la. Ken derianyom u sha 16 man 17 la, uwer gba ior u henen kwagh u Aristotle. Shi Msérakaa u ken derianyom u sha 16 la kpaa yange kera sôr ityesen i uma la ga. Shin e̱r Mbaprotestanti Mbasôrónakaa yange ve gba anyiman sha ityesen i pugatori nahan kpa, ve lumun ityesen i mtsaha u tsôron shin injar i tsôron la.
18 Sha nahan yô ityesen i uma kpen ga la ngi ken iniongo i Mbakristu mbaaiev kpishi her. E̱r ortimen sha akaa ugen ken Amerika gbidyè kwar sha kwagh ne yô, á nger wener: “Mimi je, hen ior kpishi ken tar wase yô, inja i kwaghaôndo ka mtsôr, ka kwagh ugen kposo ga. Ka Aôndo a gbe mtsôr ye.”
Mtsôr man Islam
19. Ka hanma shighe yange i hii Islam, man ka an yange nan hii unu?
19 Islam yange hii zum u í yila Muhamadu ér a̱ hingir profeti sha shighe u a lu̱ anyom 40 la. Mbamusulumi na jighjigh wuee ér yange mbampase va her a na ken atô u iaven i anyom 20 zan zan 23 nahan, hii ken inyom i 610 S.A. zan zan ar sha shighe u ku na ken inyom i 632 S.A. la. I nger mbampase mban ken Koran, icighan takerada u Mbamusulumi la. Sha shighe u Islam hii la, ityesen i Plato i uma la vande nyôron ken kwaghaôndo u Mbayuda man Mbakristu mbaaiev.
20, 21. Mbamusulumi na jighjigh ér nyi sha kwagh u tar ú Àlúgbem la?
20 Mbamusulumi tôô ke’ ishima ér kwaghaôndo ve ka m-iv u mbampase mba yange i na Mbaheberu man Mbakristu mba jighjigh mba tsuaa la. Koran tér Ruamabera mba ken zwa Heberu kua mba ken zwa Grika kpaa. Kpa sha ityesen i uma kpen ga la yô, Koran kàhà ke’ kpe undu ngeren mban. Koran tèsè ér or ngu a uma u ka a lu her shin ku yô. Shi á ôr kwagh u mnder u shin ku kpaa, kua iyange i jirigh, man injar i masetyô i á na uma la—a̱ lu̱ uma ken sule u paradiso sha ga yô á lu mtsaha ken hell u yeghen.
21 Mbamusulumi na jighjigh ér uma u orkpen ka a yem ken Barzakh, shin “Mpav,” “ijiir shin mlu u ior vea lu shin ku cii man á ôr ve Ijir la.” (Surah 23:99, 100, The Holy Qur-an, ngeren u shin kpe) Uma ngu her hen ijiir la, ngu zuan a kwagh u i yer ér “Tsáhá u shin Uwar” la aluer or shon yange nana̱ lu̱ iferor yô, kpa yange nana̱ lu̱ orjighjigh yô nan ngu ken msaanyol. Kpa ka u mbajighjigh kpaa á na ve ican kpuaa keng sha ci u asorabo a yange ve e̱r cuku zum u ve lu̱ uma la. Sha iyange i jirigh yô, hanmaor naná tagher ishigh a injar i nan i tsôron, ka injar shon ka i kure mlu u hen atôatô la ye.
22. Ka mbamhen kposo kposo mba nyi mbafankwagh mbagenev ken Arabia yange ve lu̱ a mi sha mlu u uma?
22 Mhen u uma kpen ga u ken kwaghaôndo u Mbayuda man Mbakristu mbaaiev la yange va sha ci u mtév u ityesen i Plato, kpa yange i maa ityesen shon ken Islam sha hiihii je. Ngun ka u kaan ér mbatimen sha akaa mba ken Arabia nôngo u zuan atesen a Islam sha kwaghfan u Grika ga ze. Jim yô, tom u Aristotle yange ú bende aa tar u Arabia kpishi. Shi ucôrmbaiorov mba timen sha akaa mba ken Arabia, amba e̱r Avicenna man Averroës nahan, yange ve pase shi ve maa sha mhen u Aristotle la. Kpa sha iniôngon i ve lu nôngon ér vea zua ityesen i Grika vea ityesen i Musulumi sha kwagh u uma la yô, ve due a mbamhen wue wue. U tesen ikyav yô, Avicenna yange yôô ér uma u or kpen ga. Kpa, Averroës di yô gema hendan a mhen la. Shin e̱r mbamhen mban ve lu̱ kposo kposo nahan kpaa, kwagh u uma kpen ga la ka jighjigh u nan u Mbamusulumi her tsô.
23. Ka hana kwaghaôndo u Mbayuda, Mbakristu mbaaiev, man Islam ve tíl sha kwagh u uma kpen ga laa?
23 Nahan wanger, kwaghaôndo u Mbayuda, man Mbakristu mbaaiev, kua Islam cica cii mba tesen ér uma kpen ga.
[Mbampin Mba Ngeren u Henen]
[Foto u sha peeji 14 la]
Mhembe u Alekesander u Tamen yange hemba la na aeren a Grika nungwa sha á Mbayuda
[Ufoto mba sha peeji 15 la]
Origen, u sha ne, man Augustine ve nôngo ér vea nungwa kwaghfan u Plato sha Kwagh u Kristu
[Ufoto mba sha peeji 16 la]
Avicenna, u á mase sha la, yange yôô ér uma u or kpen ga. Averroës yange nyiman ityesen ne
