Sētane—Talatupuʻa pe Tokotaha Kovi Moʻoni?

KO E tupuʻanga ʻo e koví kuo mahuʻingaʻia ai ʻa e kau potó mei he kuonga muʻá. Ko ha Dictionary of the Bible, ʻa James Hastings, ʻoku pehē ai: “ʻI he kamataʻanga ʻo e ʻilo fakaetangatá naʻe ʻiloʻi ai ʻe he tangatá ʻokú ne fehangahangai tonu mo ha ngaahi mālohi ʻa ia naʻe taʻemalava ke ne puleʻi, pea naʻe fakahoko ai ha tākiekina fakatupu maumau pe fakatupu ʻauha.” Ko e maʻuʻanga fakamatala tatau ʻoku toe pehē ai: “Naʻe kumi ai ʻi he hehema fakaenatula ʻa e muʻaki faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá ki he ngaahi tupuʻangá, pea fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻa e ngaahi mālohí mo e ngaahi fakahāhā kehe ʻo natulá ko ha tokotaha.”

Fakatatau ki he kau faihisitōliá, ko e tui ki he ngaahi ʻotua tēmenioó mo e ngaahi laumālie koví ʻe lava ke fakatotoloʻi ia ki he muʻaki hisitōlia ʻo Mesopotēmiá. Naʻe tui ʻa e kau Pāpilone ʻo e kuonga muʻá ko pulotu, pe “fonua ʻo e ʻikai toe foki maí,” naʻe puleʻi ia ʻe Nelikala, ko ha ʻotua fakamālohi naʻe ʻiloa ko e “tokotaha ʻokú ne fai ʻa e tutú.” Naʻa nau toe manavahē ki he kau tēmenioó, ʻa ia naʻa nau feinga ke fakafiemālieʻi fakafou ʻi he ngaahi laulau fakamēsiki. ʻI he talatupuʻa faka-ʻIsipité, ko Seti ko e ʻotua ia ʻo e koví, “ʻoku fakahaaʻi ia ʻokú ne maʻu ʻa e ngaahi fōtunga ʻo ha fuʻu manu matamatakehe fakataha mo ha ihu piko palōloa, ongo telinga tapafā tatau mo ha hiku fefeka mangamanga.”​—Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology.

Neongo ko e kau Kalisí mo e kau Lomá naʻe ʻi ai honau ngaahi ʻotua lelei mo kovi, naʻe ʻikai hanau ʻotua kovi ʻe pule. Naʻe akoʻi ʻe honau kau filōsefá ʻa e ʻi ai ʻa e ongo tefitoʻi moʻoni fehangahangai ʻe ua. Kia ʻEmipetokelesi, ko e ongo tefitoʻi moʻoní ko e ʻOfá mo e Taʻefeongoongoí. Kia Palato, ko e māmaní naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e ongo “Soulu,” ko e taha ʻokú ne fakatupunga ʻa e leleí pea ko e taha ko e koví. Hangē ko ia ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻe Georges Minois ʻi heʻene tohi ko e Le Diable (Ko e Tēvoló), “ko e lotu [Kalisi-Loma] pangani motuʻá naʻe ʻikai te nau tali ʻoku ʻi ai ha Tēvolo.”

ʻI ʻIulani, naʻe akoʻi ʻe he lotu faka-Soloasitaá ko e ʻotua aoniu ko ʻAhula Masitā, pe ʻOmasata, naʻá ne fakatupu ʻa ʻEngikala Maniū, pe ʻAlimani, ʻa ia naʻe fili ke faikovi peá ne hoko ai ko e Laumālie Fakaʻauha, pe ko e Faifakaʻauha.

ʻI he lotu faka-Siú, naʻe ʻi ai ha fakahāhā faingofua ʻo Sētane ʻi he tuʻunga ko e Fili ʻo e ʻOtuá ʻa ia naʻá ne fakatupunga ʻa e angahalá. Ka ʻi he hili ʻa e ngaahi senituli lahi, naʻe hoko ia ʻo fakameleʻi ʻe he ngaahi fakakaukau fakapanganí. ʻOku pehē ʻe he Encyclopaedia Judaica: “Naʻe hoko ha fuʻu liliu lahi . . . ʻi he aʻu ki he ngaahi senituli K.M. fakaʻosí. ʻI he vahaʻa taimi ko ení ko e lotu [faka-Siú] . . . naʻá ne ohi ʻa e ngaahi tōʻonga lahi ʻo ha fokotuʻutuʻu fepakipaki ʻa ia naʻe fakafepakiʻi ai ʻi hēvani pea ʻi māmani ʻa e ʻOtuá mo e ngaahi kongakau ʻo e leleí mo e moʻoní ʻe he ngaahi kongakau mālohi ʻo e koví mo e kākaá. ʻOku hā ngali ne ʻi he malumalu eni ʻo e tākiekina ʻa e lotu faka-Pēsiá.” ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻe he The Concise Jewish Encyclopedia: “Ko e maluʻi mei he kau tēmenioó naʻe malava ia ʻi hono tauhi ʻa e ngaahi fekaú pea ʻi hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻomi monuú.”

