Ibami Bobile Bacinca Ziimo Zyabo
Cibalo 14
Ibami Bobile Bacinca Ziimo Zyabo
1, 2. (a) Ncinzi cakapa kuti Antiochus Wane atobele nzyaakaambilwa abana Roma? (b) Ino cisi ca Aramu cakaba lili cooko ca Roma?
IMWAMI wa Aramu Antiochus Wane wasaala Egepita akulibikka acuuno cabwami. Imwami muna Egepita, Ptolemy Wacisambomwi naalomba lugwasyo, ibana Roma batuma Mwiiminizi Caius Popilius Laenas kuya ku Egepita. Watolelezya amato aankondo aagambya antoomwe amalailile kuzwa Kubeendelezi bana Roma aakuti Antiochus Wane azwe acuuno cabwami bwa Egepita alimwi akuti amucisi moonse azwe. Ku Eleusis, imunzi musyoonto mu Alesandriya, imwami wa Aramu amwiiminizi muna Roma baswaangana. Antiochus Wane walomba kuti apegwe ciindi cakuti alivwiye abasikumulaya, pele Laenas weenga keengo ansi kuzinguluka mwami akumwaambila kuti aingule katanazwa mukati mukeengo ako. Mumasampu Antiochus Wane wazitobela nzyaambilwa abana Roma elyo wapilukila ku Aramu mu 168 B.C.E. Oobo mbwaamana mazwanga akati kamwami wakunyika muna Aramu alimwi amwami wakumusanza muna Egepita.
2 Mbwaanga cisi ca Roma nceceendelezya zintu ku Middle East, cazumanana ikulailila cisi ca Aramu. Aboobo nokuba kuti bami bamwi mumulongo wabami bana Seleucus bazumanana kulela mu Aramu kuzwa naafwa Antiochus Wane mu 163 B.C.E., tabali acuuno ‘camwami wakunyika.’ (Daniele 11:15) Limwi mu 64 B.C.E., icisi ca Aramu caba cooko ca Roma.
3. Ino cisi ca Roma cakatalika lili kweendelezya Egepita alimwi muunzila nzi?
3 Imulongo wabami bana Ptolemy bamu Egepita bazumanana kubaa cuuno ‘camwami wakumusanza’ kwamyaka iinda-inda ku 130 kuzwa naakafwa Antiochus Wane. (Daniel 11:14) Octavian, imuleli wa Roma wazunda basikalumamba ibamwami mukaintu wamamanino mumulongo wabana Ptolemy—Cleopatra Waciloba—antoomwe abamumambi wakwe Mark Antony kunkondo yaku Actium mu 31 B.C.E. Acalo cisi ca Egepita caba cooko ca Roma alimwi caleka kuba acuuno camwami wakumusanza kuzwa naakalisina Cleopatra mumwaka wakatobela. Ikuzikusika mu 30 B.C.E. icisi ca Roma caba nciceendelezya cisi ca Aramu alimwi aca Egepita. Sena ono tweelede kulangila bweendelezi bumbi kuti bubweze zyuuno zyamwami wakunyika amwami wakumusanza?
IMWAMI MUPYA WATUMA “SIKUTEZYA”
4. Nkaambo nzi ncotweelede kulangila umbi muleli weendelezya kuti akkale acuuno camwami wakunyika?
4 Kumwaka mu 33 C.E., Jesu Kristo wakaambila basikwiiya bakwe kuti: “Nimuzoobona cisesemyo cabusaale cakaambwa a-Daniele musinsimi ciimvwi mubusena busalala . . . elyo abo bali mu-Judaya baloboke kuzilundu.” (Matayo 24:15, 16) Kwiinda mukuzubulula bbuku lya Daniele 11:31, Jesu wakacenjezya basikumutobela kujatikizya “cisesemyo cabusaale” icilangilwa kumbele. Ibusinsimi obu ibujatikizya mwami wakunyika bwakapegwa kakwiindide myaka iitandila ku 195 kuzwa ciindi naakafwa Antiochus Wane, imwami wa Aramu wamamanino acuuno eco. Ee, imuleli umbi wakeelede kukkala acuuno eco camwami wakunyika. Ino nguni oyo?
5. Nguni wakazyooba mwami wakunyika akubweza cuuno ncaakajisi Antiochus Wane cimwi ciindi?
5 Imungelo wa Jehova Leza wakasinsima kuti: “Mucimanga cakwe [Antiochus Wane] kuyoobuka umwi uutuma sikutezya koonse koonse mucisi cibotu, pele amane buyo mazuba mace uyoonyonyoonwa, kutali kubukali nekuba kunkondo.” (Daniele 11:20) Oyo ‘wakabuka’ munzila eyi wakali mwami wakusaanguna wa Roma, Octavian walo wakali kwiitwa kuti Kaisara Augusto.—Amubone “Umwi Walemekwa, Uumwi Wasampulwa,” apeeji 248.
6. (a) Ino ndilili “sikutezya” naakaambilwa kuti ainde “mucisi cibotu,” alimwi ncinzi ncocakali kuyandikila eci? (b) Nkaambo nzi ncokunga kwaambwa kuti Augusto tanaakafwa “kubukali nekuba kunkondo”? (c) Ino ciimo camwami wakunyika cakacinca buti?
6 ‘Inyika mbotu’ ya Augusto yakali kubikkilizya cooko cabana Roma ica Judaya—“[i]cisi cibotu.” (Daniele 11:16) Augusto wakatuma “sikutezya” mu 2 B.C.E. kwiinda mukulailila kuti ibantu babalwe ambweni kutegwa akonzye kuziba mweelwe wabaabo bakonzya kutela alimwi akunjila mulimo wabusikalumamba. Akaambo kamalailile aya, Josefa a Mariya bakaunka ku Betelehemu kuya kulilembya calo cakapa kuti Jesu azyalilwe kubusena bwakasinsimwa. (Mika 5:2; Matayo 2:1-12) Augusto wakafwa kali amyaka yakuzyalwa iili 76 mu August 14 C.E.—“amane buyo mazuba mace” naa kakutanainda ciindi cilamfwu kuzwa naakabikka mulawo wakulilembya, ikutali “kubukali nekuba kunkondo” pele akaambo kakuciswa. Masimpe mwami wakunyika wakacinca ciimo! Oyu mwami, bwakali Bwami bwa Roma lino kwiinda mubami bambubo.
