Daniele—Ibbuku Lili Mulubeta
Cibalo 2
Daniele—Ibbuku Lili Mulubeta
1, 2. Muunzila nzi molipegwa mulandu bbuku lya Daniele, alimwi nkaambo nzi ncomuyeeyela kuti cilayandika ikulanga-langa bumboni ibuliiminina?
AMWEEZEEZYE kuti muli munkuta muswiilila mulandu mupati. Imwaalumi umwi watamikizigwa kuti wakacita bumpelenge. Sinkuta wazumanana ulaamba oyu mwaalumi ulaamulandu. Pele oyo wapegwa mulandu ulaampuwo yakuti ulasyomeka. Sena inga tamubotelwi ikumvwa bumboni bwabasikumwiiminina?
2 Muli muciimo cikozyenye aceeci caboola kubbuku lyamu Bbaibbele lya Daniele. Imulembi walyo wakali muntu uuzibidwe kuti ulasyomeka. Ibbuku lijisi zina lyakwe lyalikulemekwa kapati kwazyuulu zyamyaka. Eli bbuku lijanika kuti lijisi makani aazyaciindi aasyomeka aakalembwaa Daniele, imusinsimi muna Hebrayo walo wakali kupona mumwaanda wamyaka waciloba awacisambomwi B.C.E. Ibupime bwaciindi bwa Bbaibbele ibuluzi butondezya kuti ibbuku lyakwe liluula makani aaciindi kuzwa mu 618 kusika mu 536 B.C.E., elyo lyakamanizigwa kulembwa mumwaka nguwenya oyu wa 536 B.C.E. Pele bbuku eli lipegwa mulandu. Ima encyclopedia alimwi amabbuku amwi alaamba cakutadooneka kuti ndyakubeja.
3. Ino The New Encyclopædia Britannica yaamba nzi kujatikizya kusyomeka kwabbuku lya Daniele?
3 Mucikozyanyo, The New Encyclopædia Britannica ilazumina kuti ibbuku lya Daniele “lyakali kulangwa kuti makani aazyaciindi eni-eni, aajisi businsimi bwini-bwini.” Nokuba boobo, eli bbuku lya Britannica lyaamba kuti mubwini ibbuku lya Daniele “lyakalembwa kuciindi cakumbele nokwakali mapenzi mucisi—ciindi bama Juda nobakapenzyegwa kapati mubulelo bwa [Mwami wa Aramu] Antiochus Wane Epiphanes.” Encyclopedia eyo yaamba kuti bbuku eli lyakalembwa akati kamwaka wa 167 a 164 B.C.E. Eli bbuku ndilyonya lyaamba kuti imulembi wabbuku lya Daniele tasinsimi zintu zyakumbele pe, pele waamba buyo “zintu zyamusyule izyakacitika kuciindi cakwe kati mbusinsimi bwazintu iziyoocitika kumbele.”
4. Ino kukazigwa kwabbuku lya Daniele kwakatalika lili, alimwi ncinzi cakakulwaizya kukazigwa kukozyenye akooku mumyaanda yamyaka yalino-lino?
4 Ino mizeezo iili boobu izwa kuli? Ikukazigwa kwabbuku lya Daniele teekwatalika lino pe. Kwakatalikwaa sibusongo wazina lya Porphyry mumwaanda wamyaka watatu C.E. Mbubwenya mbuli bamwi banji bakali mu Bwami bwaba Roma, wakali kulibilika akaambo ka Bunakristo. Wakalemba mabbuku aali 15 aaubya-ubya bukombi obu “bupya.” Ibbuku lyanamba 12 lyakagamide kukazya bbuku lya Daniele. Porphyry wakaamba kuti eli bbuku lyakali kulengelezya buyo zintu zyakubeja, lyalo lyakalembwa amu Juda mumwaanda wamyaka wabili B.C.E. Ikukazya kukozyenye akooku kwakacitwa mumwaanda wamyaka wa 18 awa 19. Ikweelana ambuli mbobazilanga zintu basikukazya, ibusinsimi—ikusinsima zintu ziyoocitika kumbele—ncintu citakonzyi kucitika pe. Daniele wakaba mumapenzi. Cili mbuli kuti walo abbuku lyakwe bakali kubetekwa munkuta. Basikukazya bakaamba kuti balijisi bumboni bunji bwakuti bbuku eli tiilyakalembwaa Daniele pe ciindi bama Juda nobakali mubuzike mu Babuloni, pele kuti lyakazyoolembwaa muntu umwi buyo mumyaanda yamyaka yakatobela. * Ikukazya kuli boobu kwakaindila cakuti umwi mulembi wakalemba bbuku lyamutwe wakuti Daniel in the Critics’ Den.
5. Nkaambo nzi ncokali kapati kaambo kakusyomeka kwabbuku lya Daniele?
5 Sena kuli bumboni bwini-bwini kukuyeeya oku kwabasikukazya? Naa sena obu bumboni bulabagwasilizya basikwiiminina? Itwaambo tupati-pati tulijatikizidwe awa. Takujatikizidwe buyo zina libotu lyabbuku eli lyansiku pele abwalo buumi bwesu bwakumbele bulijatikizidwe. Ikuti naa bbuku lya Daniele ndyakubeja, nkokuti zisyomezyo zyabuumi bwabantu bwakumbele nzyabuyo, tazikwe mpindu. Pele ikuti naa lijisi businsimi bwini-bwini, cakutadooneka muyooyandisya kuziba ncozyaamba ezi kulindiswe sunu. Katuyeeyede makani ayo, atulange-lange zimwi zintu zyakacitika kuli Daniele.
6. Mulandu nzi uupegwa cimwi ciindi kujatikizya makani azyaciindi mubbuku lya Daniele?
6 Mucikozyanyo, amulange mulandu ngoipa The Encyclopedia Americana ategwa: “Ibunji bwamakani aazyaciindi aakumazuba aamusyule [mbuli aabuzike mu Babuloni] alipilinganisidwe kapati” mubbuku lya Daniele. Sena masimpe ayo? Atulange-lange zintu zyotatwe zyaambwa kuti zyakalubila, tulazilanga comwe-comwe.
