“Mulao Wakatubeda Mbuli Simalelo”

BALI bongaye bana babona kuti cilayandika kweendelezyegwa akulaigwa? Tabali banji pe. Ibana kubakasya kulabacima. Aboobo, aabo bali amukuli wakugwasya bana balizyi mbociyandika kubagwasya bana. Aba bana bakomena, ibunji bwabo balabona mbociyandika kweendelezyegwa. Imwaapostolo Paulo wakabelesya cikozyanyo camuntu wakali kukwabilila bana, ikupandulula mbuli Jehova Leza mbwaali kubalaya bantu bakwe kuzwa kaindi.

Bamwi Banakristo bamumwaanda wamyaka wakusaanguna bamucisi ca Roma mucooko ca Galatiya, bakali kwaamba kuti Leza uyanda  buyo bantu aabo batobela Mulawo Leza ngwaakapa bana Israyeli kwiinda muli Musa. Mwaapostolo Paulo wakalizyi kuti aaya tanakali masimpe akaambo kakuti bamwi mbaakapa muuya uusalala Leza tiibakali kutobela mulawo waba Juda. (Incito 15:12) Aboobo, Paulo wakabalulamika kwiinda mukubapa cikonzyanyo. Mulugwalo ndwaakalembela Banakristo bana Galatiya wakati: “Mulao wakatubeda mbuli simalelo mane kusikila kuciindi ncati keze Kristo.” (Ba-Galatiya 3:24) Mulembi umwi wakaamba kuti, “simalelo ulijisi mulimo mupati kapati kweelana ambubakali kumubona mumazuba aansiku.” Ikuzyiba kaambo aaka inga camugwasya kuzyiba kaambo keni nkaakali kwaamba mwaapostolo Paulo.

Mulimo wa Simalelo

Basimalelo bakali kubelesyegwa kapati abantu bavwubide bana Giliki, bana Roma ndiza abama Juda kutegwa kabalanganya bana babo kuzwa kubuvwanda kusika akuciindi nobakubuka. Zyiindi zyinji simalelo ooyu wakali muzike wakali kusyomwa kapati alimwi wakali mupati cakuti wakali kumulanganya mwana munzila iili kabotu alimwi wakali kuzyitobela zyoonse zyibakali kuyanda bausyi mwana. Ooyu simalelo wakali kumusindikila mwana kuli koonse nkwaakali kuunka, eeci cakali kucitika abuzuba. Nguwakali kubona kuti mwana mulondo, wakali kumutola kucikolo, kumunyamuda mabbuku azyimwi zyaakali kuyandika kutoleela akubona mbwaakali kucita kucikolo.

Ooyu simalelo tanaakali mwiiyi pe. Muciindi cakumupa malailile mbuli bamayi kucikolo, simalelo wakali kutobela malailile ngaakali kwaambilwa abausyi mwana. Nokuba boobo, wakali kumulaya akumugwasya mwana naakali anguyo. Eeci cakali kubikkilizya kumuyiisya mbwayelede kulilemeka mwana, kumubwentela akumuuma kuti watalilemeka. Pele nokuba kuti cakali boobo, ibakali kumbele kukuyiisya mwana bakali banyina abausyi. Pele mwana musankwa naakali kuya bukomena, simalelo wakwe wakali kumuyiisya kuti wakeelede kuba aaciimo cibotu neenda munzila, kusama cisani cilamfwu, kukkala cabulemu akulya kabotu akunyamuka kuti naa  kwasika bapati, akubayanda bazyali bakwe akucita kufwumbwa ncaambilwa.

Syaabusongo muna Giliki Plato (428-348 B.C.E.) tanaakali kudooneka kuti maano abwana akeelende kukazyigwa. Wakalemba kuti: “Mbumunya mbelele naa munyama weembelwa mbwatakonzyi kulicelela kakunyina mweembezi, abalo bana taku nkubakonzya kuunka balikke katako simalelo naa bazike tabakonzyi kupona kakunyina mwami.” Kucita boobo inga calibonya mbuli kuti nkuciindilizya; pele oobu mbwaakazyibona zyintu Plato.

