Mhen la Nyôr ken Ukwaghaôndo mba sha Ityoughkitaregh
Mhen la Nyôr ken Ukwaghaôndo mba sha Ityoughkitaregh
“Yange ḿ zer henen mer ityesen i uma kpen ga la ka kwagh mimi u hanma or nan lumun a mi sha tar cii yô. Nahan yange kpiligh mo iyol kpishi zum u m va fa mer mba̱ lun a mkav tsung mba̱ sha Ityoughkitaregh kua shin Ityôtar kpaa ve nyiman jighjigh u nan la taveraa yô. Hegen yô lanem ishima e̱r yange hii ve ityesen i mtsôr la nyôr ken mhen u Hindu yô.”—WANYE MAKERANTA U SHA YUNIVASITI U Í YESE UN KEN ITYESEN I HINDU YÔ.
1. Ka sha ci u nyi í hange se u zuan a mfe sha mhii man msamber u ityesen i mtsôr u or ken ukwaghaôndo kposo kposo?
MHEN u̱ or ngu a uma u kpen ga la yange nyôr ken kwaghaôndo u Hindu kua ukwaghaôndo mbagenev sha Ityoughkitaregh nena? Mba ve lú ken tar Buter ve fe kwagh u ukwaghaôndo mban ga je kpa mpin ne gba ve ishima, sha ci u jighjigh u nan ne bèndè a mnenge u hanma or nan lú a mi sha kwagh u ken hemen yô. Er ityesen i mtsôr u or la í lú itinekwagh i ken ukwaghaôndo kpishi nyian yô, mimi je u fan e̱r yange ityesen shon hii la una seer van a mkav man kwaghôron kpaa.
2. E̱r nan ve India á lu imbor i tseer tseer i samber a atesen a kwaghaôndo ken Ashia?
2 Ninian Smart, ortumbunmfetakerada ken gbaa u kwaghaôndo ken Yunivasiti i Lancaster ken Britain, kaa ér: “Ijiir i hemban kwaghaôndo ken kpentar u Ashia cica cii yô ka India. Ka sha e̱r India iyol na a mar mbamcivir kpishi amba er—Mbahindu, Mbabuddha, Mbajain, Mbasikh, kua ukwaghaôndo mbagenev kpaa tseegh ga—kpa ka sha ci u môm ken mban ne, kwaghaôndo u Mbabuddha la, yange samber je war tseren Ityoughkitaregh ki Ashia jimin cii.” Akuraior kpishi a kwaghaôndo ne a bende a ve sha imba gbenda ne yô “hegen je kpa ka ve tôô ér India ka gartamen ve u ken jijingi,” kape Nikhilananda, Orhindu u fan takerada a kaa la. Nahan yô, yange ityesen i mtsôr ne zua a igbenda nyôr ken India kua ken avegher a Ashia a genegh nena jimi?
Ityesen í Mbahindu í Kpe Hide Màr La
3. Sha kwaghôron u orgen u timen sha akaa a mbayiase yô, ityesen i mgem u uma la yange í nyôr ken India sha ikyev i ana?
3 Ken derianyom u sha ataratar C.S.W. la, e̱r Pythagoras kua mbadondon nav ken Grika lu̱ yôôn ityesen i mgem u uuma la, mbahemenev mba Hindu mba ve tèmà sha kur u ifi u Indus man Ganges ken India la kpaa vé lu̱ yesen ityesen shon la môm. M̱-dúgh u jighjigh u nan ne sha shighe shon môm “ken tar u Grika man ken India la yange mà fatyô u lun aburabur ga,” kape Arnold Toynbee, ortimen sha akaa a mbayiase a kaa la. Toynbee za hemen kaa ér: “Môm ken akaa a alaghga á ne [m̱-mgbegha] ne yô, ka nungwa nungwa u ior i Europa man Ashia mba̱ àzende azende, mba̱ yange ve nyôr ken India, Imbusutariyan i Ityôtar i Ashia, kpúùn-kpúùn u ken imbusutarimese i kpé Zegemnger u Ii, man íágh i Balkan man Anatolia la.” Ijô i Europa man Ashia í yange i lu̱ yemen twev la i za a ityesen i mgem u uma la ken India kpee.
