Malembe Aakaindi aa Cuneiform Alimwi a Bbaibbele

MWAAMBO wabantu nowakanyonganyizyigwa ku Babelo, kwakaba ndembelo ziindene-indene. Bantu bakkala ku Mesopotamiya, mbuli bana Sumeriya abana Babuloni, bakatalika kulemba kubelesya ma cuneiform. Eeli bbala lyaamba musyobo wandembelo iyakali kubelesyegwa lyansiku kwiinda mukubikka cidindo cazifwanikiso alukaye.

Basyaazibwene mukusya zyintu zyansiku bakavwumbula malembe aa cuneiform aamba bantu alimwi azyintu zyakacitika izyaambwa mu Magwalo. Ino ncinzi ncotuzyi kujatikizya ndembelo eeyi yansiku? Alimwi ino malembe aaya ajisi bumboni nzi bujatikizya kusyomeka kwa Bbaibbele?

Makani Aakayobolwa Kwaciindi Cilamfwu

Basikwiiya zyamu Bbaibbele basyoma kuti kumatalikilo nzila njobakali kubelesya bantu baku Mesopotamiya mukulemba yakali yeeyo iitegwa pictographic, nkokuti kulemba zitondezyo naa zifwanikiso iziiminina bbala naa muzeezo abbwe. Mucikozyanyo, citondezyo caŋombe cakali kuboneka mbuli mutwe wamusune. Nokwakayandika kuti atalike kuyobolwa makani, bakatalika kubelesya nzila yakulemba iitegwa cuneiform. Bbuku litegwa NIV Archaeological Study Bible lipandulula kuti: “Lino zitondezyo zilakonzya kwiiminina kutali buyo mabala, pele azibeela zyamabala, zyalo izibikkwa antoomwe kutegwa zibe bbala likonzya kubalwa.” Mukuya kwaciindi, zitondezyo ziindene-indene zisika ku 200 zyakapa kuti malembe aa cuneiform atalike “kubelesyegwa mukukanana, nokuba kuti mboukananwa mwaambo alimwi ambwaakkala mabala zyakali kukatazya.”

Kuzoosika ciindi ncaakali kupona Abrahamu, mumyaka yakuma 2,000 B.C.E., malembe aa cuneiform akali kubelesyegwa. Mumyaanda yamyaka iili 20 yakatobela, milaka iisika ku 15 yakatalika kubelesya ndembelo eeyi. Malembe aa cuneiform aayinda ku 99 pesenti aakajanika akalembedwe amabwe aabulongo. Kwamyaka yiinda ku 150 yainda, malembe aali boobu akajanika ku Uri, Uruk, Babuloni, Nimrud, Nippur, Ashur, Nineve, Mari, Ebla, Ugarit aku Amarna. Bbuku lyakuti Archaeology Odyssey lyaamba kuti: “Basyaazibwene baamba kuti kubusena bumwi malembe aa cuneiform aasika kumweelwe uutandila kutuulunzuma tobilo akavwukulwa, alimwi aambi aali 25,000 naa kwiinda waawo alavwukulwa amwaka.”

Basyaazibwene mumakani aama cuneiform munyika yoonse bajisi mulimo mupati wakusandulula. Kweelana abuvwuntauzi bumwi, “10 pesenti ilikke yamalembe aa cuneiform njiyakabalwa kale mumazuba eesu.”

Kuzyiba mabala aa cuneiform mumyaambo yobilo naa yotatwe nkokwagwasya kuzyiba bupanduluzi bulembedwe mpawo. Basikwiiya zyamabala bakazyiba kuti mabwe aaya ajisi mabala aamyaambo yiindene-indene alo aamba cintu comwe, pele oonse akalembwa kubelesya musyobo ngobakalemba ma cuneiform. Icakagwasya mukuzyiba bupanduluzi bwamalembe aaya nkubona kuti mazyina buyo, mazyina aabulemu, mazyalani aabaleli alimwi naaba majwi aakulilumbaizya, kanji-kanji akali kwiindulukwa-indulukwa.

Kusika mumyaka yakuma 1850, basilwiiyo aaba bakatalika kucikonzya kubala mabala aamwaambo wakali kubelesyegwa mumakwebo abantu bakali kubelesya myaambo yiindene-indene ku Middle East yansiku, Akkadian, naa Assyro-Babylonian, kubelesya ma cuneiform. Bbuku lya Encyclopædia Britannica lipandulula kuti: “Bakacizyiba kubala Chiakkadian alimwi ambwaakali kulembwa naa kukkala mabala, mpoonya nzila yakabambwa kuti igwasyilizye mukupandulula mabala mumyaambo iimbi iibelesya ma cuneiform.” Ino mbuti malembe aaya mbwaajatikizya Magwalo aamu Bbaibbele?

 Bumboni Bweendelana a Bbaibbele

Bbaibbele lyaamba kuti Jerusalemu wakali kulelwa abami bana Kanana kusikila ciindi Davida naakauzunda, kutandila mumwaka wa 1070 B.C.E. (Jos. 10:1; 2 Sam. 5:4-9) Pele basikwiiya zyamu Bbaibbele bamwi bakaadooneka makani aaya. Nokuba boobo, mu 1887 mwanakazi umwi iwakali mulimi buyo wakajana bbwe lyabulongo ku Amarna mu Egypt. Malembe aasika ku 380 aakazoojanwa ooko akajanika kuti akali magwalo ngobakali kulembelana baleli baku Egepita (Amenhotep III alimwi a Akhenaton) amami aaku Kanana. Magwalo aali cisambomwi akazwa kuli ‘Abdi-Heba, muleli waku Jerusalemu.

