Kakɔna katetsha etongelo?

“Lam’alangayɛ, mbola nyama, ko yɔ yayokeetsha; ndo tofudu ta l’olongo, ko tɔ tayokotɛ. Kana sɛdingola nkɛtɛ, ko yɔ yayokeetsha; ndo nse ya lo ndjale yayokotɛ dui diakɔ.”​—JƆBƆ 12:7, 8.

L’ƐNƆNYI weke kambeta, ase siansɛ ndo waa ɛjɛniyɛrɛ wakakondja lo yoho ya mɛtɛ mɛtɛ wetshelo oma le tombatomba ndo waa nyama. Vɔ mbekaka ditongami diasɛna ndo sangolaka waonga adiɔ, mbuta ate vɔ mbekaka lo wetshelo welɛwɔ ɔnɛ biomimétique, dia nsala diangɔ di’eyoyo ndo ndowanya dihomɔ diawɔ. Etena katayasɛdingola bɛnyɛlɔ diayela, yambola ɔnɛ: ‘Onto akona mɛtɛ ahombaso ntombola l’ɔtɛ w’etongelo kɛnɛ?’

Awui wekawɔ oma lo lodumbu ndo pakuhaku ya balɛnɛ

Awui akɔna wakoka wanɛ wasala aviyɔ mbeka oma le woho wa balɛnɛ kelɛwɔ balɛnɛ à bosse? Mɛnamaka dia vɔ mbekaka awui efula. Balɛnɛ à bosse k’opalanga mongaka la wotsho wa tɔnɛ 30, mbuta ate wotsho watɛmbaka kaminyɔ kodjiwɔ diangɔ efula, ndo tɔ kekɔ la demba dia yema wolo, ndo la mpakuhaku ya weke yele oko ahafu. Lose lalɔnya ana lɔsɔ mongaka la mɛtrɛ dikumi la hiende l’otale ndo lɔ mbetetaka l’ashi aha l’okakatanu. Ɛnyɛlɔ, dia lɔ ndɛ lɔ koka mbeteta djongolongo l’ɛse ka nse ya mposo ndo yele l’ekolo kana nse nkina, ndo nde tafufaka lomu ko tokama t’ashi tatombaka. Tokama t’ashi tɔsɔ mongaka oko ɔtɛyi wele la diamɛtrɛ ya totshitshɛ oko mɛtrɛ 1,5 ndo tokama takɔ kotolaka ditongatonga diasɛna. Oma laasɔ balɛnɛ ndjaka esadi eto dia ndjodilɛ.

Kɛnɛ kakaleke mambiya anyangiyangi ele woho wakoka lose lele demba wotsho lɔsɔ nkadimɔ l’akɔtɛ wa l’ashi wele ka ka. Vɔ wakayɛna dia kɛnɛ kakimanyiya balɛnɛ dia nsala dui sɔ ele woho wele lodumbu ndo pakuhaku. Emamu wa lodumbu ndo pakuhaku ya lose lɔsɔ bu ɔsɛlɔ efula oko ahafu wa aviyɔ, koko vɔ wekɔ mpanga, pananala oko ahafu ndo mbelamɛka ɔnɛ akamba akamba.

Etena katalawɔ balɛnɛ l’ashi, akamba akamba asɔ mbidɛdɛka ko vɔ kitshakitshaka pedu k’ashi. Lo ngande? Jurnalɛ yelɛwɔ Natural History nembetshiyaka ɔnɛ akamba akamba asɔ konyaka ashi dia nkɛla esadi esadi lo lodumbu ndo pakuhaku oko lo dɛɛngɔ, kaanga etena katadɛ balɛnɛ djongolongo. Otondonga ehembo wa lodumbu ndo pakuhaku wekɔ ɔsɛlɔ, tshike balɛnɛ totondonga l’akoka wa nkadimɔ l’akɔtɛ wa l’ashi wele ka ka, nɛ dia ashi wotɔkɛla la pedu l’ɔkɔngɔ ande ndo akamba akamba totowokitshakitsha pedu k’ashi.

