Mokgwa O Labokeresete A Nnileng Karolo ya Lefatshe Leno ka One

FA NAKO e ntse e ya, Mmusomogolo wa Roma o ne wa wa, eleng koo Bokeresete jwa pele bo simologileng gone. Borraditiragalo ba le bantsi ba bolela gore go wa goo e ne e le phenyo ya makgaolakgang ya Bokeresete go fenya boheitane. Mobishopo wa Anglican E. W. Barnes o ne a bua se se farologaneng le seno ka go re: “Fa tlhabologo e e tlwaelegileng e ntse e nyelela, Bokeresete bo ne jwa seka jwa tlhola e nna bodumedi jwa ga Jesu yo e leng Keresete fela: mme bo ne jwa nna bodumedi jo bo mosola mo go bopaganyeng setšhaba se se neng se sa itse gore se lebe kae.”—The Rise of Christianity.

Pele ga go wa go go ntseng jalo, ka nako ya lekgolo la bobedi, la boraro, le la bone la dingwaga C.E., hisitori e bega gore bao ba neng ba ipolela gore ba latela Jesu ba ne ba dira ka ditsela di le dintsi go ikgaoganya le lefatshe la Roma. Mme gape go ne go senola gore go ne go simolola go nna le botenegi mo thutong e e neng e le gone mo boitshwarong le mo phuthegong, fela jaaka Jesu le baaposetoloi ba gagwe ba ne ba bolelela pele. (Mathaio 13:36-43; Ditihō 20:29, 30; 2 Bathesalonia 2:3-12; 2 Timotheo 2:16-18; 2 Petere 2:1-3, 10-22) Kgabagare, batho ba ne ba simolola go dumelana le ditsamaiso tsa lefatshe la Bagerika le Baroma, mme bangwe ba ba neng ba ipolela gore ke Bakeresete ba ne ba tsaya mekgwa ya lefatshe la boheitane (jaaka meletlo ya lone le go obamela ga bone mmamodimogadi le modimo wa tharonngwe), le matlhajana a jone (jaaka go dumela gore moya ga o swe), le ditsamaiso tsa lone tsa taolo (tse di neng di bonwa mo ditlhopheng tsa baruti). E ne e le one mokgwa ono o o maswe o Bokeresete bo neng bo sa dumelane le one o o neng wa gapa bontsi jwa baheitane mme o ne wa nna maatla mo eleng gore babusibagolo ba Baroma lantlha ba ne ba leka go o fedisa, mme lefa go ntse jalo, kwa morago ba ne ba o amogela mme ba leka go dira go ya ka tsela ya one.

Bo Ne jwa Fenngwa ke Lefatshe

Rraditiragalo wa kereke ebong Augustus Neander o ne a bontsha mathata a a neng a tla nna  teng mo botsaleng jono jo bosha magareng ga “Bokeresete” le lefatshe. Fa e le gore Bakeresete ba ne ba tla latlha go nna ba ikgaogantse le lefatshe, “go ne go tla felela go na le tlhakatlhakano magareng ga kereke le lefatshe . . . e leng gore kereke e latlhegelwe ke bophepa jwa yone, mme fa go bonala ekete e tla fenya, yone ka boyone e ne e tla fenngwa,” o ne a kwala jalo.—General History of the Christian Religion and Church, Bolumo ya bo 2 tsebe 161.

Go ne ga diragala jaana. Kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bone la dingwaga, Mmusimogolo wa Roma ebong Constantine o ne a leka go dirisa bodumedi jwa “Bokeresete” jwa motlha wa gagwe go bopaganya mmusomogolo wa gagwe o o neng o thubega. Ka lone lebaka leno, o ne a naya batho ba ba neng ba ipolela gore ke Bakeresete kgololesego ya bodumedi mme a tsaya ditshiamelo dingwe tse baruti ba boheitane ba neng ba na le tsone a di naya setlhopha sa baruti ba bone. The New Encyclopædia Britannica e bolela jaana: “Constantine o ne a latlhisa kereke seo e neng e le sone e leng go ikgaoganya le lefatshe gore e tseye maikarabelo a tsa loago mme a thusa kereke go gapa baheitane.”