Akaambo kakuti basimalelo lyoonse bakali munsi aamwana, bakazyi kuzyibwa kuti mbasololi balunya, badyaaminina mukulaya kwabo, zyoonse zyibakali kulaya zyabuyo, bakali kulemya akubatamikizya zyintu zyitako. Nokuba kuti bamwi basimalelo mbubakabede oobo, bamwi bakali kubakwabilila ncobeni bana kumubili amubukkale. Sikwiiya zyakaindi imuna Giliki Appian wamumwaanda wamyaka wabili C.E. wakaamba makani aajatikizya simalelo umwi wakakwabilila mwana ngwaakali kusindikila kucikolo kutegwa zyigwebenga zyitamujayi. Pele naakakaka kumuleka mwana ooyu, zyigwebenga eezyi zyakabajaya boonse bobilo simalelo amwana.

Kutalilemeka kwakali dumide akati kaba Helene. Ibana ikapati basankwa bakali kuyandika kukwabililwa kubantu bakali kuyanda koonana abana baniini. Basimalelo abalo bakali kujanika mucikolo akaambo kakuti bamayi banji tiibakali kusyomeka. Mwaambi mubotu muna Giliki Lonanius wamumwaanda wamyaka wane C.E. wakati, basimalelo mbibakali kubona mwana mbwakomena kusika waba mukubusi akumukwabilila kuti atabasangani ibananyina basankwa mbaakali kwiiya limwi. Basimalelo banji bakali kulemekwa abaabo mbibakali kukwabilila. Majwi aalembedwe azyuumbwe atondenzya kuti basimalelo bakafwa bakali kuyandwa.

Mulawo Waba Simalelo

Ino nkaambo nzi mwaapostolo Paulo ncaakakonzyanisya Mulawo wa Musa kuli simalelo? Ino ncinzi cipa kuti cikozyanyo eeci kaceelela kapati?

Cakutaanguna ncakuti Mulawo wakali kukwabilila. Paulo wakapandulula kuti bama Juda bakali “baange ba Mulawo.” Bakali mbuli kuti bakali kukwabililwa aasimalelo. (Ba-Galatiya 3:23, BT) Mulawo wakali kubagwasya mubuumi bwabo boonse. Wakali kubalesya kucita zyintu zyibi zyibakali kulombozya kucita. Wakali kubagwasya mbubakali kulilemeka akuzumanana kubayeekezya mpobakali kulezya, ikucita kuti muna Israyeli aumwi kabona mpalezya.

Imulawo alimwi wakali kubakwabilila kuzyintu zyibi zyakali kukonzya kubayunga, mbuli bukkale busofweede alimwi zyabukombi bwakali kucitwa azisi zyakazingulukide bana Israyeli. Mucikozyanyo, mulawo wa Leza wakali kubakasya kukwatana abamasi wakali kubakwabilila bana Israyeli boonse kumuuya. (Deuteronomo 7:3, 4) Milawo iili boobo yakali kugwasya kuti bukombi bwabo butasofwaali akuti bantu ba Leza balibambile kutambula Mesiya. Eezyi zyakali zyintu zyibotu zyakali kukonzya kubagwasya akaambo kakutobela Mulawo alimwi cakali kutondezya luyando Leza ndwajisi kubantu bakwe. Musa wakabayeekezya bana Israyelinyina kuti: “Mbubonya mbuli muntu mbwatambisya mwanaakwe, Jehova Leza wanu ulamutambisya anywebo.”—Deuteronomo 8:5.

Kaambo kapati kali mucikozyanyo ca mwaapostolo Paulo nkakuti, simalelo wakalijisi nguzu zyakweendelezya kwaciindi cisyoonto. Mwana akomena, wakali kuleka kweendelezyegwa asimalelo wakwe. Sikwiiya zyakaindi muna Giliki Xenophon (431-352 B.C.E.) wakalemba kuti: “Mwana akomena, bamwi bazyali balamungusya mumaanza [aasimalelo] [akumwiiyi] wakwe, kutegwa acite nzyayanda mubuumi bwakwe.”