‘WABUKA OYO UUSAMPULIKA’
7, 8. (a) Nguni wakazyoobuka mubusena bwa Augusto akuba mwami wakunyika? (b) Nkaambo nzi “[I]bulemu bwabwami” ncobwakaide kupegwa kuli simulyazina wa Augusto Kaisara?
7 Kacizumanana abusinsimi, imungelo wakati: “Mucimanga cakwe (Augusto) kuyoobuka muntu uusampulika. Oyo katapedwe bulemu bwabwami, pele uyoosika kuciindi cakuliiba akutola bwami cakuupayika. Basilumamba bayookukululwa kubusyu bwakwe akupwayika, alakwe mwami wacizuminano.”—Daniele 11:21, 22.
8 Oyo “uusampulika” ngu Tiberiyo Kaisara imwanaa Livia, imukaintu watatu wa Augusto. (Amubone “Umwi Walemekwa, Uumwi Wasampulwa,” apeeji 248.) Augusto wakalimusulide mwana oyu muzyaanyina akaambo katumpenda twakwe aboobo tanaakali kuyanda kuti abe nguutobela acuuno cabu Kaisara. “[I]bulemu bwabwami” bwakapegwa kulinguwe akaambo buyo kakuti boonse bakali kuyeeyelwa kuti inga baba basimulyazina bakamana kufwa. Augusto wakatalika kulela Tiberiyo mu 4 B.C.E. elyo wakamubikka kuti abe simulyazina wabwami. Tiberiyo, wamyaka yakuzyalwa iili 54—uusampudwe—‘wakabuka’ akuba mwami wa Roma elyo nguwakaba mwami wakunyika naakafwa Augusto.
9. Ino Tiberiyo ‘wakabweza buti bwami cakuupayika’?
9 The New Encyclopædia Britannica, yaamba kuti: “Tiberiyo wakeendelezya Beendelezi munzila yabucenjezu elyo tanaakabazumizya kuti kabamwiita kuti mmwami kwamazuba aatandila kumwezi [kuzwa naakafwa Augusto].” Wakaambila Beendelezi kuti Augusto alikke nguwakali kukonzya kuyumuna mukuli wakulela Bwami bwa Roma ikutali muntu umbi pe elyo wakaambila basinkamu eyi kuti babukulusye cisi kwiinda mukupa bweendelezi buli boobu kunkamu yabantu kutali kumuntu omwe buyo. Sikwiiya zyakaindi Will Durant wakalemba kuti: “Akaambo kakutayanda kumvwa ncaakali kwaamba, Ibeendelezi bakali kumupa bulemu kusikila limwi wabuzumina bweendelezi.” Durant wakayungizya kuti: “Izintu zyakeenda kabotu kumbazu zyoonse zyobile. Tiberiyo wakali kuyanda kuti apegwe bweendelezi bwakali kucita baleli bamu Roma insiku buyo-buyo naakajana nzila imwi yakubweeleba; Ibeendelezi bakali kumuyoowa alimwi bakali musulide, pele kwiina nobakabukulusya mfwulumende iijisi mweendelezi uutaitwi kuti mwami mbuli mbukwakabede musyule nokwakali nkamu zyabeendelezi izyazina buyo.” Aboobo Tiberiyo ‘wakabweza bwami cakuupayika.’
10. Ino ‘basilumamba bakapwayika’ buti?
10 Ikujatikizya “basilumamba” ibamumami aazingulukide—imungelo wakaamba kuti: ‘Bayookukululwa akupwayika.’ Tiberiyo naakaba mwami wakunyika, imujwa wakwe Germanicus Kaisara nguwakali mupati wabasikalumamba bana Roma ku Mulonga wa Rhine. Mu 15 C.E., Germanicus wakasololela basikalumamba bakwe kuya kulwana mulombwana muna German, Arminius elyo wakazwidilila. Pele kuzwidilila nkwaakazwidilila kwakamuluzisya kapati elyo kuzwawaawo Tiberiyo wakacileka kulwana mu Germany. Pele kwiinda mukuleta nkondo yamucisi mumona wakasoleka kulesya lukamantano akati kamisyobo yabana German. Muzeezo wa Tiberiyo wakali wakulikwabilila kuzwa kumasi aambi, elyo wakabikkila maanu kapati mukukwabilila. Oyu muzeezo wakazwidilila aasyoonto. Munzila eyi “basilumamba” bakakomwa elyo ‘bakapwayika.’
11. Ino “mwami wacizuminano” wakapwayika buti?
11 “[I]mwami wacizuminano” ncaakabambide Jehova Leza a Abrahamu kuti cikalongezye mikwasyi yoonse anyika awalo ‘wakapwayika.’ Jesu Kristo nguwakali Lunyungu lwa Abrahamu ilwakasyomezyegwa mucizuminano eco. (Matalikilo 22:18; Ba-Galatiya 3:16) Mu Nisani 14, 33 C.E., Jesu wakaima kumbele aa Ponto Pilato muŋanda yamweendelezi wa Roma mu Jerusalemu. Bapaizi ba Juda bakapa Jesu mulandu wakuyanda kubukila mwami. Pele Jesu wakaambila Pilato kuti: “Bwami bwangu tabuli bwaansi ano . . . Bwami bwangu tabuli bwakokuno.” Ikutegwa mweendelezi wa Roma atamwaangululi Jesu uutakwe mulandu bama Juda bakoongolola ategwa: “Kuti wamwaangulula muntu oyu, toli mweenzinyina Kaisara. Woonse muntu uulipa kami-kami ngusinkondonyina Kaisara.” Nobakamana kwaamba kuti Jesu ajayigwe, bakati: “Tatujisi Mwami pele Kaisara walo.” Ikweelana amulawo “wakulubizila mwami” walo ngwaakayungizya Tiberiyo kuti kaubikkilizya kutukila kuli koonse kujatikizya Kaisara, Pilato wakaaba Jesu kuti ‘apwayike’ naa kukankaminwa acisamu cakupenzyezya.—Johane 18:36; 19:12-16; Marko 15:14-20.
IMWAMI MUKALI ‘WAKANZA MAKANZE AKWE’
12. (a) Mbaani bakayanzanaa Tiberiyo? (b) Ino Tiberiyo ‘wakajata buti inguzu abantu bace buyo’?