IKAAMBO KAJATIKIZYA MWAMI UUTAKO
7. (a) Ino nkaambo nzi kwaamba Daniele nkwakaamba Belisazara ncokwali kubakondelezya basikukazya Bbaibbele? (b) Ncinzi cakacitika kumuzeezo wakuti Belisazara wakali muntu buyo wakulengelezya?
7 Daniele wakalemba kuti Belisazara, ‘imwanaa’ Nebukadinezara wakali mwami mu Babuloni imunzi nowakazundwa. (Daniele 5:1, 11, 18, 22, 30) Ikwaciindi cilamfwu, basikukazya balikukakazya kaambo aka kabati nkaambo katako nkaambo izina lya Belisazara kunyina kumbi nkulyakali kujanika kunze lyamu Bbaibbele. Pele basikwiiya zyaciindi bansiku bakaamba Nabonidus, iwakalya busena bwa Nebukadinezara kuti ngomwami wamamanino wa Babuloni. Aboobo, mumwaka wa 1850, Ferdinand Hitzig wakaamba kuti Belisazara wakali muntu wakweezeezya buyo kumulembi. Pele sena Hitzig tanaabinda kwaamba muzeezo wakwe oyu? Kayi, sena ikutaambwa kwazina lyamwami oyu—ikapati kuciindi malembe aazyaciindi naakali masyoonto—kulakonzya kusinizya kuti kunyina naakaponede? Nokuba boobo, mu 1854 itukaye tusyoonto-syoonto twakavwumbululwa mumatongo aamunzi umwi wamu Babuloni wa Uri walo lino wiitwa kuti southern Iraq. Aya malembe aa cuneiform kuzwa ku Mwami Nabonidus akali kubikkilizya mupailo wakupailila “Bel-sar-ussur, mwanaangu mupati.” Nobaba basikukazya bakazumina kuti: Oyu nguwakali Belisazara wakubbuku lya Daniele.
8. Ino bupanduluzi bwa Daniele bwakuti Belisazara wakali mwami bwakasinizigwa buti kuti mbwamasimpe?
8 Pele, basikukazya tiibakakkomana pe. Umwi wazina lya H. F. Talbot wakalemba kuti: “Eci kunyina ncocisinizya.” Wakaamba kuti imwana wakalembwa abulembo obo ulakonzya kali mwana buyo kakuli Daniele wakamwaamba kuti mmwami wakali kulela. Nokuba boobo, nokwakainda buyo mwaka kuzwa ciindi majwi aa Talbot naakamwaigwa, ima cuneiform aambi akavwumbulwa aakali kwaamba Belisazara kuti wakalijisi balembi alimwi ababelesi bamuŋanda yakwe. Masimpe oyu Belisazara tanaakali mwana musyoonto pe! Limwi mabwe aambi akakakosola kaambo kaaluula kuti Nabonidus wakali kunga wazwa mu Babuloni kwamyaka minji ciindi aciindi. Aya mabwe akatondezya akuti muziindi zili boobu “wakali kusiila bwami” bwa Babuloni kumwanaakwe mupati (Belisazara). Kuziindi zili boobu, Belisazara nguwakali mwami—sikulelanyina ausyi. *
9. (a) Muunzila nzi Daniele mwakaamba kuti Belisazara wakali mwanaa Nebukadinezara? (b) Nkaambo nzi basikukazya ncobalubizide nobaamba kuti Daniele kunyina anaakaaguma makani aakupona kwa Nabonidus?
9 Kabacizumanana kutasalalilwa, bamwi basikukazya balatongauka ategwa Ibbaibbele talyaambi kuti Belisazara mwanaa Nabonidus, pele lyaamba kuti mwanaa Nebukadinezara. Bamwi balazumanana kwaamba kuti Daniele tatondezyi kuti Nabonidus wakali kupona. Nokuba boobo itwaambo toonse tobile tatuzwidilili pe twalangwa-langwa. Kuboneka kuti Nabonidus wakakwata mwanaa Nebukadinezara. Eco inga caamba kuti Belisazara muzyukulu wa Nebukadinezara. Mumwaambo wa Cihebrayo alimwi awa Ciaramu tabajisi bbala “lyasyaanene” naa “muzyukulu”; ikwaamba kuti “mwanaa ndaba” cilakonzya kwaamba kuti “muzyukulu wandaba” naa kuti “ngwaluzubo lwa.” (Amweezyanisye Matayo 1:1.) Kunze lyaboobo, Ibbaibbele lilazumizya kuti Belisazara aambwe kuti mwanaa Nabonidus. Naakayoosyegwa abulembo bwamasalamuzi abwaanda, Belisazara waamba kuti kufwumbwa muntu uutikonzye kwaabala akupandulula ncaamba, ulapegwa cuuno catatu mubwami. (Daniele 5:7) Ino nkaambo nzi ncaakaambila cuuno catatu kutali cabili? Eci citondezya kuti cuuno cakusaanguna acabili zyakalijisi kale bantu. Atwaambe kuti, zyakajisi bantu—Nabonidus alimwi amwanaakwe Belisazara.
10. Nkaambo nzi cibalo ca Daniele cijatikizya bwami bwa Babuloni ncocimvwugwa kwiinda cabasikwiiya zyaciindi bamwi?
10 Aboobo ikubanda Daniele nkwaabanda Belisazara tabuli bumboni bwamakani aazyaciindi “aapilinganisidwe.” Pele, nokuba kuti Daniele tatulembeli bukkale bwa Babuloni—ulatupa makani aamvwugwa kujatikizya bwami bwa Babuloni kwiinda bucita bamwi basikwiiya zyaciindi bansiku mbuli ba Herodotus, Xenophon alimwi a Berossus. Nkaambo nzi Daniele ncaakakonzya kulemba twaambo ntobatakazyi balo? Nkaambo kakuti wakaliko mu Babuloni. Ibbuku lyakwe mmulimo wamuntu wakalibonenaa meso, ikutali kuzwa kumubeji wakazikuboola buyo mumyaanda yamyaka yakumbele.