4. Kanyi yange i na ve ityesen i mgem u uuma la doo Mbahindu mbafankwagh yumu?
4 Kwaghaôndo u Hindu yange vande hiin ken India, sha mve u ikurior i Aryan ve va ken inyom i 1500 C.S.W. la. Sha hiihii la je, kwaghaôndo u Hindu na jighjigh ér uma ngu kposo a iyol shi uma wárén ku kpaa. Sha nahan yô Mbahindu yange ve civir mbayiase shi ve ver kwaghyan sha ci u uuma mba mbakpenev ve̱ ya yô. E̱r yange uderimbaanyomov kàr man mhen u mgem u uma la za ar ken India yô, ka keng yange doo Mbahindu mbafankwagh mbà ve lu̱ vanden nôngon a mzeiyol u ifer man ican i yan i or-umace i i tser tar la. Yange mbá zou mhen ne sha kwagh u i yer ér tindi u Karma, shin tindi u kwagh ve a kwagh ugen la yô, Mbahindu mbafankwagh due a ityesen i kpe hide mar i i kaa ér or ka nan zua a mbamtsera ken uma u ken hemen sha ieren i nan i ken uma u tsuaa, shin i tsaha nan ken uma u ken hemen sha ieren i nan i ken uma u tsuaa la.
5. Sha ityesen i kwaghaôndo u Hindu yô, kanyi je i lu ishimaveren i uma i hemban ciili?
5 Mhen ugen kpa yange súè ityesen i kwaghaôndo u Hindu sha kwagh u uma la. Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics kaa ér: “Bee mimi u kaan ér sha shighe shon môm u í lu̱ duen a ityesen i mgem u uma man karma la, shin cii man shighe shon je kpaa, mhen ugen . . . lu̱ kohol iyol tegh tegh ken ikyasen i kiriki i mbafankwagh mbagen ken Imbusutarimese i India—mhen u kwaghfan u Brahman-Ātman [Brahman u hemban cii man u tsôron, u á hembe jim la].” Yange i kohol mhen ne sha ityesen i kpe hide mar la sha u pasen ishimaveren i hemban cii i Mbahindu la—ka myom u yiman ken ihwà i mgem u uma sha u a̱ hingir kwagh môm á mlu u hemban u jim je la. Sha jighjigh u nan u Mbahindu yô, a fatyô u aren sha kwagh ne sha u kérén ieren i dedoo kua mfe u tsendéè u Hindu.
6, 7. Jighjigh u nan u kwaghaôndo u Hindu nyian sha kwagh u tar ú Àlúgbem ér nyi?
6 Sha nahan yô yange Mbahindu mbafankwagh sôr mhen u mgem u uuma la nyôr a mi ken ityesen i kpe hide mar la sha u kohol í sha tindi u Karma man mhen u Brahman la. Octavio Paz, orngeren atsam u yange ya Iyua i Nobel shi ngise lu ashe a tar u Mexico ken India la, nger wener: “E̱r kwaghaôndo u Hindu lu̱ samber la, kape mhen . . . u á lú kírígh ki ityesen i Brahman, ityesen i Buddha, man ukwaghaôndo mbagenev ken Ashia kpaa cii ve lu̱ samber je la: m̱-dugh u uma ken iyol i kpen kera man mnyer na ken iyol igenegh, mgem u uuma peregh kwa kimbir kimbir nyôron ken ù-shawon mbagenev imôngo la.”
7 Ityesen i kpe hide mar la ka kwagh u á lú ityôgh ki kwaghaôndo u Hindu nyian je la. Nikhilananda, orfankwagh u Mbahindu, kaa ér: “Mzough u zuan a mtsôr la ka kwagh u mba i tsough ve kpuaa tseegh ga, kpa ka dyako u hanma or cii, ka kwagh u hanma Orhindu u mimi cii nan ne un jighjigh je la.”