12 Kacisinsima kujatikizya Tiberiyo, imungelo wakati: “Kuzwa kuciindi cakutangana cizuminano ulacita calweeno. Uya bukula akujata inguzu abantu bace buyo.” (Daniele 11:23) Basimbungano ya Beendelezi, bana Roma ‘bakatangana’ a Tiberiyo elyo wakayeeme alimbabo. Pele wakali silweeno mane ‘wakajata nguzu abantu bace buyo.’ Abo bantu bace buyo bakali Balindizi Babami bana Roma balo bakali kukkala munsi-munsi abwaanda bwa Roma. Awo mpubakabede akali afwaafwi cakuti tiicakabakkazya kabotu Beendelezi aboobo bakali kugwasya Tiberiyo kulanga-langa naa kuli buzangi buli boonse kubweendelezi akati kabantu. Aboobo kwiinda mubalindizi batandila kuti 10,000, Tiberiyo wakazumanana kuba singuzu.
13. Muunzila nzi Tiberiyo mwaakabayinda bamasyaanyinakulu?
13 Imungelo wakayungizya munzila yabusinsimi ategwa: “Kuciindi caluliibo uloongomoka kunjila munyika imbotu yamucisi, ulacita bamawisi abasya[a]nyinakulu ncebatakacita, ulatakaanya zisaalo abuvubi ambono akati kabeenzinyina, ulayeeya miyeeyo yakulwisya zilwida, mane ciindi cikasike.” (Daniele 11:24) Tiberiyo wakali kulibilika kapati aboobo bulelo bwakwe bwakazwide buyo kujaya baabo mbaakali kulailila kujayigwa. Akaambo kakuyungwaa Sejanus imupati wa Balindizi, icibeela camamanino cabulelo bwakwe cakali cabuyoofwu kapati. Limwi Sejanus lwakwe mwini wakayeeyelwa elyo wakajayigwa. Tiberiyo wakabainda basyaanyinakulu kumakani aakudyaaminina bantu.
14. (a) Ino Tiberiyo wakatakaanya buti “zisaalo abuvubi ambono” muzyooko zyoonse zya Roma? (b) Ino wakali kulangwa buti Tiberiyo ciindi naakafwa?
14 Nokuba boobo, Tiberiyo wakatakaanya “zisaalo abuvubi ambono” muzyooko zyoonse zya Roma. Ikuzyoosika kuciindi naakafwa, ibantu balelwa boonse bakali mubuvwubi. Imitelo tiiyakali kuminya pe alimwi wakali kubeengelela abo bakali mumasena mwakali buyumuyumu. Ikuti naa basikalumamba naa beendelezi badyaaminina muntu umwi naa kweendelezya kaambo kakwe munzila yabumpelenge, imwami wakali kubasubula abalo. Ikuyuma kwabweendelezi kwakapa kuti kuliiba kuzumanane alimwi ikusumpuka munzila yakutambikizyanya twaambo kwakagwasya kumakani aamakwebo. Tiberiyo wakabona kwaamba kuti izintu zyeendelezyegwa munzila yeelede alimwi yakutasalaula mukati akunze acisi ca Roma. Imilawo yakabotezyegwa elyo imilawo iijatikizya bukkale akulilemeka yakayumizigwa kwiinda mukuzumanana kwiibambulula eyo yakatalisigwaa Augusto Kaisara. Pele Tiberiyo ‘wakakanza makanze akwe’ cakuti sikwiiya zyakaindi Tacitus wakamupandulula kuti ngusikuupaupa ameso, uucizi ncobeni kulicengeezya. Ikuzikusika kuciindi naakafwa mu March 37 C.E., Tiberiyo wakali kulangwa kuti mwami mukali.
15. Ino cisi ca Roma cakali muciimo nzi kumamanino aamwaanda wamyaka wakusaanguna alimwi akumatalikilo aamwaanda wamyaka wabili C.E.?
15 Ibakalya zina lya Tiberiyo balo bakakkala acuuno camwami wakunyika bakali kubikkilizya Gaius Caesar (Caligula), Claudius Wakusaanguna, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Nerva, Trajan, alimwi Hadrian. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, yaamba kuti: “Ibakalya zina lya Augusto bakazumanana kutobela milawo yakwe yabweendelezi alimwi amilimo yakwe yamayake nokuba kuti izintu zipya zyakali zisyoonto pele mambonwa ngaakavwulide.” Ibbuku ndilyonya lyaamba kuti: “Kumamanino aamwaanda wamyaka wakusaanguna alimwi akumatalikilo aawabili icisi ca Roma cakasumpuka kapati alimwi cakabaa mweelwe wabantu mupati.” Nokuba kuti cisi ca Roma cakajisi mapenzi kuminyinza yabwami kuciindi eci, ikulwana kwaco amwami wakumusanza ikwakasinsimwa tiikwakacitika mane mumwaanda wamyaka watatu C.E.
IKULWANA MWAMI WAKUMUSANZA
16, 17. (a) Nguni wakazyoobweza cuuno camwami wakunyika iwaambidwe kuli Daniele 11:25? (b) Ino nguni wakazyookkala acuuno camwami wakumusanza, alimwi cakacitika buti eci?
16 Imungelo wa Leza wakazumanana abusinsimi ulaamba: “Uyoobusya inguzu zyakwe [mwami wakunyika] amoyo wakwe kukulwisya mwami wakumusanza ampi impati, elyo mwami wakumusanza uyoolwisya inkondo ampi impati injumu kampatila, pele [mwami wakunyika] takooyoolitabilila pe, nkaambo bayookanza makanze aakumujaya. Bantu abo mbabonya balya zilyo zyakwe zinono bayoomunyonyoona, nkabela basimpi bakwe bayookukululwa, abanji bayooyaswa akujayigwa.”—Daniele 11:25, 26.
17 Imyaka iitandila ku 300 kuzwa ciindi Octavian naakabweza Egepita kuti ibe cooko ca Roma, Imwami wa Roma, Aurelian nguwakakkala acuuno camwami wakunyika. Aciindi awa, Imwami mukaintu Septimia Zenobia wakucisi cakali kweendelezyegwaa Roma ica Palmyra nguwakali mwami wakumusanza. * (Amubone “Zenobia—Mwami Mukaintu Sikalumamba waku Palmyra,” apeeji 252.) Mu 269 B.C.E., basikalumamba bana Palmyra bakanjila mu Egepita kabalicengeezya kuti bakwabilila cisi ca Roma. Zenobia wakali kuyanda kuti munzi wa Palmyra ube ngomupati kulubazu lwakujwe alimwi wakali kuyanda kuti ayendelezye zyooko zya Roma izyakali kulubazu lwakujwe. Naakaaziba makanze aakajisi Zenobia, Aurelian wakabusya “nguzu zyakwe amoyo” kuti amulwane.