 Teolosia Tafoki mei he Moʻoni Faka-Kalisitiané

Hangē pē ko hono ohi ʻe he lotu faka-Siú ʻa e ngaahi tui taʻefakatohitapu fekauʻaki mo Sētane mo e kau tēmenioó, naʻe tupu ʻa e kau Kalisitiane tafoki mei he moʻoní ʻi he ngaahi fakakaukau taʻefakatohitapu. ʻOku pehē ʻe he The Anchor Bible Dictionary: “Ko e taha ʻo e ngaahi fakakaukau fuʻu tōtuʻa fakateolosia motuʻá ko e pehē ko ia naʻe huhuʻi ʻe he ʻOtuá ʻa hono kakaí ʻaki hono totongiʻi ʻa Sētane ki honau fakatauʻatāinaʻí.” Ko e fakakaukau ko ení naʻe fokotuʻu mai ia ke fai ha lāulea ki ai ʻe ʻIleniasi (senituli hono ua T.S.). Naʻe fakatupulekina lahi ange ia ʻe ʻOliseni (senituli hono tolu T.S.), ʻa ia naʻá ne taukaveʻi “ko e tēvoló naʻá ne maʻu ha taukaveʻi fakalao ʻoku ʻaʻana ʻa e tangatá” pea naʻá ne vakai ki he “pekia ʻa Kalaisí . . . ko ha huhuʻi ia ʻoku totongi ki he tēvoló.”—History of Dogma, ʻa Adolf Harnack.

Fakatatau ki he The Catholic Encyclopedia, “ʻi he taʻu nai ʻe taha afe [ko e fakakaukau ko ia naʻe totongi ʻa e huhuʻí ki he Tēvoló] naʻe hoko ia ko ha konga tuʻu-ki-muʻa ʻi he hisitōlia ʻo e teolosiá,” pea ʻoku kei hoko ia ko ha konga ʻo e tui ʻa e siasí. Ko e ngaahi Tamai kehe ʻa e Siasí, kau ai ʻa ʻAokositaine (senituli hono fā-nima T.S.), naʻá ne ohi ʻa e fakakaukau ko e huhuʻí naʻe totongi kia Sētané. ʻI he aʻu mai ki he senituli hono 12 T.S., naʻe fakamulituku ʻaki ai ʻe he ongo teolosia Katolika ko ʻAnesema mo ʻApelata ko e feilaulau ʻa Kalaisí naʻe foaki ia ʻo ʻikai kia Sētane ka ki he ʻOtuá.

Ngaahi Tui Fakafaʻahikehe ʻi he Kuonga Lotolotó

Neongo ko e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi kosilio ʻa e Siasi Katoliká naʻa nau kei mātuʻaki fakalongo pē ʻi he tuʻunga-lea fekauʻaki mo Sētané, ʻi he 1215 T.S., naʻe fakahoko ai ʻe he Kosilio Latelani Hono Faá ʻa e meʻa ʻoku ui ʻe he New Catholic Encyclopedia ko hano “fakahaaʻi molumalu ʻo e tuí.” ʻOku pehē ʻi he tokāteline 1: “Ko e tēvoló mo e kau tēmeniō kehé naʻe fakatupu ia ʻe he ʻOtuá ʻo lelei hono natulá, ka ʻi he ngāue pē ʻanautolú naʻa nau hoko ai ʻo kovi.” ʻOku tānaki mai ai ʻoku nau tōtōivi ʻi he feinga ke ʻahiʻahiʻi ʻa e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá. Ko e fakakaukau ki muí naʻe nōfoʻi ia ʻi he kakai tokolahi lolotonga ʻa e Kuonga Lotolotó. Naʻe tupu meia Sētane ha meʻa pē naʻe hā ngalikehe, hangē ko ha mahaki naʻe ʻikai ʻiloʻi, mate fakafokifā, pe ko e kovi ʻa e ngoué. ʻI he 1233 T.S., naʻe tuku atu ai ʻe Tuʻitapu Kelekōlio IX ʻa e ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni ʻe niʻihi ki he kau tui tokāteline kehé, ʻo kau ai ʻa e taha ki he kau tui kia Lusefaá, ʻa ia ko e faʻahinga ʻoku pehē ko e kau lotu ki he Tēvoló.

Ko e tui ko ia ʻe lava ke maʻu ʻa e kakaí ʻe he Tēvoló pe ko ʻene kau tēmenioó naʻe vave ʻene kamata ha ʻāvanga-fua—ko ha manavahē meimei vale ʻi he fakalouʻakaú mo e tōʻonga fakafaimaná. Mei he senituli hono 13 ki he 17, naʻe mafola ai ʻi ʻIulope kotoa ʻa e ilifia tēvoló pea naʻe aʻu ki ʻAmelika Tokelau ki he kau nofo kolonia ʻIulopé. Naʻa mo e ongo fakalelei lotu Palotisani ko Mātini Lūtelo mo Sione Kalaviní naʻá na tali ʻa hono kumi ʻo e kau fefine taula-faʻahikehé. ʻI ʻIulope ko e ngaahi hopoʻi ʻo e kau fefine taula-faʻahikehé makatuʻunga ʻi ha muhuʻi pē pe ngaahi fakahalaiaʻi kovi naʻe fai ia fakatouʻosi ʻaki ʻa e Fakaʻekeʻeke Anga-Fakamamahí pea mo e ngaahi fakamaauʻanga fakamāmaní. Naʻe ngāueʻaki lahi ʻa e fakamamahí ke maʻuʻaki ha ngaahi fakahaaʻi ʻo e “halaiá.”

Ko e faʻahinga naʻe ʻiloʻi ʻoku halaiá naʻe lava ke tautea mate ia ʻi hano tutu, pe tautau ʻi ʻIngilani mo Sikotilani. Ki he tokolahi ʻo e faʻahinga maʻukoviá, ʻoku pehē ʻe he The World Book Encyclopedia: “Mei he 1484 ki he 1782, fakatatau ki he kau faihisitōlia ʻe niʻihi, naʻe tāmateʻi ai ʻe he siasi faka-Kalisitiané ʻa e kakai fefine nai ʻe toko 300,000 ʻi he tōʻonga fakafaimaná.” Kapau ko Sētane naʻe tupu mei ai ʻa e meʻa fakamamahi ko eni ʻi he kuonga  lotolotó, ko hai naʻá ne meʻangāueʻakí—ko e faʻahinga maʻukoviá pe ko honau kau fakatanga līʻoa fakalotú?

Tui pe Taʻetui Lolotongá

Naʻe mātā tonu ʻe he senituli hono 18 ʻa e tupu ʻa e fakakaukau fakaefakaʻuhinga, naʻe ʻiloa ko e Fakamāmá. ʻOku pehē ʻe he Encyclopædia Britannica: “Ko e filōsofia mo e teolosia ʻo e Fakamāmá naʻe feinga ai ke fakangata ʻa e tēvoló mei he ʻatamai ʻo e Kalisitiané ʻi he tuʻunga ko e tupu ia mei he fakakaukau fakaetalatupuʻa ʻo e Kuonga Lotolotó.” Naʻe tali ʻa e Siasi Katolika Lomá ki he meʻá ni ʻo toe fakapapauʻi ʻene tui kia Sētane ko e Tēvoló ʻi he ʻUluaki Kosilio ʻa e Vatikanó (1869-​70), ʻo toe fai ʻa e meʻá ni kae kiʻi vaivai ʻi he Kosilio Vatikano Hono Uá (1962-​65).

ʻI he fakaʻofisialé, hangē ko ia ʻoku tali ʻe he New Catholic Encyclopedia, “ʻoku tukupā ʻa e Siasí ki ha tui ki he kau ʻāngeló mo e kau tēmenioó.” Kae kehe, ko e Théo, ko ha tikisinale faka-Falanisē ʻo e tui faka-Katoliká, ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ko e “kau Kalisitiane tokolahi ʻi he ʻaho ní ʻoku nau fakafisi ke tuku ʻa e kovi ʻi he māmaní ki he tēvoló.” ʻI he ngaahi taʻu ki mui ní kuo feangainga tokanga ai ʻa e kau teolosia Katoliká, ʻi he mafamafatatau fakatuʻutāmaki ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e tokāteline ʻofisiale Katoliká mo e fakakaukau fakaeonopōní. Ko e “teolosia faka-Kalisitiane taʻefakangatangatá,” ko e lau ia ʻa e Encyclopædia Britannica, “ʻoku hehema ai ke ʻai ʻa e lea faka-Tohitapu fekauʻaki mo Sētané hangē ha ‘lea fakaefakatātā’ ke fakamatalaʻi ʻaki ʻa e koví—ka ʻi hono kehé ko ha feinga fakaetalatupuʻa ia ke fakahāhā ʻa e tuʻunga moʻoni mo e lahi ʻo e koví ʻi he ʻunivēsí.” ʻI he fekauʻaki mo e kau Palotisaní, ʻoku pehē ʻe he maʻuʻanga fakamatala tatau: “Ko e tui faka-Palotisani taʻefakangatangata ʻi onopōní ʻoku hehema ai ke fakaʻikaiʻi ʻa e fiemaʻu ke tui ki he tēvoló ko ha tokotahá.” Ka ʻoku totonu ke fakakaukau ʻa e kau Kalisitiane moʻoní ki he meʻa ʻoku leaʻaki ʻe he Tohitapú fekauʻaki mo Sētané ko ha “fakakaukau loto” pē?

Meʻa ʻOku Akoʻi ʻe he Ngaahi Konga Tohitapú

Ko e filōsofia mo e teolosia fakaetangatá kuo ʻikai ʻomai ai ha fakamatala lelei ange fekauʻaki mo e tupuʻanga ʻo e koví ʻo hangē ko ia ʻoku ʻomai ʻi he Tohitapú. Ko e meʻa ʻoku leaʻaki ʻe he ngaahi Konga Tohitapú fekauʻaki mo Sētané ʻoku mahuʻinga ia ki hono mahinoʻi ʻa e tupuʻanga ʻo e koví pea mo e faingataʻaʻia ʻa e tangatá, pea pehē ki he ʻuhinga ʻoku hoko ai ʻa e fakamālohi kovi taha ʻoku ala fakaʻuta atu ki aí ʻo kovi ange ʻi he taʻu taki tahá.

ʻE ʻeke nai ʻe he niʻihi: ‘Kapau ko e ʻOtuá ko e Tokotaha-Fakatupu lelei mo ʻofá ia, ʻe lava fēfē ke ne fakatupu ha meʻamoʻui laumālie fulikivanu hangē ko Sētané?’ ʻOku fokotuʻu ʻe he Tohitapú ʻa e tefitoʻi moʻoni ko e kotoa ʻo e ngaahi ngāue ʻa Sihova ko e ʻOtuá ʻoku haohaoa pea ko e kotoa ʻo ʻene meʻamoʻui ʻatamai potó ʻoku tuku ki ai ʻa e tauʻatāina ke fili. (Teutalonome 30:19; 32:4; Siosiua 24:15; 1 Tuʻi 18:21) Ko ia ai, ko e tokotaha laumālie naʻe hoko ko Sētané kuo pau pē naʻe fakatupu haohaoa ia pea kuo  pau naʻá ne mavahe mei he hala ʻo e moʻoní mo e māʻoniʻoní ʻaki ʻene fili ʻosi fakakaukauʻi.​—Sione 8:​44; Semisi 1:​14, 15.

ʻI he ngaahi founga lahi, ko e ʻalunga anga-tuʻu ʻo Sētané ʻoku tatau ia mo e ʻalunga ʻo e “Tuʻi Taia,” ʻa ia naʻe fakamatalaʻi fakaemaau naʻe “fungani ʻi he fakaʻofoʻofa” pea ‘haohaoa pe mei he ʻaho naʻe ngaohi ai iá, ʻo aʻu ki he taimi naʻe ʻilo ai ʻa e koví ʻiate iá.’ (Isikeli 28:​11-19) Naʻe ʻikai ke fakakikihiʻi ʻe Sētane ʻa e tuʻunga aoniu ʻo Sihová pe ko hono Tuʻunga-Fakatupú. ʻE lava fēfē ke ne fai pehē, koeʻuhi naʻe fakatupu ia ʻe he ʻOtuá? Kae kehe, naʻe poleʻi ʻe Sētane ʻa e founga naʻe ngāueʻaki ai ʻe Sihova ʻa hono tuʻunga-haú. ʻI he ngoue ko ʻĪtení, naʻe fakahuʻuhuʻu ai ʻe Sētane ʻoku taʻofi ʻe he ʻOtuá mei he ʻuluaki ongo meʻa fakaetangatá ha meʻa naʻe ʻi ai ʻena totonu ki ai pea naʻe fakatuʻunga mei ai ʻena ʻi ha tuʻunga leleí. (Senesi 3:​1-5) Naʻá ne lavameʻa ʻi hono fakatupunga ʻa ʻĀtama mo ʻIvi ke na angatuʻu ki he tuʻunga-hau māʻoniʻoni ʻo Sihová, ʻo ʻomai ai ʻa e angahalá mo e maté kia kinaua mo hona hakó. (Senesi 3:​6-​19; Loma 5:​12) Ko ia ai, ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻe he Tohitapú ko Sētané ko e tupuʻanga tefito ia ʻo e faingataʻaʻia ʻa e tangatá.