Ihwà i Ningir Hìdè Mar ken Kwaghaôndo u Buddha
8-10. (a) Kwaghaôndo u Buddha pàsè inja i mlu u lun uma nena? (b) Orbuddha u fan takerada pàsè hide-mar inja nena?
8 Yange i hii kwaghaôndo u Buddha ken India ken inyom i 500 C.S.W. Sha kwaghôron u aeren a tyôô a Mbabuddha yô, ka wantor ugen ken India u i yilan iti na ér Siddhārtha Gautama, kpa ken hemen i va hingir u yilan un ér Buddha zum u a zua a iwanger la, yange hii kwaghaôndo u Buddha ye. Er yange due ken kwaghaôndo u Hindu yô, atesen na nga kwagh môm a atesen á kwaghaôndo u Hindu sha igbenda igenegh. Sha mnenge u kwaghaôndo u Buddha yô, mlu u lun uma ka kwagh u gbem sha won u ningir ihwà i mar man ku, shi e̱r ken kwaghaôndo u Hindu kpaa í lú nahan, mlu u hanma or ken uma u hegen ne har sha aeren a nan zum u yange nan vande lun uma la.
9 Kpa kwaghaôndo u Buddha pase mlu u lun uma sha gbenda u uma u or jim u ka á war ku la ga. Arnold Toynbee yange kaa er: “[Buddha] yange nenge a mbamlu mba tsere-tse-tsere tseegh ken mhen u or, mba ka í lu isharen tseegh i kôr ve i ver ijiir i môm la.” Nahan kpa, Buddha yange na jighjigh ér kwagh ngu—ma mlu, shin tahav mbú—mbu̱ ka i kar a mi ken inja uma môm i yem a mi ken inja uma igenegh yô. Dr. Walpola Rahula, ortimen sha akaa a Buddha, pase wener:
10 “Kwaghuma ka ma kwagh je ga, ka di mzough u tahav mbu iyolough man mbu ken mhen shin agee tsô. Kwagh u se yér ser ku la ka mde u iyol ka i de u yaren tom vindi vindi la. Tahav kua agee agenegh ne cii kpaa ka a de tom zum u iyol ka ia de tom yôô? Kwaghaôndo u Buddha ka ér ‘Ei.’ M̱soo, man isharen i lun her, zan hemen la, ka i hemban gban a gba kwagh cii, ka zege utaha u ka á mgbegha uuma cica cii, kua mbamlu cii yô. Ka kwagh u a mbgeghan tar jimin cii kpaa je la. Ngun ka tahav mbu hemban cii, ka agee a hemban sha tar cii je ne. Sha ityesen i kwaghaôndo u Buddha yô, tahav mbun mbú den tom zum u iyol i de eren tom, sha iaven i ka i yila ér ku la ga; kpa ka mbú za hemen u tesen mlu u mbú sha gbenda ugen, ka ú va a mlu ugen u i yer ér hide mar la.”
11. Kwaghaôndo u Buddha nenge tar ú Àlúgbem nena?
11 Mnenge u Mbabuddha sha kwagh u tar ú Àlúgbem yô ka un ne: Mlu u lun uma ka kwagh u gbem sha won zan zan saa or naná ar sha ishimaveren i masetyô i Nirvana, myom u yiman or ken ihwà i hiden maren or kwa kimbir kimbir la. Nirvana ka iaven i iember i tsôron ga shi ka iaven i hingir gungur môm a mlu shon u jim jim la kpaa ga. Ka di iaven i kera lun a lu ga kuaa tsô—“ijiir i ku ú lu ga” kpa i gem i hembe mlu u or lun uma yô. Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary pase inja i “Nirvana” ér ka “ijiir shin mlu u kèrà wan ikyo a ma kwagh ga, mnyoon, shin ma mlu u ken won kpaa ga” la. U ma ve lu keren mtsôr la yô, i taver Mbabuddha asema ér ve̱ kar a kar iaven i mtsôr la ve̱ yem ken Nirvana.