18. Ncinzi cakacitika mumazwanga aakali akati ka Mwami Aurelian, mwami wakunyika alimwi a Mwami mukaintu Zenobia imwami wakumusanza?
18 Iciinga ceendelezya icakali kusololelwaa Zenobia, imwami wakumusanza ‘wakalwisya nkondo’ amwami wakunyika “ampi impati injumu kampatila” kayeendelezyegwaa bapati babasikalumamba bobile ba Zabdas a Zabbai. Pele Aurelian wakazunda Egepita mpoonya wakabweza lweendo kuya ku Asia Minor alimwi a Aramu. Zenobia wakazundwa ku Emesa (lino kwiitwa kuti Homs) kwalo nkwaakaide kupilukila ku Palmyra. Aurelian naakausaala munzi oyo, wakaukwabilila kapati Zenobia pele taakazwidilila pe. Walo amwanaakwe musankwa bakatijila kulubazu lwa Persia pele bakajatwa abana Roma ku Mulonga wa Firate. Ibana Palmyra bakaaba munzi wabo mu 272 C.E. Aurelian tanaakamujaya pe Zenobia, pele wakamucita kuti abe buyo wakweebela naa bulumbu bwamulimo wakwe wakuzunda kwa Roma mu 274 C.E. Wakapona kali mukaintu uulemekwa alimwi uusimide muna Roma.
19. Ino Aurelian wakazundwa buti ‘akaambo kamakanze aakumujaya’?
19 Aurelian lwakwe mwini kwiina ‘naakalitabilila pe akaambo kamakanze aakumujaya.’ Mu 275 C.E. wakanyamuka kuya kulwana bana Persia. Naakacili kulindila kuti akosole kazila kali akati kamaziba obile ku Thrace kutegwa anjile mu Asia Minor, abo ‘bakamulida cakulya’ bakakanza makanze aakumujaya elyo ‘bakamunyonyoona.’ Wakali kuyanda kusubula mulembi wakwe Eros akaambo kakutazyeenzya kabotu zintu. Pele Eros wakalemba mulongo wakubeja wamazina aabeendelezi bakeelede kufwa. Mbubakaubonena buyo mulongo oyu beendelezi aba, bakapangana kuti bajaye Aurelian.
20. Ino “basimpi” bamwami wakunyika ‘bakakukululwa’ buti?
20 Imulimo wamwami wakunyika tiiwakamana naakafwa Mwami Aurelian. Ibaleli bambi bana Roma bakatobela. Kwaciindi cili mbocibede, kwakali mwami wakumbo alimwi awakujwe. Kwiinda mubusolozi bwabaalumi aba, “basimpi” bamwami wakunyika ‘bakakukululwa’ naa ‘kutakaana,’ * elyo ‘banji bakayaswa akujayigwa’ akaambo kakusaala kwamisyobo yabana German yakazwa kunyika. Mumwaanda wamyaka wane C.E., iba Goth bakapola minyinza yabana Roma. Ikusaala kwakazumanana kwiide kutobelana. Imusololi wabana German, Odoacer wakaatula mwami wamamanino kulela mu Roma mu 476 C.E. Ikuzikusika kumatalikilo aamwaanda wamyaka wacisambomwi, Ibwami bwa Roma ibwakali kumbo bwakamana aboobo bami ba German bakatalika kulela mu Britannia, Gaul, Italy, North Africa alimwi amu Spain. Icibeela cakujwe cabwami cakazumanana mane kusikila mumwaanda wamyaka wa 15.
IBWAMI BUPATI BWAANDAANA
21, 22. Nkucinca kuli buti nkwaakaleta Constantine mumwaanda wamyaka wane C.E.?
21 Kakunyina akusowa ciindi ikwaamba twaambo tutayandiki kujatikizya kunyonyooka kwa Bwami bwa Roma kwalo kwakatola myaanda yamyaka, imungelo wa Jehova wakazumanana kusinsima micito aimbi yamwami wakunyika amwami wakumusanza. Nokuba boobo, ikulanga-langa zintu zimwi zyakacitika mu Bwami bwa Roma kulatugwasya kuziba bami bobile bazwangana kuciindi cakumbele.
22 Imwami wa Roma, Constantine wakabikka mulawo mucisi iwakuzumizya Bunakristo bwaluleyo mumwaanda wamyaka wane. Mane mu 325 C.E. wakabunganya akweendelezya muswaangano wabukombi ku Nicaea, mu Asia Minor. Mpoonya Constantine wakalonzya munzi wabwami kuzwa ku Roma kuya ku Byzantium naa Constantinople akubamba munzi oyo kuti ube munzi wakwe mupati mupya. Ibwami bwa Roma bwakazumanana kuba amweendelezi omwe kusikila naakafwa Mwami Theodosius Wakusaanguna mu January 17, 395 C.E.
23. (a) Ino Bwami bwa Roma bwakaandanizigwa buti naakafwa Theodosius? (b) Ino Bwami bwa Kujwe bwakamana lili? (c) Nguni wakali kweendelezya Egepita mu 1517?
23 Naakafwa Theodosius, Ibwami bwa Roma bwakaabanizigwa bana bakwe basankwa. Honorius wakabweza cibeela cakumbo elyo Arcadius cakujwe kubikkilizya a Constantinople kauli ngomunzi wakwe mupati. Izisi zya Britannia, Gaul, Italy, Spain, alimwi a North Africa zyakali akati kazyooko zyakucibeela cakumbo. Izisi zya Makedoniya, Thrace, Asia Minor, Aramu, alimwi a Egepita zyakali kucibeela cakujwe. Imunzi mupati wa Egepita, iwa Alesandro wakazundwa abana Sarace (Basimalungu) mu 642 C.E., aboobo Egepita wakaba cooko cabana calif. Mu January 1449, Constantine 11 ngowakaba mwami wamamanino wakujwe. Mu May 29, 1453, ibana Ottoman baku Turkey ibakali kusololelwaa Sultan Mehmed II bakazunda Constantinople akumanizya Bwami bwa Kujwe bwa Roma. Egepita wakaba cooko ca Turkey mumwaka wa 1517. Nokuba boobo, muciindi eyi nyika yamwami wakumusanza wansiku yakali kulangilwa kweendelezyegwaa bwami bumbi kuzwa kucibeela cakumbo.
24, 25. (a) Ikweelana abasikwiiya zyakaindi bamwi, ncinzi cakatalisya Bwami bwa Roma Busalala? (b) Ncinzi cakazyoocitika kuzina lyakuti “mwami” mu Bwami bwa Roma Busalala?
24 Kucibeela cakumbo ca Bwami bwa Roma kwakabuka bishopo wa Katolika waku Roma, oyu ngu Paapa Leo Wakusaanguna walo wakazibidwe kuti ubelesya nguzu zyabupaapa mumwaanda wamyaka wasanu C.E. Oyu paapa wakalipa mukuli wakusala mwami wakucibeela cakumbo. Eci cakacitikila ku Roma mubuzuba bwa Kkilisimasi mu 800 C.E. ciindi Paapa Leo Watatu naakakkazika Mwami Charles (Charlemagne) imuna Frank acuuno cabwami mu Bwami bupya bwa Roma bwa Kumbo. Ikweelana abwaamba basikwiiya zyaciindi bamwi, eci cilengwa cakusala bami cakabukulusya bulelo bwabami mu Roma alimwi cakatalisya Bwami bwa Roma Ibusalala. Ikuzwa ciindi eco kwakaba Bwami bwa Kujwe alimwi a Bwami bwa Roma Busalala bwakumbo, izibeela zyoonse zyobile kazilyaamba kuti nzya Bunakristo.
25 Mukuya kwaciindi, basimulyazina ba Charlemagne bakajanika kuti tiibakali baleli bali kabotu pe. Mane opesi lyamwami lyakakkala kalinyina muntu kwaciindi cili mbocibede. Aciindi awa, Mwami Otto Wakusaanguna waku German nguwakali kweendelezya cibeela cipati cakunyika alimwi acaakati ka Italy. Wakalyaambilizya mwini kuti mwami wa Italy. Paapa John 12 wakabikka Otto Wakusaanguna kuti abe mwami wa Bwami bwa Roma Busalala mu February 2, 962 C.E. Imunzi wambubo mupati wakali mu Germany elyo bami bakali bana German mbubwenya mbuli bunji bwabasicisi. Nokwakainda myaanda yamyaka yosanwe, iŋanda yabami yabana Austria ya Hapsburg yakatalika kubelesya zina lyakuti “mwami” elyo lyakazumanana kwamyaka iili mbwiibede mu Bwami bwa Roma Busalala.
IBAMI BOBILE BALIBONYA KABOTU-KABOTU ALIMWI
26. (a) Ncinzi cikonzya kwaambwa kujatikizya mamanino aa Bwami bwa Roma Busalala? (b) Nguni wakazyooba mwami wakunyika?
26 Napoléon Wakusaanguna wakanyonyoona Bwami bwa Roma Busalala naakakaka kulibombya kulimbubo naakamana kuzunda mu German mumwaka wa 1805. Mu August 6, 1806, Mwami Francis Wabili naakaalilwa kutabilila cuuno cakwe cabwami, wakaleka kuba mwami wa Roma elyo wakajokela kumfwulumende yakucisi cakwe akuba mwami wa Austria. Nokwakainda myaka iili 1,006, Ibwami bwa Roma Busalala—ibwakatalikwaa Leo Watatu, paapa wa Katolika antoomwe a Charlemagne mwami muna Frank—bwakamana. Mu 1870, Roma wakaba ngomunzi mupati wabwami bwa Italy, ibwatakayeemi kubweendelezi bwa Vatican. Imwaka wakatobela, ibwami bwabana German bwakatalikaa Wilhelm Wakusaanguna kaitwa kuti Kaisara. Aboobo, imwami wakunyika sunu—German—wakalibonya munyika.
27. (a) Ino cisi ca Egepita cakazyootalika buti kweendelezyegwaa Britain? (b) Nguni wakazyookkala acuuno camwami wakumusanza?
27 Pele ino mwami wakumusanza iwakuciindi cesu wakaba ni? Imakani aazyaciindi atondezya kuti mumwaanda wamyaka wa 17, icisi ca Britain cakatalika kuzwidilila akuba bwami bupati. Akaambo kakuyandisisya kunyonganya makwebo aabana Britain, Napoléon Wakusaanguna wakazunda Egepita mu 1798. Inkondo yakatalika elyo cizuminano cabana Britain abana Ottoman cakapa kuti bana France bazwe mu Egepita yalo yakazibidwe kuti mwami wakumusanza ikuzwa naakatalika mazwanga. Mumwaanda wamyaka wakatobela, ikuyunga kwabana Britain mu Egepita kwakaya kumbele. Mane Egepita wakali kweendelezegwaa Britain nowakainda mwaka wa 1882. Inkondo Yanyika Yakusaanguna noyakatalika mu 1914, icisi ca Egepita cakali kulubazu lwa Turkey alimwi cakali kweendelezyegwaa mwiiminizi wamwami. Nokuba boobo, icisi ca Turkey nocakagwasilizya Germany munkondo eyo, icisi ca Britain cakagwisya mwiiminizi oyo acuuno cabwami elyo cisi ca Egepita cakatalika kweendelezyegwaa Britain. Muciindi, icisi ca Britain alimwi aca United States of America nozyakayanzana, zyakaba cisi Ceendelezya Nyika ca Britain a Amelika (Anglo-America). Zyakazyooba acuuno camwami wakumusanza zyoonse zyobile.
Bupanduluzi buyungizidwe
^ munc. 17 Mbwaanga ikwaamba kuti “mwami wakunyika” alimwi akuti “mwami wakumusanza” mazina buyo, alakonzya kwaamba ciinga cili coonse ceendelezya kubikkilizya amwami, mwami mukaintu naa nkamu yamasi.
^ munc. 20 Amubone tubala tulembedwe ansi kuli Daniele 11:26 mu Bbaibbele lya New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures—With References, ilyakamwaigwa aba Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.
NCINZI NCOMWAIYA?
• Mwami nzi muna Roma iwakasaanguna kwiima akuba mwami wakunyika, alimwi ndilili naakatuma “sikutezya”?
• Nguni wakazyooba mwami wakunyika naakafwa Augusto, alimwi “mwami wacizuminano” wakapwayika buti?
• Ncinzi cakacitika mumazwanga aakali akati ka Aurelian mwami wakunyika alimwi a Zenobia mwami wakumusanza?
• Ncinzi cakacitika ku Bwami bwa Roma, alimwi masi nzi aakazyookkala muzyuuno zyabami bobile kumamanino aamwaanda wamyaka wa 19?