Naa ohomba w’awui wakawashola asɔ? Ondo ahafu w’aviyɔ wakawokoya oma lo lodumbu ndo pakuhaku totowonga l’ohomba efula wa pohanya ahafu kana nkamba la toho tokina dia nkitshakitsha lɔpɛpɛ. Ahafu wahohanyawɔ asɔ wotokoka ntetemala nkamba olimu ɔsɔ ndo nɔngɔsɔlaka dui sɔ. Lo ndjela John Long lele manyi lo tshulatshula “ondo keema edja aviyɔ tshɛ wayongaka la akamba akamba wele oko wa lo lodimbu ndo pakuhaku ya balɛnɛ.”

Wookoyelo w’ahafu wa fudu kelɛwɔ goéland

Lo mɛtɛ, ahafu w’aviyɔ mbokoyaka ahafu wa tofudu. Koko atete edja, waa ɛjɛniyɛrɛ wakaleke ntshɔ etale lo wokoyelo ɔsɔ. Jurnalɛ yelɛwɔ New Scientist mbutaka ɔnɛ: “Anyangiyangi wa l’inivɛrsite wa Floride, wakasale aviyɔ ɔmɔtshi wakoka ndjakɛndjakɛndja aha l’onto mbɔkɛndjakɛndja, ndo wakoka oko goéland, memala lo loowa, ntshɔ ndo nkita esadi eto.”

Fudu yelɛwɔ goélands tshimbaka lo yoho ya diambo lo loowa lo minɛ ahafu lo wɔdu ndo l’ahɛka. Jurnalɛ yaamɛ shɔ mbutaka dia lo mbokoya woho wanɛma ahafu wa fudu kɛsɔ aha l’okakatanu, “aviyɔ wayakɛndjakɛndja wele la satimɛtrɛ 60 l’otale wekɔ la mɔtɛrɛ wa tshitshɛ walɔmbɔla towolowolo tɔmɔtshi tatshindja ahafu.” Diɛsɛ la woho wakamba ahafu asɔ la diewo tshɛ, aviyɔ wa tshitshɛ ɔsɔ kokaka memala lo loowa ko nkita lam’asa mvudu ya weke. Asɔlayi w’ase Amerikɛ walɔ ata lo loowa wakakambe esadi eto la aviyɔ ɔsɔ watshimba esadi eto lo loowa dia nyanga lo esomba wa weke dihomɔ dia ta diotshikitanyi (armes chimiques ou biologiques).

Wookoyelo w’ekolo wa jeko

Tekɔ l’awui efula wa mbeka ndo oma le nyama ya la nkɛtɛ. Ɛnyɛlɔ, lokudi la tshitshɛ lelɛwɔ jeko lekɔ la dikoka dia namba lo mpele ndo mamema lo odiko ɔnɛ otsha lo nkɛtɛ. Kaanga lo nshi yakafundamaka Bible, etongami kɛsɔ kakeyamaka l’ɔtɛ wa dikoka diatɔ sɔ dia diambo. (Tokedi 30:28) Kakɔna kakimanyiya lokudi lelɛwɔ jeko diaha lɔ nkɔ?

Jeko ekɔ la dikoka dia mamema kaanga l’ahole w’ɔsɛlɔ ndeka ndo vɛrɛ diɛsɛ la wɛɔsa wa totshitshɛ welɛwɔ wadji wele l’ɛse k’eloko. Ekolo wa jeko bu l’olembo. Koko, vɔ kambaka la mɔlekilɛ ɔmɔtshi wa tshitshɛ efula. Mɔlekilɛ wa lo wedi akɔ ehende kimanɛka diɛsɛ la wolo w’okutwelo wa wɔdu efula welɛwɔ van der Waals. Kɛnɛ kele mɛtɛ ele, weolo w’okutwelo ɛsɔ mbasala dia hatokoke mbidɛ lo ehele, oyadi sho komamaka anya lɔkɔ. Koko, wadji wa jeko ndekaka mbosha wolo wa nkɛndakɛnda etena kakimɛna ehele. Wolo w’okutwelo welɛwɔ Van der Waals, ndekaka mfula naka wadji wa jeko waya nunu l’ekolo ande, l’etena kɛsɔ vɔ tondjaka wolo w’okotwelo wahombama dia mɛmba wodjo wa lokudi la tshitshɛ lɔsɔ.