INO DARIYO MU MEDI WAKALI NI?
11. Ikweelanaa Daniele, ino Dariyo mu Medi wakali ni, pele ncinzi caambwa kujatikizya nguwe?
11 Daniele uluula kuti Babuloni naakazundwa, imwami uutegwa “Dariyo mu-Medi” wakatalika kulela. (Daniele 5:31) Izina lya Dariyo mu Medi talinajanwa pe mumalembe aanyika naa aabasikubona zyansiku. Aboobo, The New Encyclopædia Britannica yaamba kuti oyu Dariyo “muntu wakulengelezya buyo.”
12. (a) Nkaambo nzi basikukazya Bbaibbele ncobeelede kuziba zinji kwiinda kwiide kwaamba kuti Dariyo mu Medi kunyina naakaponede? (b) Ninzila nzi imwi iitondezya kuti Dariyo mu Medi wakaliko, alimwi mbumboni nzi butondezya makani aya?
12 Bahaabupampu bamwi balicenjede kapati. Kayi kuciindi cimwi, basikukazya bakaambide kuti awalo Belisazara wakali “wakulengelezya buyo.” Icakutadooneka akalo kaambo ka Dariyo kalasinizya kuti basikukazya balilubizide. Imabwe aa cuneiform alitondezyede kale kuti Koresi muna Persia tanaakaindaa kwiitwa kuti “Mwami wa-Babuloni” mbwaakamanina buyo kuzunda. Imuvwuntauzi umwi waamba kuti: “Kufwumbwa naa nguni wakali kwiitwa kuti ‘Mwami wa Babuloni’ wakali mwami buyo iwakali kweendelezyegwaa Koresi ikutali Koresi mwini.” Sena izina lya Dariyo lyakali zina liitwa kubaleli naa lyakali lyamweendelezi singuzu mu Medi iwakasiilwa kulanganya Babuloni? Bamwi baamba kuti Dariyo ulakonzya wakali muntu wiitwa kuti Gubaru. Koresi wakamubikka kuti abe mweendelezi Gubaru mu Babuloni alimwi malembe aanyika alasinizya kuti wakalela canguzu. Ibbwe limwi lya cuneiform lyaamba kuti wakasala beendelezi basyoonto-syoonto kuti beendelezye Babuloni. Daniele ulaamba kuti Dariyo wakasala beendelezi ibali 120 kuti beendelezye zisi zyamu Babuloni.—Daniele 6:1.
13. Nkaambo nzi kamwi kamaanu ncabandilwa Dariyo mu Medi mubbuku lya Daniele pele ikutali mumabbuku aanyika?
13 Muciindi, ibumboni bwini-bwini bujatikizya mwami oyu bulalangilwa kuyoojanwa. Nokuba boobo, ikutaambwa nkwataambwi Dariyo mumakani aabasikuvwumbula zyansiku takutondezyi kwaamba kuti “ngwakulengelezya buyo” calo cikozyenye akwaamba kuti bbuku lyoonse lya Daniele ndyakubeja. Cilainda kugwasya ikulanga cibalo ca Daniele kuti mbumboni bwamuntu wakalibonena buya ameso ibulimvwisya kwiinda malembe aanyika aaliko lino.
IBULELO BWA JEHOYAKIMU
14. Nkaambo nzi ncokutakwe kukazyanya akati ka Daniele alimwi a Jeremiya kujatikizya myaka yakulela kwa Mwami Jehoyakimu?
14 Kubbuku lya Daniele 1:1 tubala kuti: “Lino mumwaka watatu wabwami bwa-Jehoyakimu mwami wa-Juda, Nebukadinezara mwami wa-Babuloni wakasika ku-Jerusalemu, wausinkinizya.” Basikukazya baamba kuti lugwalo olu lulilubide nkaambo talweendelani pe a Jeremiya walo waamba kuti mumwaka wane wa Jehoyakimu wakali mwaka wakusaanguna wa Nebukadinezara. (Jeremiya 25:1; 46:2) Sena Daniele wakali kukazya Jeremiya? Ikwiinda mumakani aambi aayungizidwe, aka kaambo kalasalazigwa kakunyinaa kusowa ciindi. Jehoyakimu naakasaanguna kubikkwa bwami a Farao-Neko mu 628 B.C.E., wakazyooba buyo sikutobela muleli oyo muna Egepita. Awo kwakacisyeede myaka iitandila kwiitatu kuti Nebukadinezara alye zina lyausyi mubwami bwa Babuloni mu 624 B.C.E. Kwiinde buyo kaindi kaniini (mu 620 B.C.E.) Nebukadinezara wakazunda Juda akubikka Jehoyakimu kuba mwami musyoonto mubweendelezi bwa Babuloni. (2 Bami 23:34; 24:1) Kumu Juda wakali kukkala mu Babuloni, “mwaka watatu” wa Jehoyakimu nowakaba mwaka watatu wamwami oyo wakubeleka kali mwami musyoonto mu Babuloni. Daniele wakalemba kajisi kaambo ako mumizeezo. Nokuba boobo Jeremiya wakalemba kalaa muzeezo waba Juda bakali kukkala mu Jerusalemu mwini. Aboobo wakaamba bwami bwa Jehoyakimu kuti bwakatalika ciindi Farao-Neko naakamubikka bwami.