[Mibuzyo yaciiyo]
Kabbokesi/Cifwanikiso icili apeeji 248-251]
UMWI WALEMEKWA, UUMWI WASAMPULWA
UMWI wakasandula cisi cakazwide manyongwe wacicita kuti bube bwami bweendelezya nyika. Uumwi wakayungizya buvwubi bwancico kwaziindi zisika ku 20 mumyaka iili 23. Umwi wakalemekwa naakafwa pele umwi wakasampulwa. Aba bami bobile bana Roma bakali kulela kuciindi cabuumi bwa Jesu amulimo wakwe. Ino mbaani? Alimwi nkaambo nzi umwi ncaakalemekwa kakuli umwi wakasampulwa?
WAKAJANA “CISI CA ROMA CIYAKIZIDWE MATINA PELE WAKACISIYA KACIYASIDWE MABWELUUMA”
Naakajayigwa Julius Kaisara mu 44 B.C.E., Gaius Octavian imuzyukulu aamucizi wakwe wakajisi buyo myaka iili 18 yakuzyalwa. Mbwaakali mwana muzyaanyina kuli Julius Kaisara alimwi akuti ngowakali kulangilwa kulya zina lyakwe, imukubusi Octavian wakanyamuka ndilyonya ikuya ku Roma ikuti akakone. Naakasika kuya wakaakujana sinkondonyina mukali—Mark Antony, sikalumamba mupati iwa Kaisara walo wakali kulangila kuti inga waba simulyazina. Imazwanga aakabuka awo alimwi akulwana kujatikizya bweendelezi kwakatola myaka iili 13.
Naakazunda basikalumamba ba Mwami Mukaintu wa Egepita Cleopatra alimwi abamumambi wakwe Mark Antony (mu 31 B.C.E.) nkokuya abe mweendelezi wa Bwami bwa Roma. Imwaka wakatobela, Antony a Cleopatra bakalisina elyo Octavian wakabweza cisi ca Egepita. Aboobo Bwami bwa Bagiliki bwamamanino bwakagwisigwa elyo cisi ca Roma cakaba ncecisi ceendelezya nyika.
Akaambo kakuziba kuti icakajazya Julius Kaisara nkulela bantu munzila yalunya, Octavian wakaiya ciiyo. Ikutegwa atanyemyi bana Roma bakali kuyanda mfwulumende yeendelezyegwaa muleli buyo muciindi camwami, wakabaupaika mukucita kuti bwami bwakwe bulibonye mbuli mfwulumende njobayanda. Wakakaka kwiitwa kuti “mwami” akuti “sikweendelezya.” Kunze lyaboobo, wakaambilizya makanze akwe aakwaaba bweendelezi bwazyooko zyoonse ku Beendelezi ba Roma alimwi wakasyomezya kuleka milimo yoonse njaakali kucita. Imuzeezo oyu wakabeleka. Ibeendelezi bakakkomana kapati bakakulwaizya Octavian kuti azumanane buyo azyuuno zyakwe alimwi akweendelezya zyooko zimwi.
Alimwi mu January 16, 27 B.C.E., Ibeendelezi bakapa Octavian izina lyakuti “Augusto” ilyaamba kuti “Uusumpukide, Uusalala.” Kunze lyakulizumina zina eli Octavian wakacinca azina lyamwezi umwi alimwi wakalomba abuzuba bomwe kuzwa kumwezi wa February ikutegwa imwezi wa August ube amazuba manji mbubwenya mbuli mwezi wa July walo wakali muselinyinaa Julius Kaisara. Aboobo Octavian nguwakaba mwami mupati wakusaanguna mu Roma elyo kuzwawaawo wakatalika kwiitwa kuti Kaisara Augusto naa “August.” Mpoonya wakazyootalika kwiitwa kuti “mupaizi mupati” alimwi mu 2 B.C.E.—imwaka ngwaakazyalwa Jesu—Ibeendelezi bakamupa zina lyakuti Pater Patriae, “Imuzyali Wacisi Cakwe.”
Mumwaka nguwenya oyo, “kwakazwa mulao kuli-Kaisara Augusto kuti kulembwe cisi coonse . . . Abantu boonse bakainka kuyoolembwa, umwi umwi kumunzi wakwe.” (Luka 2:1-3) Akaambo kamulawo oyu, Jesu wakazyalilwa ku Betelehemu ikuzuzikizya businsimi bwa Bbaibbele.—Daniele 11:20; Mika 5:2.
Imfwulumende ya Augusto yakazibidwe kuti ilasyomeka alimwi akuti yakajisi mali aampindu iikubwene. Alimwi Augusto wakatalisya nzila mbotu kapati yakweendelezya magwalo alimwi wakabamba migwagwa amabbiliki. Wakabambulula mpi, wakabamba nkamu iisitikide yabasikalumba bamumato alimwi wakatalisya nkamu yabasikugatela mwami yabasikalumamba bacenjede ibakali kwiitwa kuti Mbalindizi Bamwami. (Bafilipi 1:13, BT) Mubweendelezi bwakwe, ibalembi mbuli Virgil alimwi a Horace bakayaambele kapati alimwi basikubeza bakali kubamba zintu zibotu mumasena aambwa kuti mmabotu kwiindilila sunu. Augusto wakamaninizya kuyaka maanda ngaatakamanizide Julius Kaisara alimwi wakaabukulusya matempele manji. “Iluumuno lwa Roma” ndwaakatalisya lwakazumanana kwamyaka iinda ku 200. Mu August 19, 14 C.E., Augusto wakafwa kali amyaka yakuzyalwa iili 76 elyo kuzwawaawo wakali kulangwa mbuli leza.
Augusto wakali kulidunda ulaamba “wakajana cisi ca Roma ciyakizidwe matina pele wakacisiya kaciyasyidwe mabweluuma.” Akaambo kakuti tanaakali kuyanda kuti cisi ca Roma cijokelele mbuli mbucakabede mumazuba nokwakali lunya mumfwulumende yamusyule, wakakanza kuyiisya mwami wakali kutobela. Pele ibantu bakusala bakali basyoonto kujatikizya wakeelede kumulida zina. Imujwa wakwe, ibazyukulu bakwe bobile, imukwe wakwe alimwi amwana muzyaanyina boonse bakalifwide kale kwakasyeede buyo Tiberiyo muzyaanyina kuti amulide zina.
“MUNTU UUSAMPULIKA”
Kautanainda amwezi kuzwa ciindi naakafwa Augusto, Ibeendelezi ba Roma bakaulika Tiberiyo wamyaka yakuzyalwa iili 54 kuti mwami. Tiberiyo wakapona akulela kusika mu March 37 C.E. Aboobo nguwakali mwami wa Roma kuciindi camulimo wakubuleya wa Jesu.
Mwami Tiberiyo wakalijisi bubotu abubi. Akati kazintu zibotu nzyaakali kucita, wakali muntu uutasowi-sowi mali muzintu zyakulikondelezya buyo. Akaambo kaboobo ibwami bwakasumpuka alimwi wakalijisi mali aakubelesya muziindi zyantenda amapenzi. Icakainda kubota, Tiberiyo wakali kulibona kuti muntu buyo, wakaakaka mazina manji aabulemu alimwi ikukomba mwami kwakali kucitwa wakali kukugamika kuli Augusto ikutali kulinguwe mwini. Kwiina naakaulika mwezi akkalenda ikubelesya zina lyakwe mbuli mbwaakacita Augusto alimwi a Julius Kaisara alimwi kunyina naakazumizya bamwi kuti bamulemeke munzila eyo pe.
Nokuba boobo, izintu zibyaabi nzyaakali kucita Tiberiyo zyakali zinji kwiinda zibotu. Wakali kulibilika kapati alimwi wakali sikuupaupa ameso munzila njaakali kweendelezya bamwi elyo bulelo bwakwe bwakazwide buyo kujaya, ibunji bwabaabo bakali kujayigwa mbantu bakali beenzinyina kaindi. Kunze lyamicito yakubukila buyo mwami, wakaamba kuti mulawo wa lèse-majesté (kulubizila mwami) kaubikkilizya kufwumbwa majwi mabyaabi aambwa kujatikizya nguwe. Kulangilwa kuti nkwiinda mumulawo oyu bama Juda ncobakasinikizya Mweendelezi wa Roma, Ponto Pilato kuti ajaye Jesu.—Johane 19:12, 16.
Tiberiyo wakabikka Balindizi Bamwami mu Roma mumona kwiinda mukuyaka maanda aabasikalumba aakwabilidwe kulubazu lwakunyika aabwaanda bwamunzi. Ikubako kwa Balindizi kwakali kuyoosya Beendelezi ba Roma balo bakali kumulibilisya mubweendelezi bwakwe alimwi bakali kubona kwaamba kuti kwiina muntu uulilemeka munzila mbyaabi. Alimwi Tiberiyo wakali kukulwaizya cilengwa cakwaambana kuti umwi walubizya aboobo ikuyoowa kwakali vwulide kapati mucibeela camamanino aabulelo bwakwe.
Tiberiyo wakali kulangwa kuti mwami silunya aciindi calufwu lwakwe. Naakafwa, ibana Roma bakakondwa elyo Beendelezi ba Roma bakakaka kumucita kuti abe leza. Ikwiinda mutwaambo otu atumwi-tumwi tujana kuti ibusinsimi bwaamba kuti “muntu uusampulika” uyoobuka akuba “mwami wakunyika” bwakazuzikizigwa muli Tiberiyo.—Daniele 11:15, 21.
NCINZI NCOMWAIYA?
• Ino Octavian wakazyooba buti mwami wa Roma wakusaanguna?
• Ncinzi cikonzya kwaambwa kujatikizya kuzwidilila kwamfwulumende ya Augusto?
• Ino nzintu nzi zibotu azibi nzyaakali kucita Tiberiyo?
• Ino businsimi bujatikizya “muntu uusampulika” bwakazuzikizigwa buti muli Tiberiyo?
Cifwanikiso
Tiberiyo
Kabbokesi/Zifwanikiso izili apeeji 252-255]
ZENOBIA—MWAMI MUKAINTU SIKALUMAMBA WAKU PALMYRA
“WAKALI wacikanda cisiya . . . Imenyo akwe akali mabotu alimwi meso akwe mapati aasiya mbi akali kumweka cabubotu. Ijwi lyakwe lyakali libotu alimwi linoneezya kuswiilila. Izintu wakali kuzilanga cabwaalumi akaambo kakuti wakali muntu uuyiide. Wakaluuzi mwaambo waci Latin pele wakali kwiikanana ayalo myaambo ya Cigiliki, Ciaramu alimwi acina Egepita.” Sikwiiya zyakaindi Edward Gibbon mbwaakamutembaula obo Zenobia—mwami mukaintu sikalumamba wamumunzi wa Palmyra mu Aramu.
Imulumi wa Zenobia wakali Odaenathus, muntu uuyiide muna Palmyrene walo wakapegwa cuuno cakuba mubetesi wa Roma mu 258 C.E. akaambo kakuti wakazwidilila kulwanina Bwami bwa Roma kubana Persia. Nokwakainda myaka yobile, Odaenathus wakatambula zina kuzwa ku Mwami wa Roma Gallienus lyakuti corrector totius Orientis (mweendelezi wacibeela coonse ca Kujwe). Oku kwakali kumulemeka akaambo kakuzunda nkwaakazunda Mwami Shāpūr Wakusaanguna waku Persia. Kumbele Odaenathus wakazyoolipa zina lyakuti “mwami wabami.” Ikuzwidilila kwa Odaenathus oku kulakonzya nkokwakapa kuti Zenobia abe sicamba boobu akucenjela.
ZENOBIA WALIPEEKEZYA KUYAKA BWAMI
Mu 267 B.C.E., naakasumpuka cini-cini mumulimo wakwe, Odaenathus asimulyazina lyakwe bakajayigwa. Zenobia nguwakakkala acuuno camulumi wakwe mbwaanga mwanaakwe musankwa wakacili musyoonto. Basicisi mbaakali kweendelezya bakali kumulemeka akumugwasilizya mbwaanga wakali muntu mubotu, simakanze, wakali kukonzya kweendelezya, wakazibide kugwasilizya mulumi wakwe munkondo alimwi wakali kupasula kwaambaula mumyaambo iili mbwiibede. Zenobia wakali kuyandisya kwiiya alimwi wakali kujanika akati kabantu basongo. Umwi wabasikumulaya wakali sibusongo alimwi imwiiyi mumyaambo, Cassius Longinus—walo wakali kwaambwa kuti “mbutala bwaluzibo.” Richard Stoneman, sikulemba bbuku litegwa Palmyra and Its Empire—Zenobia’s Revolt Against Rome, waamba kuti: “Mumyaka yosanwe yakainda kuzwa ciindi naakafwa Odaenathus . . . , bakamuyanda kapati bantu bakwe Zenobia cakuti bakali kumulanga kuti ngomweendelezi wa Kujwe.”