Muteende wakuti Biblical Archaeology Review waamba kuti: “Imabwe aaku Amarna atondezya kuti Jerusalemu lyakali dolopo kutali buyo mpulazi yamuntu omwe, alimwi aamba kujatikizya cuuno ca Abdi-Heba kuti wakali . . . musololi iwakajisi ŋanda alimwi akuti basikalumamba bana Egepita bali 50 bakalibikkidwe mu Jerusalemu kutegwa bakwabilile dolopo eeli, eeci citondezya kuti Jerusalemu bwakali bwami bwacisi caacilundu cisyoonto.” Muteende ngomunya ooyu wakaamba alimwi kuti: “Kwiinda mukubelesya magwalo aaku Amarna, tulakonzya kuba masimpe kuti ncobeni dolopo eeli lyakaliko alimwi lyakajisi mpuwo akati kamadolopo aambi aakaliko aciindi eeco.”

Mazyina Aajanika Mumakani Aakayobwedwe ku Asuri aku Babuloni

Bana Asuri bakalemba makani aabo aansiku amabwe aabulongo, atukaye alimwi azibumbwa, mpoonya bana Babuloni abalo bakazoocita mbweenya oobo. Aboobo ciindi basikwiiya nobakazyiba ncaamba mabala aalembedwe a cuneiform ya Chiakkadian, bakajana kuti kwaambwa mazyina aabantu alo aajanika amu Bbaibbele.

Bbuku lyakuti The Bible in the British Museum lyaamba kuti: “Mumakani ngobakaambila kabunga kapya kategwa Society of Biblical Archaeology, ba Dr. Samuel Birch bakatondezya [mumabala aa cuneiform, mazyina] aabami bana Hebrayo aaba, Omri, Ahabu, Jehu, Azariya . . . , Menahemu, Peka, Hosea, Hezekiya a Manase, bami bana Asuri Tigilati Pilisere . . . [III], Sarigoni, Sanakeribu, Esarihadoni a Ashurbanipal, . . . alimwi abana Suriya, Benhadadi, Hazaeli a Rezini.”

Ibbuku lyakuti The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating likozyanisya makani aabana Israyeli aajanika mu Bbaibbele amakani aansiku aajanika muma cuneiform. Ino ncinzi cakatobela akaambo kakucita boobu? “Antoomwe, bami ba Juda bali 15 naa 16 alimwi aba Israyeli balajanika mumakani aakumasi aambi aakuciindi eeco, alimwi zyoonse izyaambwa mumo zileendelana kapati amakani aali mubbuku lya Bami lyakusaanguna alyabili. Boonse ibaambwa mumabbuku aaya bakalilembedwe kale mubbuku lyamu Bbaibbele lya Bami.”

Mabala aa cuneiform yomwe iizibidwe kapati aakajanika mu 1879, aategwa Cyrus Cylinder, aamba kuti naakazunda Babuloni mu 539 B.C.E., Koresi wakaangununa baange akubapilusya kuminzi yabo kweelana amulawo wakwe. Akati kabaabo ibakagwasyigwa bakali ba Juda. (Ezr. 1:1-4) Basikwiiya banji bamumwaanda wamyaka wa 19 bakali kudooneka kusyomeka kwamajwi aambwa mu Bbaibbele. Nokuba boobo, malembe aa cuneiform kuzwa kuciindi cisi ca Persia nocakali kulela nyika, kubikkilizya amalembe aamu Cyrus Cylinder, ajisi bumboni businizya kuti makani aali mu Bbaibbele aliluzi.

Mu 1883 kwakajanika malembe aa cuneiform aayinda ku 700 ku Nippur, kufwaafwi a Babuloni. Akati kamazyina aali 2,500 ngwaajisi, mazyina aatandila ku 70 ngaci Juda. Basyaazibwene mumakani aansiku ba Edwin Yamauchi baamba kuti: “Baboneka kuti mbantu bakali kuba mucizuminano, basikwiimaakati, bakamboni, basimitelo alimwi ababelesi bamwami.” Citondezyo cakuti ba Juda bakazumanana kucita zyintu eezyi afwaafwi a Babuloni kuciindi eeci ncintu cikkomanisya kuzyiba. Cileendelana amajwi aabusinsimi bwamu Bbaibbele aakuti nokuba kuti “basyeede” babana ba Israyeli bakapilukila ku Judaya kuzwa mubuzike ku Asuri aku Babuloni, banji tiibakacita oobo.—Is. 10:21, 22.

Mumyaka yakuma 1000 B.C.E., ma cuneiform akali kubelesyegwa antoomwe andembelo yakubelesya misemo yamabala ngotubelesya. Pele bana Asuri abana Babuloni bakazooleka kubelesya ma cuneiform akutalika kubelesya malembe aamabala ngotubelesya sunu.

Zyuulu-zyuulu zyamabwe aalembedwe zyalo ziyobwedwe mumaanda muyobwedwa zyintu zyakaindi ziciyandika kuyiigwa. Eezyo basyaazibwene nzyobakabala kale akuzimvwisya zipa bumboni businizya kuti Bbaibbele lilasyomeka. Tulangila kujana bumboni buyungizyidwe kujatikizya kusyomeka kwa Bbaibbele kuzwa mumalembe aatanayiigwa iciindi aalo aakuzyibwa bupanduluzi.

Nkotwakajana cifwanikiso icili apeeji 21]

Cifwoto cakafwotolwa kwiinda mukuzumizyigwa aba British Museum