15. Nkaambo nzi kukazya kujatikizya mazuba aajanwa kuli Daniele 1:1 ncokutayi komoonga?
15 Aboobo oku kwiindana kuyungizya buyo bumboni bwakuti Daniele wakalilembela mu Babuloni bbuku lyakwe kali akati kabama Juda baange. Pele kuli kulezya kumbi mukukazya bbuku lya Daniele eli. Amuyeeye kuti sikulemba bbuku lya Daniele wakalilijisi bbuku lya Jeremiya alimwi mane wakali kwaamba azili mumo. (Daniele 9:2) Ikuti sikulemba bbuku lya Daniele naakali muntu musongo kumakani aakulengelezya zintu zyakubeja mbuli mbubaamba basikukazya, sena naakasola kukazyanyaa bbuku lili mbuli lya Jeremiya—alimwi akucita boobo mukapango nkakonya kakusaanguna kabbuku lyakwe? Peepe!
ITWAAMBO TUSINIZYA
16, 17. Ino bumboni bwabasikuvwumbula zyansiku bwacigwasilizya buti cibalo ca Daniele ca (a) cikozyanyo cabukombi ncaakaimika Nebukadinezara kuti bantu boonse bakombe? (b) kulisumpula kwa Nebukadinezara kujatikizya mayake aakwe mu Babuloni?
16 Lino atuzwe kutwaambo tubyaabi tugame kutubotu. Amulange twaambo tumbi mubbuku lya Daniele itutondezya kuti mulembi wakalijisi luzibo lwini-lwini lwaziindi nzyaakali kulemba.
17 Ikuziba twaambo itusisidwe nkwaakaziba Daniele kujatikizya Babuloni wansiku mbumboni butakaziki bwakuti icibalo cakwe cilasyomeka. Mucikozyanyo, ibbuku lya Daniele 3:1-6 liluula kuti Nebukadinezara wakaimika cikozyanyo cipati cakuti bantu boonse bakombe. Basikuvwumbula zyansiku bajana bumboni bumbi bwakuti oyu mwami wakali kuyanda kuti bantu bakwe bajatikizigwe kapati mumicito yacisi alimwi ayabukombi. Alimwi Daniele uluula kulisumpula kwa Nebukadinezara kujatikizya mayake akwe manji-manji. (Daniele 4:30) Basikuvwumbula zyansiku basinizya kuciindi cesu cino kuti Nebukadinezara nguwakali kukulwaizya bunji bwamayake aakali kucitwa mu Babuloni. Ikutondezya kulisumpula kwakwe—izina lyamwaalumi oyu lyakasimbwa azitina! Basikukazya bbuku lya Daniele tabakonzyi kupandulula mbuli mbwaakali kukonzya kwaaziba mayake aali boobu oyo ngobati sikulengelezya zintu zyakubeja walo wakali kupona kuciindi caba Makabesi (167-63 B.C.E.)—imyaanda yamyaka iitandila kuli yone yakaindide kuzwa mayake ayo naakacitwa alimwi kakucili kule kuti basikuvwumbula zyansiku baambe kujatikizya ngayo.
18. Ino kwaandaana kwamisyobo yacisubulo yamubulelo bwa Babuloni alimwi abwa Persia ibwaambidwe mucibalo ca Daniele butondezya buti kululama kwini-kwini?
18 Alimwi bbuku lya Daniele lilakutondezya kwiindana kwini-kwini akati kamulawo wa Babuloni alimwi awa Mediya a Persia. Mucikozyanyo, mumulawo wa Babuloni, ibeenzinyinaa Daniele botatwe bakawaalilwa mubbibi lyamulimo akaambo kakukaka kutobela malailile aamwami. Nokwakainda makumi aamyaka, Daniele wakawaalilwa mumulindi wabasyuumbwa akaambo kakukaka kutobela mulawo wa Persia walo wakali kunyonganya manjezeezyaakwe. (Daniele 3:6; 6:7-9) Bamwi balasola kukazya cibalo cabbibi lyamulilo akwaamba kuti ncaano buyo, pele basikuvwumbula zyansiku bamwi bakalujana lugwalo lwini-lwini lwakazwa ku Babuloni wansiku lwalo lwakali kwaamba musyobo oyu wacisubulo. Nokuba boobo, kubana Mediya alimwi abana Persia, imulilo kulimbabo cakali cintu cisetekene. Aboobo bakali kucita zisubulo zyamusyobo umbi zibyaabi. Aboobo tacigambyi pe ikumvwa mulindi wabasyuumbwa.
19. Nkwaandaana kuli buti bbuku lya Daniele nkolisalazya ikuli akati kabweendelezi bwa Babuloni alimwi abwa Mediya a Persia?
19 Kuli kwiindana akumbi. Daniele utondezya kuti Nebukadinezara wakali kukonzya kutalisya milawo akwiicinca kufwumbwa ayeeya. Dariyo wakanyina nguzu zyakucinca ‘milawo yaba Medi ayaba Persia’—noiba yeeyo njaakatalisya walo! (Daniele 2:5, 6, 24, 46-49; 3:10, 11, 29; 6:12-16) Sikwiiya zyakaindi John C. Whitcomb wakalemba kuti: “Imakani azyaciindi aansiku alakusinizya kwaandaana oku kwakali akati ka Babuloni mwalo mulawo muwakali kukonzya kucincwaa mwami alimwi amu Mediya a Persia mwalo mwami mwaakeelede kutobela mulawo.”
20. Ntwaambo nzi twaambwa kujatikizya pobwe lya Belisazara itutondezya kuti Daniele wakajisi luzibo lwini-lwini lwazilengwa zya Babuloni?