12-14. Avegher a kwaghaôndo u Buddha kposo kposo tèsè kwagh u mtsôr la nena?
12 Er atesen a kwaghaôndo u Buddha samber ar ken avegher a Ashia wue wue yô, i sôr á sha u a̱ nyôr a jighjigh u nan u hen ajiir la kpaa ker yô. U tesen ikyav yô, kwaghaôndo u Mahayana Buddha, inja mcivir i i hembe dumbur ken tar u China man Japan la, na jighjigh a bodhisattva mba shaav, shin Buddha mba ken hemen. Bodhisattva ka ve tamber mnyer ve ken Nirvana sha uuma imôngo imôngo sha u vea er mbagenev tom shi vea wase ve ve̱ ar sha Nirvana shon yô. Sha nahan yô zum u or nan ar sha iaven i Nirvana la je kpaa naná soo yô nana tsua u zan hemen ken ihwà i hide mar la her.
13 Msér ugen u sôron ityesen u á hingir kwagh u vesen ken China man Japan yô ka ityesen i Tar ú Wang ú shin Ityôtar, ú i lú Buddha Amitabha, shin Amida á gbe ú la. Mba ve yer sha iti i Buddha sha jighjigh u nan yô á hide á mar ve ken Tar ú Wang, shin paradiso, ijiir i i hembe kpen iyol i aren sha mkav u masetyô la. Kanyi i dugh ken ityesen nee? Ortumbunmfetakerada Smart, u í vande ôron kwagh na la, pase ér: “Er á fatyô u veren ishima nahan, mdoom ma paradiso, ma i pase vie vie ken ruamabera mba Mahayana mbagen la, yange ma kar ma tile sha ityough ki nirvana ken mhen u tseer tseer u ishimaveren i hemban cii la.”
14 Kwaghaôndo u Buddha u ken Tibet kúà aeren agenegh a hen haregh la kpaa keregh. U tesen ikyav yô, takerada u Tibet ú mbakpenev pase mlu u or hen iaven i her atô i ka nan lu cii man i hide i mar nan la. Í kaa ér ka i ver mbakpenev sha iwanger i wanger jàng í mlu u jim la, nahan mba ve kan iwanger la shio yô ve kuma u zuan a myom ga kpa á hide á mar ve. Wanger, kwaghaôndo u Buddha tèsè mhen u mtsôr ken agbar na a wue wue la.
Mcivir u Mbayiase ken Shinto u Japan
15-17. (a) Mcivir u ujijingi mba mbayiase yange hii ken Shinto nena? (b) U nan jighjigh ér uma kpen ga la ka kwagh u vesen ken Shinto nena?
15 Kwaghaôndo yange vande lun ke’ Japan cii man mve u kwaghaôndo u Buddha ken derianyom u sha ataratar S.A. la ye. Kwaghaôndo la lu̱ a iti ga, shi jighjigh u nan na lu̱ anza man aeren a tyôô a ior mbara. Nahan cii kpa, mbá ve a kwaghaôndo u Buddha yô, hingir kpee u á pav kwaghaôndo u Japan la a ver kposo a un shon u i za̱ va a va a mi la. Ka nahan ve yange i due a iti i “Shinto” la ye, inja na yô ér “gbenda ú mbaaôndo.”
16 Jighjigh u nan u hiihii u Shinto sha kwagh u tar ú Àlúgbem la lu̱ nyi? Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan pase ér yange mbá hiin cinkafa i kahan shin jande yô, “sule jande la ná hingir kpee u ior á tema twev ijiir môm, nahan i hii u sôrón akombo a sule—a yange va hingir kwagh u vesen ken Shinto la.” Mciem ma cian uuma mba mbakpenev la yange na mbayiase mban va a akaasôron a wamen ve. Kwagh ne va hingir mcivir u civir ujijingi mba mbayiase.