Bodumedi jwa Puso

Morago ga Constantine, Mmusimogolo ebong Julian (361-363 C.E.) o ne a leka go fedisa Bokeresete mme a busetsa tumelo ya boheitane. Mme lefa go ntse jalo, o ne a seka a atlega, mme dingwaga di le 20 morago ga moo, Mmusimogolo Theodosius I o ne a thibela tsamaiso ya boheitane mme a tlhoma “Bokeresete” jwa Tharonngwe jaaka bodumedi jwa Puso jwa Mmusomogolo wa Roma. Rraditiragalo wa Mofora ebong Henri Marrou o ne a opa kgomo lonaka, fa a ne a kwala jaana: “Kwa bofelong jwa puso ya ga Theodosius, Bokeresete, kana fa re bua ka tlhamalalo, kereke ya Katoliki ya motheo, e ne ya nna bodumedi jo bo letleletsweng ke puso mo lefatsheng lotlhe la Roma.” Kereke ya Katoliki ya motheo e ne e tsere maemo a Bokeresete jwa boammaaruri mme bo ile jwa nna ‘karolo ya lefatshe.’ Bodumedi jono jwa Puso bo ne bo farologane thata le bodumedi jwa balatedi ba ga Jesu ba pele, bao o neng a ba raya a re: ‘Ga lo ba lefatshe.’—Yohane 15:19.

Rraditiragalo wa Mofora ebile gape e le rramatlhale ebong Louis Rougier o ne a kwala jaana: “Fa Bokeresete bo ntse bo gola, bo ne jwa dira diphetogo tse di sa tlwaelegang gore bo felele bo sa tlhole bo tumile. . . . Kereke e pelepele e neng e le ya bahumanegi, e e neng e thusa batlhoki, e ne ya nna kereke e go neng go bonala ekete e ka se fenngwe, e ne ya itsalanya le mebuso ya lefatshe ya nako eo fa e bona gore e palelwa ke go e laola.”

Bogologolo ka lekgolo la botlhano la dingwaga C.E., “Moitshepi” wa Roma Katoliki ebong Augustine o ne a kwala buka ya gagwe e e bidiwang The City of God. Mo go yone o tlhalosa ka metse e mebedi, “e leng motse wa Modimo le wa lefatshe.” A tiro eno e ne e gatelela kgang ya go kgaogana ga Bakatoliki le lefatshe? Ga go a nna jalo. Porofesara Latourette o tlhalosa jaana: “Augustine o ne a lemoga tota [gore] metse e mebedi, e leng wa kwa legodimong le wa mo lefatsheng, ke selo se le sengwe fela.” Augustine o ne a ruta gore “Bogosi jwa Modimo bo setse bo simolotse go busa mo lefatsheng leno ka mokgatlho wa Kereke ya [Katoliki].” (The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia, Bolumo 4, tsebe 506) Ka jalo, e ka tswa e le eng fela se Augustine kwa tshimologong a neng a ikaeletse go se dira, megopolo ya gagwe e ne ya nna le seabe mo go direng gore Kereke ya Katoliki e tsenelele thata mo dikgannyeng tsa sepolotiki tsa lefatshe leno.

Mmusomogolo O O Kgaoganeng

Ka 395 C.E., fa Theodosius I a ne a tlhokafala, Mmusomogolo wa Roma o ne wa kgaoganngwa ke puso go nna dikarolo tse pedi. Mmusomogolo wa Botlhaba, kana Byzantium, o ne o na le motsemogolo wa teng kwa Constantinople (o pele o neng o bidiwa Byzantium, mme gone jaanong o bidiwa Istanbul), le Mmusomogolo wa Bophirima o o neng o na le motsemogolo wa one (morago ga 402 C.E.) kwa Ravenna, Italy. Ka tsela e e ntseng jalo, Labokeresete e ne e kgaogane mo sepolotiking mmogo le mo bodumeding. Mabapi le dikgolagano magareng ga Kereke le Puso, kereke ya Mmusomogolo wa Botlhaba e ne ya latela kgopolo ya ga Eusebius wa Caesarea (monkana wa ga Constantine yo Mogolo). Fa Eusebius a ne a itlhokomolosa molaomotheo wa Bakeresete wa go ikgaoganya le lefatshe, o ne a ntsha lebaka la gore fa mmusimogolo le mmusomogolo e ka nna Bakeresete, Kereke le Puso di ne di tla nna mokgatlho o le mongwe wa Bokeresete, o mmusomogolo wa  teng o tla bong o dira jaaka moemedi wa Modimo mo lefatsheng. Ka kakaretso, dikereke tsa motheo tsa Botlhaba di ntse di latela kamano eno e e fa gare ga Kereke le Puso mo makgolong a a ntseng a feta a dingwaga. Mo bukeng ya gagwe The Orthodox Church, Timothy Ware, mobishopo wa kereke ya Motheo, o ne a bontsha matswela a seno ka go re: “Bomorafe bo ile jwa nna selo se se diphatsa mo kerekeng ya Motheo mo makgolong a dingwaga a le some a a fetileng.”