20 Icibalo cikondelezya capobwe lya Belisazara calo cilembedwe kucaandano 5 cabbuku lya Daniele cilaa twaambo tunji. Ipobwe lyakatalikaa kulya cakukondwa alimwi akunywa kapati nkaambo bunji bwamabbuku alawaamba waini. (Daniele 5:1, 2, 4) Atwaambe, izyakubeza izitondezya mapobwe mbuli leeli zitondezya buyo kunyugwa kwawaini. Aboobo cilalibonya kuti waini wakali kuyandika kapati kumapobwe aali boobu. Alimwi Daniele ulaamba kuti bamakaintu abalo bakaliko kupobwe eli—bamakaintu bamwami alimwi abasimamambe bakwe. (Daniele 5:3, 23) Ilwiiyo lwazyansiku ilujatikizya kusya zintu zyakasiigwa abansiku lulakaamba akalo kaambo aka kacilengwa cabana Babuloni. Kusangana kwabamakaintu abalumi babo kumapobwe cakali kukasigwa akati kaba Juda aba Giliki kumazuba aaba Makabesi. Ambweni nkakaambo kaako imalembe aakusaanguna aabusanduluzi bwa Septuagint ya Cigiliki kujatikizya Daniele ncoisotoka kwaamba bamakaintu aba. * Pele oyo waambwa kuti ngusikulengelezya zintu zyakubeja wabbuku lya Daniele ulakonzya wakali kupona muciindi nciconya cazilengwa zyaba Heleni (ba Giliki) alimwi ambweni kuciindi nciconya nolyakalembwa Septuagint!
21. Mbupanduluzi nzi bwiinda kubota ibujatikizya luzibo lwini-lwini ndwaakajisi Daniele kumakani aaziindi alimwi azilengwa zyakuciindi cabuzike mu Babuloni?
21 Akaambo katwaambo tuli boobu, cilagambya kapati kuti Britannica ipandulula mulembi wabbuku lya Daniele kuti ujisi buyo luzibo “lusyoonto alimwi lutaluzi” lwabuumi bwakuciindi cabuzike mu Babuloni. Ino oyo sikulengelezya zintu zyakubeja wamumyaanda yamyaka yakumbele naakakonzya buti kuziziba boobu zilengwa zyamu Babuloni wansiku alimwi amu Persia? Alimwi amuyeeye kuti imami oonse obile akatalika kuwa kaucili kulaale mwaanda wamyaka wabili B.C.E. Kwakanyina basikuvwumbula zyansiku kuciindi eco; alimwi bama Juda bakuciindi eco kunyina nobakali kuyeeya kubaa luzibo lwazilengwa alimwi amakani aazyaciindi aamumasi ambi. Daniele musinsimi alikke walo wakalibonenaa meso ziindi alimwi azintu nzyaakapandulula, nguwakali kukonzya kulemba bbuku lya Bbaibbele lijisi zina lyakwe.
SENA TWAAMBO TWAKUNZE TUSINIZYA KUTI BBUKU LYA DANIELE LYAKALENGELEZYEGWA ZINTU ZYAKUBEJA?
22. Ncinzi ncobaamba basikukazya ikujatikizya busena aali bbuku lya Daniele mumulongo wa Magwalo aa Cihebrayo?
22 Ikukazya kumwi kudumide kapati ikujatikizya bbuku lya Daniele nkwabusena mpolibalilwa mumulongo wa Magwalo aa Cihebrayo. Bamayi bansiku bakali kubamba mabbuku aa Magwalo aa Cihebrayo muzibeela zyotatwe: Mulawo, Basinsimi alimwi a Malembe. Ibbuku lya Daniele tiibakali kulibikka akati kabusinsimi pele bakali kulibikka akati ka Malembe. Aboobo, basikukazya baamba kuti eli bbuku tiilyakazibidwe pe kuciindi milimo yabasinsimi bamwi noyakali kubunganizigwa. Libikkidwe akati ka Malembe ambweni akaambo kakuti aya akazyoobunganizigwa kumazuba aakumbele.
23. Ino bama Juda bansiku bakali kulilanga buti bbuku lya Daniele, alimwi twaaziba buti makani aya?
23 Nokuba boobo, tabali boonse bavwuntauzi ba Bbaibbele ibazumina kuti bamayi bansiku bakawaandanizide munzila iili boobu mulongo wamabbuku naa kuti ibbuku lya Daniele tiibakalibikkilizide kumabbuku aa Basinsimi. Pele nokuba kuti bamayi bakabikkide bbuku lya Daniele akati ka Malembe, sena eci inga casinizya kuti lyakalembwa kumazuba aakumbele? Peepe. Bahaabupampu ibalaampuwo balaamba twaambo tuli mbotubede, bamayi ncobatakalibikkilizila akati ka Basinsimi bbuku lya Daniele. Mucikozyanyo, balakonzya bakacita boobu akaambo kakuti bbuku elyo lyakali kubanyemya naa akaambo kakuti Daniele mwini bakali kumulanga kuti muntu waandeene abasinsimi bamwi mukuti wakajisi mulimo wamfwulumende mucisi cabantu. Nokuba boobo, ikaambo kapati nkaaka: Bama Juda bansiku bakali kulilemeka kapati bbuku lya Daniele alimwi bakali kusyoma kuti lili mumulongo wamagwalo aasalala. Kunze lyaboobo, ibumboni butondezya kuti imulongo wa Magwalo aa Cihebrayo wakamanizigwa kulembwa kaucili kulaale mwaanda wamyaka wabili B.C.E. Imabbuku ambi aakazoolembwa tanaakazumizigwa pe kubikkilizya aamwi aakalembwa mumwaanda wamyaka wabili B.C.E.
24. Ino bbuku lyatwaano twakulipungila ilitegwa Ecclesiasticus lyabelesyegwa buti kukazya bbuku lya Daniele, alimwi ncinzi citondezya kuti kuyeeya kuli boobu kuli lubide?
24 Icamasampu, limwi lyamabbuku aya aakakakwa aakazyoolembwa kumazuba aakumbele lyabelesyegwa ikukazya bbuku lya Daniele. Ibbuku lyatwaano twakulipungila ilitegwa Ecclesiasticus ilyakalembwaa Jesus Ben Sirach lilibonya kuti lyakamanizigwa mu 180 B.C.E. Basikukazya balayanda kwaamba kuti ibbuku lya Daniele lyakasotokwa mumulongo mulamfwu wamabbuku aabantu baluleme. Baamba kuti Daniele tanaakazibidwe pe kuciindi eco. Ikukazya oku kulidumide kapati akati kabahaabupampu. Pele amulange kaambo aka: Imulongo nguwenya oyu ulabasotoka ba Ezara alimwi a Moodekai (balo bakali balombwana balaampuwo mumeso abama Juda nobwakamana buzike), Imwami mubotu Josafati alimwi amwaalumi uululeme Jobu; aakati kababetesi boonse, kwaambwa buyo Samuele alikke. * Mbwaanga baalumi bali boobu bakasotokwa mumulongo walo uutababikkilizyi boonse, akulibonya buyo mumabbuku aatali mumulongo wamagwalo aasalala, sena tweelede kwaamba kuti oonse ngakulengelezya buya? Imuzeezo oonse oyo ulinyongene.
IBUMBONI BWAKUNZE IBUGWASILIZYA BBUKU LYA DANIELE
25. (a) Ino Josifasi wakasinizya buti kuti cibalo ca Daniele cakaliluzi? (b) Ino cibalo ca Josifasi icijatikizya Alesandro Mupati alimwi abbuku lya Daniele ceendelana buti amakani aazyaciindi aazibidwe? (Amubone makani aabili aagwasilizya.) (c) Ino bumboni bwamwaambo buligwasilizya buti bbuku lya Daniele? (Amubone kupeeji 26.)
25 Atulange-lange twaambo tubotu alimwi. Kuyeeyegwa kuti kunyina limbi bbuku mu Magwalo aa Cihebrayo ilisinizigwa mbuli lya Daniele. Mucikozyanyo: Sikwiiya zyaciindi uudumide imu Juda, Josefasi ulasinizya kuti lilasyomeka. Waamba kuti nokwakali nkondo abana Persia mumwaanda wamyaka wane B.C.E., Alesandro Mupati wakaboola ku Jerusalemu kwalo bapaizi nkobakamutondezya bbuku lya Daniele. Alesandro mwini wakaamba kuti imajwi aabusinsimi bwa Daniele alo ngaakatondezyegwa akali kwaamba mpi yakwe yakali kujatikizya Persia. * Kulangilwa kuti kwakacisyeede mwaanda omwe acisela kakutanacitwa “kulengelezya” mbuli mbobaamba basikukazya. Aino, basikukazya balamukazya Josefasi kujatikizya cibalo eci. Alimwi balamukazya akaambo kakwaamba kuti ibusinsimi bumwi bwamubbuku lya Daniele bwakazuzikizigwa. Pele mbubwenya mbuli mbwaakaamba sikwiiya zyaciindi Joseph D. Wilson, “ambweni [Josefasi] wakalikazi kaambo kwiinda basikukazya boonse bamunyika.”
26. Ino ma Dead Sea Scrolls agwasilizya buti kumakani aakusyomeka kwabbuku lya Daniele?
26 Ikusyomeka kwabbuku lya Daniele kwakagwasilizigwa alimwi ciindi ma Dead Sea Scrolls naakajanwa mumampangala aa Qumran mu Israyeli. Icigambya ncakuti, izinji zyakali akati kazyeezyo zyakajanwa mu 1952 akali mabbuku alimwi azibeela zyakazwa mubbuku lya Daniele. Ilyakusaanguna lini lyaambwa kuti lyakalembwa kumamanino aamwaanda wamyaka wabili B.C.E. Nokuba boobo, kuciindi eco camusyule kapati, ibbuku lya Daniele lyakalizibidwe kale alimwi lyakali kulemekwa koonse-koonse. The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible lyaamba kuti: “Imazuba aakaambwaa ba Makabesi ayelede kulekwa kutobela lino, nkaambo kunyina ciindi cipati caambwa akati kakulembwa kwabbuku lya Daniele alimwi aciindi nolyakabikkwa mulaibbulali yakakamu kacikombelo kaba Makabesi.”
27. Mbumboni nzi bwakusaanguna ibwakuti Daniele wakali muntu ncobeni walo wakazibidwe kabotu kuciindi cabuzike mu Babuloni?
27 Nokuba boobo, kuli bumboni bumbi busyomeka kapati bwamusyule kujatikizya bbuku lya Daniele. Umwi wabasaanyinaa Daniele wakali musinsimi Ezekieli. Awalo wakali musinsimi kuciindi cabuzike mu Babuloni. Ibbuku lya Ezekieli lilamubanda Daniele kwaziindi zili mbozibede. (Ezekieli 14:14, 20; 28:3) Aya mabbuku atondezya kuti nociba ciindi naakacili kupona Daniele mumwaanda wamyaka wacisambomwi B.C.E., wakalizibidwe kale kuti muntu uululeme alimwi musongo walo weelede kwaambwa akati kabantu bakali kuyoowa Leza mbuli Nowa alimwi a Jobu.
IBUMBONI BUPATI KWIINDA
28, 29. (a) Mbumboni nzi bwiinda kusinizya kuti bbuku lya Daniele lilasyomeka? (b) Nkaambo nzi ncotweelede kubuzumina bumboni bwa Jesu?
28 Nokuba boobo, lino atulange kamboni wiinda boonse ikujatikizya kusyomeka kwa Daniele—oyo ngu Jesu Kristo. Mumubandi wakwe uujatikizya mazuba aamamanino, Jesu wakaamba zya “Daniele musinsimi” alimwi abusinsimi bumwi bwa Daniele.—Matayo 24:15; Daniele 11:31; 12:11.