17 Sha jighjigh u nan u Shinto yô, uma u á “yem” la mlu na ngu heregh kpa á hôngor sha ci u kuu. Zum u or u ku ú er nan la nan sér akombo a umbur ku-or yô, a wanger uma la je a kar a hanma iyugh kpaa shami kera, nahan una zua a bem man ieren i dedoo. Ken hemen yô, jijingi u or-mbayiase la una kéndè una ar sha iaven i hingir an-aôndo u mbayiase, shin orkuran. Er yange Shinto lu̱ sha shighe môm a kwaghaôndo u Buddha yô, un kpaa yange nyôr a atesen a Buddha agenegh, kua ityesen i paradiso la kpaa. Nahan aluer se nenge yô, jighjigh u nan mtsôr la ka tamenkwagh ken Shinto.
Mtsôr ken Mcivir u Tao, Mcivir u Mbayiase ken Kwaghaôndo u Confucius
18. Mhen u kwaghaôndo u Tao sha mtsôr ér nyi?
18 Yange lu̱ Lao-tzu, u i kaa ér yange lu ken China ken derianyom u sha ataratar C.S.W. la, yange hii kwaghaôndo u Tao ye. Ishimaveren i uma, sha ityesen i Tao yô, ka u zuan ieren i or-uma á Tao—gbenda u igbetar. Á fatyô u jimin ôron ityesen i kwaghaôndo u Tao sha kwagh u mtsôr nahan, ér: Tao ka tindi u taregh u vesen. Tao ngu a mhii ga shi ngu a mkur kpaa ga. Aluer or sôr uma u nan ver vough sha atesen a Tao yô, naná nyôr ken a na nahan naná lu gbem sha won.
19-21. Mbààhábà mba kèrén mba kwaghaôndo u Tao mbara yange ve va a uiniôngon mba nyi?
19 Er mbadondon Tao lu̱ nôngon ér vea lu ken mzough a igbetar yô, yange kwagh va gba ve sha tsa-gege na kua msér u tar ka ú sôr iyol i ú la. Yange ve kèr àhábà ér aluer or e̱r sha atindi a Tao, shin sha gbenda u igbetar yô, alaghga naná va kav akaa a myer a taregh nahan naná kera fa mnyoon u iyolough ga, shin angev, shin ku kpaa je ga.
20 Yange mba̱ eren kwaghaôndo u Tao hii u kàrén iyol sha mhen u shin ishima, man sha iôôn, kua kwaghyan, akaa a yange i sèngè ér aa timbir mhee u iyolough man ku la. Ica gbe ga yô i gba samber a ukwaghhii kaan ér uicôronmbaiorov mbagenev ka ve purugh sha abeen ve ndiir shi ve hide ve za ande mape gen, i kaa ér ior mban yange ve tsa sha uicighan mba iwoov shin ken uicile mba gban ica hííníí anyom imôngo imôngo, man ve lu uma hen ajiir la sha avure shin sha atamaikon a sha ahii tseegh. Kwaghôron u mbayiase u China na ibaver ér ken inyom i 219 C.S.W. la, tor Ch’in Shih Huang Ti tindi agirgi a shin mnger a mbayevnomso man mbayevkasev shimi 3,000 ér ve̱ za kér icile i ken kwaghalôm i i yilan ér P’eng-lai, ijiir i mbatsôron tema twev la, sha u ve za gber ahu a mtsôr ve hide a mi yô. Ka kwagh u kera ôron a ôr ga, yange ve hide a icigh ki shon ki nan mtsôr la ga.
21 Mker u kérén uma u tsôron la yange na mba eren kwaghaôndo u Tao kàr iyol sha u wan icimbiv mbi nan mtsôr sha kwagh u i yer ér alchemy la. Sha mnenge u mba civir Tao yô, uma ka a va zum u tahav mbù yin man yang (kwase man nomsoor) mba ve lú hendanaa la mbú zough yô. Sha nahan yô, mzough u ve lu̱ zuan inyelegh (ki il, shin yin) man mercury (u pupuu, shin yang) la yô, yange mba̱ vàrén íwá la lu̱ kaven ieren i igbetar, nahan ve hen ér kwagh u una due ker la a lu ishangeci i nan mtsôr.