ʻI ha taimi ki muʻa ʻi he Lōmakí, naʻe kau fakataha ai ha kau ʻāngelo kehe mo Sētane ʻi heʻene angatuʻú. Naʻa nau liliu ki he ngaahi sino fakaetangatá ke fakatōliʻa ʻenau ngaahi holi ki he fiefia fakaefehokotaki fakasino mo e ngaahi ʻofefine ʻo e tangatá. (Senesi 6:​1-4) ʻI he Lōmakí, ko e kau ʻāngelo tafoki ko ení naʻa nau toe foki ki he nofoʻanga laumālié kae ʻikai ki honau “muʻaki tuʻunga” mo e ʻOtuá ʻi hēvaní. (Siutasi 6, NW) Naʻe tuku hifo kinautolu ki ha tuʻunga ʻo e fakapoʻuli fakalaumālie lahi. (1 Pita 3:​19, 20; 2 Pita 2:4) Naʻa nau hoko ai ko e kau tēmeniō, ʻo ʻikai kei ngāue ʻi he malumalu ʻo e tuʻunga-hau ʻo Sihová kae nofo ʻo fakamoʻulaloa kia Sētane. Lolotonga ʻa e hā mahino ʻo e taʻemalava ke toe liliu sinó, ʻoku kei lava pē ʻa e kau tēmenioó ke ngāueʻaki ʻa e mālohi lahi ki he ʻatamai mo e moʻui ʻa e tangatá, pea ʻoku ʻikai ha veiveiua ʻoku tupu meia kinautolu ʻa e lahi ʻo e fakamālohi ʻoku tau sio tonu ai he ʻaho ní.​—Mātiu 12:​43-​45; Luke 8:​27-​33.

Ko e Ngataʻanga ʻo e Pule ʻa Sētané ʻOku Ofi

ʻOku mahino ko e ngaahi kongakau koví ʻoku nau ngāue ʻi he māmaní he ʻahó ni. Naʻe tohi ʻe he ʻapositolo ko Sioné: “Ko hono kotoa ʻo mamani ʻoku ʻi he nima ʻo e Fili.”—1 Sione 5:19.

Kae kehe, ko e kikite faka-Tohitapu kuo fakahokó, ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ʻoku fakalahi ʻe he Tēvoló ʻa e ngaahi mala ʻi he māmaní koeʻuhi ʻokú ne ʻiloʻi ʻoku “toesiʻi pe hono taimi” ke fakahoko mai ai ʻa e fakaʻauha lahi ki muʻa ke tuku pōpula iá. (Fakahā 12:​7-12; 20:​1-3) Ko e ngataʻanga ʻo e pule ʻa Sētané ʻe fakahū mai ai ha māmani foʻou māʻoniʻoni, ʻa ia “ʻe ʻikai toe ai” ha tangi, mate pea mo e mamahi. ʻE hoko leva ʻa e finangalo ʻo e ʻOtuá ʻo ‘fai ʻi māmani, ʻo hangē ko ia ʻoku fai ʻi Hēvaní.’—Fakahā 21:​1-4; Mātiu 6:​10, Ko e Kōsipeli ʻe Fā.

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 4]

Naʻe tui ʻa e kau Pāpiloné kia Nelikala (taupotu taha ki toʻohemá), ko ha ʻotua fakamālohi; ko Palato (toʻohemá) naʻe tui ki he ʻi ai ha ongo “Soulu” fehangahangai ʻe ua

[Maʻuʻanga]

Silinitā: Musée du Louvre, Paris; Palato: National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 5]

Ko ʻIleniasi, ʻOliseni mo ʻAokositaine naʻa nau akoʻi ko e huhuʻí naʻe totongi ki he Tēvoló

[Maʻuʻanga]

ʻOliseni: Culver Pictures; ʻAokositaine: From the book Great Men and Famous Women

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 6]

Ko e manavahē ki he kau fefine taula-faʻahikehé naʻe iku ai ki hono tāmateʻi ʻa e laui kilu

[Maʻuʻanga]

From the book Bildersaal deutscher Geschichte