29 Lino kuti naa njiisyo yaba Makabesi yabasikukazya ililuzi nkokuti cimwi akati kazintu zyobile ezi ceelede kuti kacili camasimpe. Ambweni Jesu wakeenwaa kulengelezya oku kwakubeja naa kunyina naakazyaamba pe zintu nzyaakazubulula Matayo kuti wakaamba. Itwaambo toonse otu tobile tatuluzi. Ikuti katutakonzyi kusyoma Makani Mabotu aamucibalo ca Matayo, ino inga twazisyoma buti zibeela zimbi zya Bbaibbele? Ikuti naa twatugwisya twaambo oto, majwi nzi aambi ngotutigwisye mu Magwalo Aasalala? Imwaapostolo Paulo wakalemba kuti: “Magwalo aya oonse akazwa kuli-Leza, alikondede kukufundisya . . . akukuolola.” (2 Timoteo 3:16) Aboobo ikuti naa Daniele wakali wakubeja, nkokuti awalo Paulo mbwaakabede! Sena Jesu wakeenwa? Peepe. Wakaliko kujulu ciindi bbuku lya Daniele nolyakali kulembwa. Mane Jesu wakaamba kuti: “Abrahamu katanazyalwa mebo mpendi.” (Johane 8:58) Akati kabantu boonse bakapona kale, Jesu ngoweelede kubuzya makani aajatikizya kusyomeka kwabbuku lya Daniele. Pele tatweelede akubuzya. Mbubonya mbuli mbutwabona, ibumboni bwakwe bulasalala.
30. Ino Jesu wakaya buti ambele ikutondezya kuti bbuku lya Daniele lilasyomeka?
30 Kunze lyaboobo, kuciindi cakubbapatizigwa kwakwe, Jesu wakaamba kuti ibbuku lya Daniele lilasyomeka. Mpoonya wakaba Mesiya, ikuzuzikizya businsimi bwa Daniele bujatikizya nsondo zyamyaka izili 69. (Daniele 9:25, 26; amubone Cibalo ca 11 cabbuku eli.) Nokuba kuti kaili yamasimpe njiisyo yakuti bbuku lya Daniele lyakalembwa kumazuba aakumbele kwiinda aambidwe, oyo sikulemba bbuku eli wakalizizi zyakali kumbele kakucili myaka iitandila ku 200. Aino Leza naatakasololela sikulengelezya zintu zyakubeja kuti aambe businsimi bwamasimpe kabelesya zina lyakubeja. Ibumboni bwa Jesu bulazuminwa camoyo omwe abantu basyomeka kuli Leza. Ikuti nokwali kuti babungana antoomwe bahaabupampu boonse, basikukazya boonse munyika kuti basinse Daniele, ibumboni bwa Jesu nobwaakubajana kuti balilubizide nkaambo ngu “kamboni uusyomeka uusinizye.”—Ciyubunuzyo 3:14.
31. Nkaambo nzi basikukazya Bbaibbele banji ncobatana salalilwa kumakani aakusyomeka kwabbuku lya Daniele?
31 Nobuba boobu bumboni tababuteelelesyi basikukazya Bbaibbele. Mbutwaulanga-langa mutwe oyo kabotu-kabotu, muntu ulakonzya kulibuzya kuti naa kulibumbi bumboni bwiinda waawa ibukonzya kubapa kuti basalalilwe. Umwi professor waku Yunivesiti yaku Oxford wakalemba kuti: “Ikwiide kwiingula bantu basikukazya tacigwasyi, kufwumbwa kuti balipenda kale kusyoma kuti businsimi kunyina nobukonzya kucitika pe.” Aboobo eci ncocibapa kutateelela. Pele oko nkusala kwabo—alimwi mbabaluza.
32. Ncinzi ncotulangila mukwiiya kwesu kwabbuku lya Daniele?
32 Ino mbuti nywebo? Ikuti naa kunyina ncomubona kuti inga camupa kudooneka kumakani aakusyomeka kwabbuku lya Daniele nkokuti mulilibambilide kuba mulweendo olu lukondelezya lwakuziba zinji. Muyoojana kuti zilakondelezya zintu nzyaluula Daniele, ibusinsimi bulanonezya. Ikapati muyoojana kuti lusyomo lwenu lulayumizigwa mucibalo acibalo. Tamukalimvwi kuti musowa ciindi ikubikkila maanu kubusinsimi bwa Daniele!
Bupanduluzi buyungizidwe
^ munc. 4 Basikukazya bamwi balasola kuubya-ubya mulandu oyu wakulengelezya zintu zyakubeja kwiinda mukwaamba kuti imulembi wakalizalikizya zina lya Daniele mbubwenya mbuli mabbuku aamwi aansiku mbwaakali kulembwa kubelesya mazina aakweezeezya buyo. Nokuba boobo, sikukazya Bbaibbele Ferdinand Hitzig, wakaamba kuti: “Ikuti naa ibbuku lya Daniele lipegwa kumuntu uumbi [mulembi], nkokuti oko takuli kubelesya zina lyakuzalikizya pe. Ako kaambo kaba kakulengelezya zintu zyakubeja alimwi makanze akali aakucenga basikubala, pele munzila iibagwasya.”
^ munc. 8 Nabonidus tanaakaliko pe ciindi Babuloni naakawa. Aboobo kuciindi eco Belisazara uleelede kupandululwa kuti mwami. Basikukazya balakazya ategwa imalembe aanyika taambi kuti Belisazara wakali mwami. Nokuba boobo, ibumboni bwansiku butondezya kuti naba mweendelezi wacooko wakali kukonzya kwaambwa kuti mwami abantu bakuciindi eco.
^ munc. 20 Haabupampu C. F. Keil sikwiiya muna Hebrayo wakalemba boobu kujatikizya bbuku lya Daniele 5:3: “Kubbuku eli alimwi akukapango ka 23, Septuagint yakakasotoka kaambo kabamakaintu ikweelanaa cilengwa cabana Makedoniya, bama Giliki alimwi abana Roma.”