22. M̱-sàmbèr u kwaghaôndo u Buddha la yange bende a uma u mcivir u ior i China nena?
22 Ka va kom ken derianyom u sha utaankaruhar S.A. nahan yô, kwaghaôndo u Buddha nyôr ken uma u mcivir u ior i China kpaa. Kwagh u yange va ker yô lu mzough u zuan avur a kwaghaôndo u Buddha, man mcivir u ujijingi, kua mcivir u mbayiase cii ijiir môm. Ortumbunmfetakerada Smart kaa ér: “Kwaghaôndo u Buddha kua u Tao cii yange ve seer nan mvese u jighjigh u nan u uma-shin-ku u̱ kéra kpà vande lun ábér-ábér ken mcivir u ior i China vanden civir mbayiase tsuaa tsuaa la.”
23. Mtíl u Confucius sha mcivir u mbayiase yange lu̱ nena?
23 Confucius, icôr-or u ken China ugen u zan iti ken derianyom u sha ataratar C.S.W., u ityesen na yange va hingir kwaghaôndo u Confucius la, yange ôr kwagh kpishi sha mlu u tar ú Àlúgbem ga. Nahan kpa, yange ôr m̱-lu̱ hange hange u aeren a dedoo man anza a mimi kpaa zever zever. Kpa yange húnà mcivir u civir mbayiase ga shi tôô akombo a sôron lu kwagh u vesen, shi akaa agen a eren sha ci u ujijingi mba uter mba ve kpe la kpaa yange tôô á gédé-gédé.
Ukwaghaôndo Mbagenev sha Ityoughkitaregh
24. Kwaghaôndo u Jain la tèsè nyi sha kwagh u uma?
24 Yange i tím imaagh ki kwaghaôndo u Jain la ken India ken derianyom u sha ataratar C.S.W. Mahāvīra, or u yange tím imaagh nagh la, yange tese ér akaauma cica cii nga a uuma mba tsôron shi tèsè kpaa ér or naná fatyô u yiman uma u nan sha ikyev i ikyangenev mbi Karma kera sha u nyumen iyol i nan akaa tsung shi kôron iyol i nan tsaha shi nyaghen ipila i eren sha nyityo kwagh-uma la tseegh. Mbajain mba á jighjigh u nan ne zan zan nyian.
25, 26. Ka atesen a Hindu a nyi á lú ken kwaghaôndo u Sikh kpaa?
25 India ka ijiir i kwaghaôndo u i yer ér Sikh la kpaa yange hii je la, kwaghaôndo shon u á lú aa nongo i kom iorov miliôn 19 la. Kwaghaôndo ne yange hii ken derianyom u sha 16 zum u Guru Nānak zùà atesen a kwaghaôndo u Hindu man á Islam a hemban doon cii ijiir môm hingir kwaghaôndo ugen u he la. Kwaghaôndo u Sikh shon yange ngohol jighjigh u nan u Hindu u uma kpen ga la, kua kpe hide mar, man Karma kpaa.
26 Wanger, u nan jighjigh ér uma ka a lu her zum u iyol i kpe la ka kwagh u vesen ken ukwaghaôndo kpishi mba sha Ityoughkitaregh. Nahan kpa, Mbakristu mbaaiev, kwaghaôndo u Mbayuda, man Islam di ye?
[Mbampin Mba Ngeren u Henen]
[Foto u tesen ijiir u sha peeji 10]
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Kwaghaôndo u Buddha yange bende a Ityoughkitaregh ki Ashia cii
[Foto u sha peeji 9 la]
Kpe hide mar ka ityôgh ki kwaghaôndo u Hindu
[Foto u sha peeji 11 la]
Or u eren kwaghaôndo u Tao ka nan nôngo ér naná lu gbem sha won, sha u dondon atindi a igbetar
[Foto u sha peeji 12 la]
Confucius yángé húna mcivir u civir mbayiase la ga