Kulubazu lumwi lwabwami bwa Zenobia kwakali cisi ca Persia calo ncaakatebezyede amulumaakwe elyo kulubazu lumbi kwakali cisi ca Roma calo cakali kuyamukuwa. Ikujatikizya ciimo ca Bwami bwa Roma kuciindi eco, sikwiiya zyakaindi J. M. Roberts waamba kuti: “Imwaanda wamyaka watatu . . . wakali mwaka uukatazyide kucisi ca Roma ikapati muminyinza yakumbo akujwe kakuli mukati mucisi kwakali nkondo yamucisi mumona elyo mazwanga aajatikizya bulelo akatalika. Ibami basika ku 22 (ikugwisya baabo bakali kulicengeezya) bakatobelana kulela.” Kulubazu lumwi, imweendelezi mukaintu muna Aramu wakalisitikide mubwami bwakwe. Stoneman waamba kuti: “Mbwaanga nguwakali kweendelezya mami obile aya [bwa Persia abwa Roma] wakali kulipeekezya kuti inga wayaka bwami bwatatu ibwakali kunga bwayendelezya oonse obile.”
Mu 269 C.E., icoolwe cakuti Zenobia akomezye mulimo wakwe wabweendelezi cakalibonya ciindi sikulicengeezya iwakali kukazya bulelo bwabana Roma naakasika mu Egepita. Basikalumamba ba Zenobia bakalifwoola kuya mu Egepita cakufwambaana, bamuzunda muzangi oyo elyo bacibweza cisi. Nakamana kulyaamba kuti mwami mukaintu waku Egepita, wakabamba mali aalembedwe zina lyakwe. Lino bwami bwakwe bwakakomena kuzwa kumulonga wa Nile kuyakusika kumulonga wa Firate. Aciindi awa ndendilyo Zenobia naakakkala acuuno ‘camwami wakumusanza.’—Daniele 11:25, 26.
IMUNZI MUPATI WAA ZENOBIA
Zenobia wakauyumya akuubotezya munzi wakwe mupati wa Palmyra cakuti wakali kweelana aminzi mipati yamunyika ya Roma. Imweelwe wabantu wakali kuyeeyelwa kwiinda a 150,000. Imayake aabuleya mabotu, matempele, myuunda, misemu alimwi azikozyanyo zyakali zwide mu Palmyra imunzi wakazingulukidwe bwaanda ibwakali kwaambwa kuti bulampa makkilomita aali 21 kuzinguluka munzi. Ikkota lyamisemu yaku Korinto iilampa mamita aainda ku 15 kuya mujulu—iitandila kusika ku 1,500 yakali ndandamikidwe munzila mpati. Izikozyanyo alimwi azifwanikiso zyabaalumi bakacita milimo miyumu alimwi abavwubi zyakali zwide mumunzi oyu. Mu 271 C.E., Zenobia wakaimika cikozyanyo cakwe mwini alimwi acamulumaakwe sikwaazwa.
Itempele lya Zuba ndelyakali kwiinda kubota akati kamayake aakali mu Palmyra aboobo cakutadooneka mbobukombi bwakavwulide mumunzi oyu. Zenobia lwakwe ulakonzya wakali kukomba leza iwakaswaangene aleza wazuba. Nokuba boobo, icisi ca Aramu camumwaanda wamyaka watatu cakali cisi cakajisi zikombelo zinji. Mubwami bwa Zenobia kwakali bantu bakali kulyaamba kuti Mbanakristo, ba Juda alimwi abakombi bazuba amwezi. Ino wakali kulimvwa buti kujatikizya bukombi obu bwamunzila ziindene-indene? Imulembi Stoneman waamba kuti: “Imuleli musongo takonzyi kusulaika zilengwa ziboneka kuti zileelede kubantu bakwe. . . . Kusyomwa kuti . . . baleza bakabunganizigwa kulubazu lwa Palmyra.” Pele Zenobia kwiina naakali kubakasya bantu kucita zyobakali kuyanda kumakani aabukombi.
Akaambo kaciimo eci cibotu, ibantu banji bakali kumuyanda Zenobia. Nokuba boobo, icintu cipati kwiinda, ndubazu ndwaakajisi mukwiiminina bweendelezi bwanyika ibwakasinsimwa mubusinsimi bwa Daniele. Pele bulelo bwakwe bwakali buyo bwamyaka yosanwe. Imwami wa Roma Aurelian wakazunda Zenobia mu 272 C.E. mpoonya wakanyonyoona Palmyra cakuzwa munzila. Zenobia wakafwidwa lubomba. Kwaambwa kuti wakazikukwatwa kumweendelezi wa Roma alimwi kuyeeyelwa kuti buumi bwakwe boonse bwakali bwakulyookezya buyo.
NCINZI NCOMWAIYA?
• Ino ciimo ca Zenobia capandululwa buti?
• Milimo nzi imwi njaakacita Zenobia?
• Ino Zenobia wakali kulimvwa buti kujatikizya bukombi?
Cifwanikiso
Mwami mukaintu Zenobia kaambaula kuli basikalumamba bakwe
Ccaati/Zifwanikiso izili apeeji 246]
IBAMI IBALI KULI DANIELE 11:20-26
Mwami Mwami
Wakunyika Wakumusanza
Daniele 11:20 Augusto
Daniele 11:21-24 Tiberiyo
Daniele 11:25, 26 Aurelian Mwami Mukaintu Zenobia
Ikunyonyoonwa Bwami bwa Britain, mpoonya
kwa Bwami German Bwami Bwendelezya
bwa Roma Nyika bwa
kwakasinsimwa Britain a Amelika
kwapa kuti kube (Anglo-America)
[Cifwanikiso]
Tiberiyo
[Cifwanikiso]
Aurelian
[Cifwanikiso]
Cikozyanyo ca Charlemagne
[Cifwanikiso]
Augusto
[Cifwanikiso]
Ibwato bwankondo bwabana Britain bwa mumwaanda wamyaka wa 17
[Cifwanikiso icili apeeji 230]
[Cifwanikiso icili apeeji 233]
Augusto
[Cifwanikiso icili apeeji 234]
Tiberiyo
[Cifwanikiso icili apeeji 235]
Akaambo kamulawo ngwaakabikka Augusto, Josefa a Mariya bakaunka ku Betelehemu
[Cifwanikiso icili apeeji 236]
Mbubwenya mbukwakasinsimwa, Jesu ‘wakapwayika’ mulufwu
[Zifwanikiso izili apeeji 244]
1. Charlemagne 2. Napoléon I 3. Wilhelm I 4. Basikalumamba bana German, Inkondo Yanyika Yakusaanguna