^ munc. 24 Pele mumulongo ngwaakalemba mwaapostolo Paulo kwiinda mukusololelwa amuuya iwabaalumi abanakazi basyomeka kucaandano 11 ca Ba-Hebrayo kuboneka kuti wakazyaamba zintu zyakalembwa kuli Daniele. (Daniele 6:16-24; Ba-Hebrayo 11:32, 33) Nokuba boobo awalo mulongo wamwaapostolo taubabikkilizide boonse. Mbanji bataambidwe mumulongo kubikkilizyaa Isaya, Jeremiya alimwi a Ezekieli pele eci tacisinizyi kuti kunyina nobakaponede pe.
^ munc. 25 Basikwiiya zyaciindi bamwi baamba kuti eci cilakozya kacipandulula kabotu Alesandro ncaakali silubomba kuli bama Juda balo ibakali balongwe ba Persia kwaciindi cilamfwu. Kuciindi eci, Alesandro wakali kukanza kunyonyoona balongwe ba Persia boonse.
NCINZI NCOMWAIYA?
• Mulandu nzi ngulyapegwa bbuku lya Daniele?
• Nkaambo nzi kukazya kwabasikukazya kujatikizya bbuku lya Daniele ncokutayi komoonga?
• Mbumboni nzi bugwasilizya kusyomeka kwacibalo ca Daniele?
• Mbumboni nzi bwiinda kusinizya kuti bbuku lya Daniele lilasyomeka?
[Mibuzyo yaciiyo]
[Kabbokesi kali apeeji 26]
Makani aa Mwaambo
IKULEMBWA kwabbuku lya Daniele kwakamanizigwa kautandila kusika mwaka wa 536 B.C.E. Lyakalembedwe mumwaambo wa Cihebrayo alimwi a Ciaramu kalijisi amabala masyoonto kuzwa mu Cigiliki alimwi aci Persia. Ikusanganya myaambo kuli boobu takucitiki-citiki, pele takulibedelede pe mu Magwalo. Alyalo bbuku lya Bbaibbele lya Ezara lyakalembedwe mu Cihebrayo alimwi a Ciaramu. Pele basikukazya bamwi balazumanana kwaamba kuti imulembi wabbuku lya Daniele wakabelesya myaambo eyi munzila iisinizya kuti wakali kulemba kuciindi cakumbele kutali mu 536 B.C.E. Sikukazya umwi ulazubululwa koonse-koonse kaamba kuti ikubelesya mabala aa Cigiliki nkwaakabelesya Daniele kusinizya kuti ibbuku eli lyakalembwa nobakamana kuzunda ba Giliki mu 332 B.C.E. Waamba kuti ibana Hebrayo balazuminizya alimwi iba Aramu balabuzumizya buzuba buli boobu bwakumbele—nobuba boobo ibwalino-lino mbuli mumwaanda wamyaka wabili B.C.E.
Nokuba boobo, tabali boonse bahaabupampu bamyaambo ibazumina. Imabbuku amwi aamba kuti Icihebrayo ca Daniele cilikozyenye aca Ezekieli alimwi a Ezara elyo cilaandeene aceeco cijanika mumabbuku aakazyoolembwa kumazuba aakumbele aatasyomeki mbuli lya Ecclesiasticus. Ikujatikizya kubelesya mwaambo wa Ciaramu ngwaakabelesya Daniele, amulange mapepa obile aakajanika akati kama Dead Sea Scrolls. Aalo alembedwe mu Ciaramu alimwi ngamumwaanda wamyaka wakusaanguna awabili B.C.E.—ikutali kule kuzwa kuciindi lyaambwa kuti bbuku lya Daniele nolyakalengelezya zintu zyakubeja. Pele bahaabupampu bakubona kwiindana kuliko akati ka Ciaramu icili mumapepa aya alimwi aceeco cili mubbuku lya Daniele. Aboobo bamwi baamba kuti ibbuku lya Daniele lyeelede kuti lyakalembwa musyule kapati kwiinda kuciindi eco ncobaamba basikukazya.
Ino mbuti kumakani aamabala aa Cigiliki “aakatazya” mubbuku lya Daniele? Amwi ajanika kuti ngaci Persia ikutali Cigiliki! Imabala alikke aaciyeeyelwa kuti nga Cigiliki mazina aaziimbyo zyotatwe. Sena ikujanika kwamabala aya otatwe kusinizya kuti bbuku lya Daniele lyeelede kuti lyakalembwa kuciindi cakumbele? Peepe. Basikuvwumbula zyansiku bajana kuti izilengwa zyaba Giliki zyakali kuyunga kapati kakucili myaanda yamyaka minji kuti cisi caba Giliki ceendelezye nyika. Kunze lyaboobo, ikuti naa bbuku lya Daniele nolyakalembwa mumwaanda wamyaka wabili B.C.E., ciindi zilengwa zyaba Giliki alimwi amwaambo nozyakadumide koonse-koonse, sena nolyakajisi buyo mabala otatwe aa Cigiliki? Peepe. Nolyakajisi manji kwiindawaawo. Aboobo ibumboni bwamwaambo bulagwasilizya kapati kumakani aakusyomeka kwabbuku lya Daniele.
[Cifwanikiso cizwide icili apeeji 12]
[Cifwanikiso icili apeeji 20]
(Atala) Aya malembe ajisi majwi aakulisumpula kwa Nebukadinezara kujatikizya mayake akwe
(Ansi) Ibbwe lyatempele lyamu Babuloni ilyaamba Mwami Nabonidus amwanaakwe Belisazara
[Cifwanikiso icili apeeji 21]
Ikweelana a Nabonidus Chronicle, impi ya Koresi yakanjila mu Babuloni kakunyina kulwana
[Zifwanikiso izili apeeji 22]
(Kululyo) “Verse Account of Nabonidus” liluula kuti Nabonidus wakapa bweendelezi kumwanaakwe mutaanzi
(Kulumwensi) Imalembe aa Babuloni aaluula kuzunda kwa Nebukadinezara mu Juda