Naa ohomba w’awui wakawashola asɔ? Diangɔ diatshulawɔ dia mbokoya ekolo wa lokudi la jeko koka kambema dia sala kɔlɛ ya wolo lo dihole dia vɛlkrɔ, mbuta ate yoho nkina yasalawɔ diangɔ diatshulawɔ lo mbokoya diangɔ diakatongama. * Jurnalɛ mɔtshi (Economist) mbutaka kɛnɛ kakate onyangiyangi ɔmɔtshi wakate dia ɛngɔ katshulawɔ la “kɔlɛ ka jeko” koka monga ohomba lo yoho ya laande “le aseka enganga l’ahole wahawakoke nkamba la kɔlɛ kina.”

Onto akɔna ahombaso ntombola l’ɔtɛ w’awui asɔ?

L’etena kɛnɛ, Tshunda dimɔtshi dia l’Amɛrikɛ diendana l’awui w’aviyɔ ndo awui wa lo loowa (NASA) diekɔ lo nsala rɔbo ɔmɔtshi wele l’ekolo efula wakɛndakɛnda oko nkoto, ndo waa ɛjɛniyɛrɛ wa la Finlande wamboshilaka nsala katshoko kele l’ekolo esamalo, kele l’ɛnyɛlɔ ka tofumbɔfumbɔ ta weke, kokaka mfumbɔ wekamu. Anyangiyangi akina wakasale dihɔndɔ dimɔtshi diele la tohosohoso tayafola ndo tayafɛ oko pɔmɛ kelɛwɔ pinɛ, dihɔndɔ sɔ salaka ngasɔ lo ndjela djungudungu y’onto lɔlɔtshi. Kɔpanyi kɛmɔtshi kasala mituka kekɔ lo nsala mutuka ɔmɔtshi lo mbokoya woho wa diambo wakatongama lose lelɛwɔ kɔfrɛ. Ndo anyangiyangi akina wekɔ lo mpemba dia mbokoya dikoka diele la woho ɔmɔtshi w’ɛkɔlɔ welɛwɔ ɔrmo diaha mbokala waale lɛnɛ ende l’etei kaanga poko poko koyalaka, anyangiyangi asɔ wekɔ l’oyango wa nsala dia okombɔ ndeka monga wolo.

Ɔnkɔnɛ, diangɔ diakatongama diakasha anto tokanyi efula t’amɛna ndo lo diangɔ diakɔ mbele etshina k’ambeyi wa siansɛ tanaka awui wa mbokoya ndo vɔ wambokoya nunu dia diangɔ sɔ. Jurnalɛ Economist mbutaka di’ambeyi wa siansɛ koka nsala eyangelo lo diangɔ diakatongama dia ntana “woho wa nkandola ekakatanu awɔ wendana la tshulatshula.” Diangɔ diakatongama diele etshina kasalawɔ eyangelo mbelamɛka “brevets biologiques.” Mbala efula, kanga brevɛ ekɔ onto kana tshunda diotate mfunda awui mbala ka ntondo lo dikatshi kana lo mashinyi. Lo dikambo dia etshina kana etatelo k’awui wa lo brevets biologiques, jurnalɛ Economist mbutaka ɔnɛ: “Lo mbelɛ diangɔ diakatongama asɔ ɔnɛ ‘brevets biologiques,’ anyangiyangi mbikaka epole ɔsɛkɛ dia mɛnya oma lɛnɛ oye brevɛ ɛsɔ, mbuta ate oma l’etongelo.”

Woho akɔna wambokondja anto tokanyi t’amɛna efula oma lo diangɔ diakatongama? Lo ndjela anyangiyangi efula, anto wambokondja tokanyi tɔsɔ l’ɔkɔngɔ wa miliyɔ y’ɛnɔnyi ndo l’ɔkɔngɔ wa nsala munga efula, lo mfɔnya ɔnɛ diangɔ diakahilɔ lohilɔ. Koko, anyangiyangi akina wakasha tokanyi totshikitanyi. Michael Behe lele ombeyi w’awui wa mikrobioloji akafunde lo jurnalɛ ya The New York Times lo 2005 ɔnɛ: “Woho wɛnama etongelo [andja ɔnɛ] tokimanyiyaka dia monga l’ekanelo ka wɔdu k’ɔnɛ: Naka ɛngɔ mɛnamaka, kɛndakɛndaka ndo tɛkɛtaka oko diwata, ko naka ndooko tolembetelo tokina tatshikitanya dui sɔ, kete weho akɔ tshɛ tayota ɔnɛ ɔsɔ ekɔ diwata.” Naa ɛtɛkɛta ande wa ndjihelo? “Naka etongelo hɛnama hwe lo ɛngɔ kɛmɔtshi, kete etongelo kayɛnama lo ɛngɔ kekina.”

Lo mɛtɛ, etena kasala ɛjɛniyɛrɛ dihafu di’aviyɔ dia shikaa ndo dia dimɛna, vɔ mboshaka kɛnɛmɔ tshɛ. Woho akɔ waamɛ mbele, onto lakasale bandajɛ kakambawɔ la tɔ lo awui efula kana onto lakasale dihɔndɔ dioleki dimɛna efula kana onto lakasale mɔtɛrɛ woleki dimɛna, sunganaka nkondja kɛnɛmɔ. Lo mɛtɛ, onto lasala ɛngɔ kɛmɔtshi lo nsangola ɛngɔ k’onto okina, ko nde hɛnyisha lokombo l’onto akɔ lakakisale, koka monga l’onongo.

Oko le yɛ, onde ekɔ dimɛna di’anyangiyangi wele la diewo di’efula, wookoya diangɔ diakatongama dia nkandola ekakatanu awɔ wa wolo, mbisha ohilwelo wele bu la lomba kɛnɛmɔ kahomba otungi wa diangɔ tshɛ nongola? Naka dia nsangola ɛngɔ kɛmɔtshi nɔmbamaka dia monga onto lele la yimba, kayotota di’ɛngɔ kahombawɔ nsangola? Lo mbuta mɛtɛ, onto akɔna ahombaso ndeka mbisha kɛnɛmɔ, osadi w’ɛngɔ kana ombeki wookoya kɛnɛ kakandasale?

Ndjihelo kahombama

L’ɔkɔngɔ wa vɔ mɛna tolembetelo tɛnya dia andja ɔnɛ wakatongama, anto efula wakanyiya wambetawɔ kanyi y’omembi w’esambo, wakafunde ate: “Jehowa le, ande elimu ayɛ efula lee! Wɛ akaasale vɔ tshɛ la lomba. Nkɛtɛ ndola tɔɔ la kɛnɛ kakayasale.” (Osambo 104:24) Pɔɔlɔ, ofundji wa Bible akate ɛtɛkɛta wa ndjihelo akɔ waamɛ. Nde akafunde ate: “Dikambo waonga [wa Nzambi] wahɛnama wekɔ lo mɛnama dimɛna oma lo etongelo k’andja, nɛ dia vɔ wekɔ lo mɛnama oma lo diangɔ diakatongama, kaanga wolo ande wa pondjo ndo woho wende Nzambi.”​—Rɔmɔ 1:19, 20.

Koko, anto efula wele l’etema w’ɛlɔlɔ walɛmiya Bible ndo wele la mbetawɔ le Nzambi, mbeyaka mbuta ɔnɛ ondo Nzambi akakambe la ohilwelo dia ntonga diangɔ dia diambo dia l’andja ɔnɛ. Ko, kakɔna ketsha Bible lo dikambo sɔ?

[Nɔte ka l’ɛse ka dikatshi]

[Efundelo wa l’etei w’odingɔ]

Oma lende akakondja andja ɔnɛ tokanyi t’amɛna tɔsɔ tshɛ?

[Efundelo wa l’etei w’odingɔ]

Onto akɔna okanga brevɛ wa diangɔ diakatongama?

[Kiombo/​Esato]

Naka dia nsangola ɛngɔ kɛmɔtshi nɔmbamaka dia monga onto lele la yimba, kayotota di’ɛngɔ kahombawɔ nsangola?

Aviyɔ ɔnɛ wa wɔdu efula nkamba la wɔ mbokoyaka ahafu wa goéland

Ekolo wa jeko hawɔtɔ mindo, hawotshikaka wanya kaanga yema, nambaka lo dihole tshɛ onyake lo diangɔ di’ɔsɛlɔ, kakatɛka ndo ndjakakitolaka aha la mbidja welo. Anyangiyangi salaka la wolo dia mbodiokoya

Woho wakatongama lose lelɛwɔ kɔfrɛ lo yoho ya diambo konyaka anto dia nsala mutuka wafɔna la lɔ

[Efundelo wɛnya kanga]

Aviyɔ: Kristen Bartlett/University of Florida; ekolo wa jeko: Breck P. Kent; lose la kɔfrɛ la mutuka: Mercedes-Benz USA

[Kiombo/​Esato]

AMƐNGƆDI WELE LA LOMBA LA LOOTƆ

Nyama efula yekɔ la “lomba la lootɔ” lo yoho yayelayɔ mboka yawɔ etena katawɛngɔla. (Tokedi 30:24, 25) Tende bɛnyɛlɔ dihende nɛ.

◼ Woho weteta tɔnɔna Etena kakalola tɔnɔna oma lo toyanga mbo ya ndɛ, ngande washolatɔ mboka k’oya lo luudu lawɔ? Anyanginyangi amɔtshi wa la Royaume-Uni wakashola dia, laadiko dia osolo watshikawɔ lanɛ wetawɔ, amɔtshi kambaka l’awui wendana la jeometri, vɔ mbataka mboka yayowakimanyiya aha l’okakatanu dia vɔ mbishola luudu lawɔ. Ɛnyɛlɔ, tɔnɔna ta Farawɔ “mbataka mboka kɛnama hwe oma lo luudu lawɔ ndo mboka kakɔ mbatɔnaka l’ahende, ndo mongaka la angle wa 50 polo 60°,” mbuta jurnalɛ yelɛwɔ New Scientist. Lo na ele dui sɔ diambo? Etena kakoma yɔnɔna lo sanga, solo dia lootɔ mɛnyaka mboka kahandatonganɛ, kayowokonya polo lo luudu layɔ. “Sawo sɔ mbutaka dia woho wakakongɛma mboka yele oma lo mboka ɔtɔi, komaka mboka hiende kimanyiyaka tɔnɔna dia mbeteta dimɛna, djekoleko naka mboka yakɔ yekɔ yatshɔ yakalola, ndo dui sɔ mbakimanyiyaka diaha nshisha wolo l’ɔtɛ w’ɔnɛ wamboyondja mboka.”

◼ Tofudu ta busɔlɛ Tofudu efula mundaka nkɛndɔ y’efula ndo lo tena tshɛ aha la minganɛ kaanga yema. Lo woho akɔna? Anyanginyangi efula wakashola dia tofudu koka mboka wolo w’okotwelo wele la nkɛtɛ. Koko, “wolo w’okotwelo wa la nkɛtɛ tshikitanaka lo ndjela dihole la dihole ndo aha mbala tshɛ mbɛnyawɔ lɛkɛ la nɔrdɛ,” mbata jurnalɛ mɔtshi yelɛwɔ Science. Kakɔna kakimanyiya tofudu ɔtɔ diaha minganɛ mboka? Ekɔ oko dikɔlɔ tshɛ vɔ nɔngɔsɔlaka busɔlɛ wa l’etei kawɔ lo edjelo ka wonya. Lam’ele kiongamu yawɔ tshikitanaka lo ndjela etale kowanganyisha la Équateur ndo lo ndjela deko, anyanginyangi fɔnyaka dia tofudu mbeyaka kɛnɛ kahombatɔ nsala la ntondo k’etshikitanu ɛsɔ diɛsɛ la “tango ka lootɔ kakimanyiya dia mbeya ntena dia l’ɔnɔnyi diewɔ,” mbata jurnalɛ Science.

Onto akɔna lakasha yɔnɔna diewo dia jeometri dia ngasɔ? Onto akɔna akasha tofudu telɛwɔ tofudu ta busɔlɛ, tango ka lootɔ ndo wɔɔngɔ wa mbeya awui wawewoya dihomɔ sɔ? Ohilwelo? Ko kana Otungi ɔmɔtshi wele la yimba?

[Efundelo wɛnya kanga]

© E.J.H. Robinson 2004