Kwa Bophirima mmusimogolo wa bofelo wa Roma o ne a ntshiwa mo setulong ka 476 C.E. ke tlhaselo ya merafe ya Sejeremane. Seno se ne sa supa go fela ga Mmusomogolo wa Bophirima wa Roma. Ereka go ne ga seka ga tlhola go nna le puso ya sepolotiki e e neng ya latela, The New Encyclopædia Britannica e tlhalosa jaana: “Go ne ga tlhongwa puso e ntšha: Kereke ya Roma, kereke ya mobishopo wa Roma. Kereke eno e ne e dumela gore ke yone e neng e tsere boemo jwa Mmusomogolo wa Roma o o neng wa digwa.” Saetlopedia eno e tswelela ka go re: “Bomopapa ba Roma . . . ba ne ba bolela gore go busa ga kereke ga go felele fela mo mmusong ono wa kereke, mme ba ne ba dira se go neng go twe ke mogopolo wa ditšhaka tse pedi, ba bolela gore Keresete ga a ka a neela fela mopapa thata ya semoya ya go busa kereke mme gape o mo neile le ya go busa magosi a lefatshe.”

Dikereke tsa Semorafe tsa Maporotesetante

Go ralala Dingwaga tsa Bogare, bodumedi jwa Orthodox mmogo le jwa Roma Katoliki bo ne jwa nna jwa tsenelela thata mo dipolotiking, mo dilong tse di gogelang tsa lefatshe, le mo dintweng. A Diphetogo tsa Baporotesetanta tsa lekgolo la bo16 la dingwaga di ne tsa supa poelo go ya Bokereseteng jwa boammaaruri, jo bo neng bo ikgaogantse le lefatshe?

 Nnyaa. Mo go The New Encyclopædia Britannica re bala jaana: “Badiradiphetogo ba Baporotesetante, ba Malutere, ba Ba-Calvin, le Ba-Anglican . . . ba ne ba sala ba itsetsepetse thata mo megopolong ya ga Augustine, yo ba neng ba ikutlwa gore thuto ya gagwe e ne e ba gogela ka tsela nngwe. . . . Nngwe le nngwe ya ditumelo tse tharo tse dikgolo tsa Baporotesetante tsa lekgolo la bo16 la dingwaga kwa Yuropa . . . e ne e tshegetswa ke babusi ba lefatshe ba kwa Saxony [Jeremane bogare], Switzerland, le kwa Engelane mme ba nna ba nna seoposengwe le puso fela jaaka go ne go ntse ka kereke ya dingwaga tsa bogare.”

Go na le gore Diphetogo di dire gore Bokeresete jwa boammaaruri bo boele gape mo maemong a jone a pele di ne tsa dira gore dikereke di le dintsi tsa semorafe kana tsa mo tikologong di ithapeletse mo dipusong tsa sepolotiki le go di tshegetsa ka bojotlhe mo dintweng tsa tsone. Ebile tota, dikereke tsa Bakatoliki mmogo le tsa Baporotesetante di ile tsa tlhotlheletsa dintwa tsa bodumedi. Mo bukeng ya gagwe ya An Historian’s Approach to Religion, Arnold Toynbee o ne a kwala jaana mabapi le dintwa tse di tshwanang le tseo ka go re: “Di ile tsa supa gore Bakatoliki le Baporotesetante kwa Fora, Netherlands, Jeremane, le Ireland, le makoko a a gaisanang a Baporotesetante a kwa Engelane le Scotland, ba ne ba bolaana setlhogo ka go leka go gatelelana ka go dirisa dibetsa.” Dintwa tse di santseng di tsweletse pele le gompieno tseo di kgaoganyang Ireland le tse di mo nageng e pele e neng e le Yugoslavia di supa gore dikereke tsa Roma Katoliki, tsa Orthodox, le tsa Baporotesetante di santse di tseneletse thata mo dikgannyeng tsa lefatshe leno.

A mme seno se raya gore Bokeresete jwa boammaaruri, jo bo ikgaogantseng le lefatshe, ga bo tlhole bo le gone mo lefatsheng? Setlhogo se se latelang se tla araba potso eo.

[Lebokoso/Setshwantsho mo go tsebe 10, 11]

MOKGWA O “BOKERESETE” BO NENG JWA NNA BODUMEDI JWA PUSO KA ONE

BOKERESETE bo ne bo sa direlwa go nna karolo ya lefatshe leno. (Mathaio 24:3, 9; Yohane 17:16) Lefa go ntse jalo, dibuka tsa hisitori di re bolelela gore mo lekgolong la bone la dingwaga C.E., “Bokeresete” bo ne jwa nna bodumedi jwa Puso jwa Mmusomogolo wa Roma. Go tlile jang gore go nne jalo?

Go tloga kwa go Nero (54-68 C.E.) go ya go tsena fela kwa lekgolong la boraro la dingwaga C.E., babusibagolo botlhe ba Roma ba ne ba tlhagafetse mo go bogiseng Bakeresete, kana go sa nne jalo ba ne ba letlelela gore ba bogisiwe. Gallienus (253-268 C.E.) e ne e le mmusimogolo wa ntlha wa Roma go ntsha lekwalo le le neng le supa gore o ne a se kgatlhanong le bone. Le eleng ka nako eo, Bokeresete e ne e le bodumedi jo bo neng bo sa ratege mo mmusomogolong otlhe. Morago ga Gallienus, go bogisiwa ga bone go ne ga tswelela, mme ba ne ba bogisiwa thata le go feta kafa tlase ga puso ya ga Diocletian (284-305 C.E.) le ba ba neng ba busa morago ga gagwe.

Dilo fa esale tsa senyega bogologolo ka lekgolo la bone la dingwaga fa go ne go dirwa se go neng go twe ke go fetogela ga Mmusimogolo Constantine I mo Bokereseteng. Mabapi le “phetogo” eno, buka e e kwadilweng ka Sefora Théo—Nouvelle encyclopédie catholique (Théo—New Catholic Encyclopedia) e tlhalosa jaana: “Constantine o ne a ipolela fa e le mmusimogolo wa Mokeresete. Tota fa re bua boammaaruri, o ne a kolobediwa fela fa a setse a le gaufi le go swa.” Lefa go ntse jalo, ka 313 C.E., Constantine le mmusimogolo ka ene, Licinius, ba ne ba ntsha molao o o neng o naya Bakeresete le baheitane ka go tshwana kgololesego ya bodumedi. New Catholic Encyclopedia e tlhalosa jaana: “Go atolosa ga ga Constantine kgololesego ya kobamelo go Bakeresete, go go neng go supa gore Bakeresete ba letleletswe semmuso jaaka religio licita [bodumedi jo bo kafa molaong] kwantle ga jwa boheitane, e ne e le namane e tona ya phetogo.”

Lefa go ntse jalo, The New Encyclopædia Britannica e tlhalosa jaana: “[Constantine] ga a ka a dira Bokeresete bodumedi jwa mmusomogolo.” Rraditiragalo wa Mofora Jean-Rémy Palanque, ebong leloko la Mokgatlho mongwe wa kwa Fora, o kwala jaana: “Lefa go ntse jalo, Puso ya Roma . . . e ne ya sala e ntse e le ya boheitane jo bo letleletsweng semmuso. Gape, lefa Constantine a ne a re o tshegetsa bodumedi jwa ga Keresete, ga a ise a ke a fedise boemo joo.” Mo bukeng ya The Legacy of Rome, Porofesara Ernest Barker o ne a tlhalosa jaana: “[Go fenya ga ga Constantine] ga go a ka ga dira gore Bokeresete bo tlhomiwe ka yone nako eo jaaka bodumedi jwa Puso. Constantine o ne a ikutlwa a kgotsofetse fa a ne a tlhopha Bokeresete jaaka nngwe ya dikobamelo tsa botlhe tsa mmusomogolo. Mo dingwageng tse some a supa tse di neng tsa latela, meletlo ya boheitane ya bogologolo e ne ya letlelelwa ke puso gore e ka ketekwa kwa Roma.”

Ka jalo, ka lone lebaka leno “Bokeresete” e ne e le bodumedi jo bo letleletsweng semmuso mo Mmusomogolong wa Roma. Bo ne jwa nna leng bodumedi jwa Puso semmuso jaaka lefoko bodumedi jwa Puso le tlhalosa? Re bala mo go New Catholic Encyclopedia jaana: “Batlhatlhami ba ga [Constantine] ba ne ba tswelela ba dirisa one mokgwa oo wa gagwe, kwantle ga Julian [361-363 C.E.], yo go bogisa ga gagwe Bakeresete go neng ga khutla ka tshoganetso fa a ne a swa. Kgabagare, ka kotara ya bofelo ya lekgolo la bo4 la dingwaga, Theodosius yo Mogolo [379-395 C.E.] o ne a dira Bokeresete bodumedi jwa puso jwa Mmusomogolo oo mme a thibela kobamelo ya boheitane ya botlhe.”

Moithuti wa Bibela le rraditiragalo F. J. Foakes Jackson fa a ne a tlatsa kgang eno le go bontsha fela seo bodumedi jono jo bosha jwa Puso e neng e le sone, o ne a kwala jaana: “Kafa tlase ga puso ya ga Constantine, Bokeresete le mmusomogolo wa Roma e ne e le ditsala. Kafa tlase ga puso ya ga Theodosius e ne e le selo se le sengwe . . . Go tloga foo, leina la Katoliki le ne la beelwa fela ba ba neng ba obamela Rara, Morwa le Moya o o Boitshepo ka tlotlo e e tshwanang. Molao otlhe wa bodumedi wa mmusomogolo ono o ne o lebisitswe mo kgannyeng eno, mme o ne wa dira gore Tumelo ya Katoliki e feleletse e le bodumedi bo le bongwe jo bo letleletsweng semmuso jwa Baroma.”

Jean-Rémy Palanque o ne a kwala jaana: “Theodosius, ereka a ne a le kgatlhanong le boheitane, o ne a rata Kereke ya [Katoliki] ya motheo; o ne a ntsha molao ka 380 C.E. o o neng o laela balatedi botlhe ba gagwe gore ba ikane gore ba dumela mo go Mopapa Damasus le mo go mobishopo [yo o neng a dumela mo go Tharonngwe] wa kwa Alexandria, mme ba ba neng ba sa dumelane le kgang eo o ne a sa ba neye kgololesego ya kobamelo. Gape Khansele e kgolo ya Constantinople (381) e ne ya atlhola baikeodi botlhe, mme mmusimogolo le ene o ne a tlhotlhomisa gore go seka ga nna le mobishopo ope yo o neng a tla ba tshegetsa. Bokeresete jwa Nicaea jwa [Tharonngwe] bo ile jwa itshupa sentle gore e ne e le bodumedi jwa Puso . . . Kereke e ne e kitlanye thata le Puso mme di ne di itumelela mokgwa o di neng di tshegetsana ka one.”

Ka jalo, e ne e se Bokeresete jo bo neng bo itshekile jwa metlha ya baaposetoloi jo bo neng jwa nna bodumedi jwa Puso jwa Mmusomogolo wa Roma. E ne e le Kereke ya Katoliki ya Tharonngwe ya lekgolo la bone la dingwaga e Mmusimogolo Theodosius I a neng a pateletsa batho molao o o ntseng jalo o o neng o tshegetswa ke Kereke ya Roma Katoliki, e e neng e le karolo ya lefatshe le gone jaanong e santseng e le yone.

[Motswedi wa Setshwantsho]

Emperor Theodosius I: Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid (Foto Oronoz)

[Motswedi wa Setshwantsho mo go tsebe 8]

Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.