Eeci cakali kukonzyanya a Mulawo wa Musa. Mulawo ooyu wakabeleka ciindi cisyoonto—“nkaambo kansotoko, mane kusikila kuciindi nciyakasika eyo Imbuto [Jesu Kristo].” Imwaapostolo Paulo wakapandulula kuba Juda kuti, Imulawo wakali mbuli “simalelo mane kusikila kuciindi ncati keze Kristo.” Ikutegwa aabo bama Juda bakali kupona aciindi naakali kupona Paulo bakkomaninwe aa Leza, bakeelede kumutambula Jesu kweelana abubambe bwa Leza. Mbubakacitila buyo boobo, imulimo wasimalelo wakazuzikizyigwa.—Ba-Galatiya 3:19, 24, 25.

 Imulawo Leza ngwaakabapa bana Israyeli wakalilondokede. Wakazuzikizya makanze ngakaupangila Leza—kukwabilila bantu bakwe akubazibya zyeelelo zyakwe zyisumpukide. (Ba-Roma 7:7-14) Mulawo wakali simalelo mubotu. Nokuba boobo, bamwi bakali kutobela mulawo ooyu kuboneka kuti bakali kuubona kuti ulaminya. Aboobo, nicakasika ciindi cibikkidwe ca Leza, Paulo wakali kukonzya kulemba kuti, “Kristo wakatunununa kuzwa kulutuko lwa-Mulao.” Mulawo wakali “lutuko” munzila buyo yakuti ba Juda batalondokede tiibakali kukonzya kutobela zyeelelo eezyo munzila iilondokede. Bakali kuyandika kubikkila maano kapati kutegwa batobele zyilengwa zyiindene-indene. Ikuti mu Juda watobela bubambe bubotu kapati bwacinunuzyo cakapegwa kwiinda mucituuzyo ca Jesu, tanaakali kuyandika kutobela malailile aasimalelo.—Ba-Galatiya 3:13; 4:9, 10.

Aboobo, Paulo nakaamba kuti Mulawo wa Musa uli mbuli simalelo wakali kukankaizya kuti wakali kubasololela ba Juda kwaciindi buyo cisyoonto. Kuba acilongwe a Jehova, takuli kutobela buyo Mulawo, pele nkumuzyiba akumusyoma Jesu.—Ba-Galatiya 2:16; 3:11.

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“BALELI ABABANZI”

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Kunze aakulemba zyasimalelo, imwaapostolo Paulo alimwi wakabelesya cikozyanyo ca “baleli ababanzi.” Kuba Ba-Galatiya 4:1, 2, tubala kuti: “Swaana naacili mwanikenike tabapambukene abuniini amuzike, nekubaboobo ngumwami walubono loonse. Pele uli mumaanza aabaleli ababanzi mane kusikila kuciindi icakabikwa awisi.” Mulimo ‘wabaleli ababazi’ wakali iindene awabasimalelo, pele kaambo Paulo nkaakali kuyanda kwaamba kakali kozyenyi.

Kweelana amulawo wabana Roma, ‘muleli’ wakali kubikkwa kutegwa kalanganya mucaala alimwi akulanganya mali aamwana kusikila wakomena. Aboobo, Paulo wakaamba kuti, nokuba kuti mwana uuli boobo wakeelede kuba “mwami” kuzyintu zyaakasiilwa naakacili mwana, tanaakalijisi nguzu zyili zyoonse, wakali buyo mbuli muzike.

Kunze lyaboobo, ‘Mubazi,’ nguwakali kulanganya zyintu amali aamwana. Sikulemba zyakaindi mu Juda Flavius Josephus wakaamba kuti, imwana wakali kwiitwa kuti Hyrcanus wakalomba bausyi kumulembela lugwalo luzumizya mubazi kumupa mali Hyrcanus kutegwa aule nzyaakali kuyanda.

Aboobo, kweendelezyegwa asimalelo, ‘muleli’ naa ‘mubazi’ tiicakali kupa kuti mwana aanguluke. Mwana wakali kweendelezyegwa abantu bamwi kusikila ciindi ncobakaamba bausyi.

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Kuzekaula kwaba Giliki bansiku acibiya kutondezya simalelo ankoli yakwe

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National Archaeological Museum, ku Athens

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Cakali kucitika mumwaanda wasanu B.C.E. akkapu kutondezyedwe simalelo (ankoli) kalanga ngwalanganya ciindi napegwa malailile kwiinda mukweema amunyimbo

[Kulumba]

Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY