Ino “Gospel of Judas” Ninzi?
Ino “Gospel of Judas” Ninzi?
MU April 2006, miteende nyika yoonse yakaamba makani aakagambya bantu aakuti kabunga kabasyaazibwene kakayubununa kubuleya makani aalembedwe mumalembe aakaindi ngobakajana ino-ino aaitwa kuti “Gospel of Judas.” Zibalo eezyi zyamumiteende zyakaamba kuti basyaazibwene balimvwa kuti malembe aaya alacinca mbotuyeeya kujatikizya Judasi, sikwiiya iwakaaba Jesu. Kweelana amalembe aaya, Judasi wakali muntu sicamba, imwaapostolo iwakazyi mbwaakali kulimvwa Jesu, alimwi akuti wakaaba Jesu kuti ajaigwe nkaambo Jesu nguwakamwaambila kuti acite boobo.
Sena malembe aaya ngamasimpe? Ikuti kacili boobo, sena alayubununa twaambo tumwi twakasisidwe musyule tujatikizya Judasi Iskariote, Jesu Kristo, naa Banakristo bakusaanguna? Sena ayelede kucinca nzyotuzyi kujatikizya Kristo alimwi anjiisyo zyakwe?
MBWAAKAJANIKA MALEMBE AA “GOSPEL OF JUDAS”
Mbwaakajanika malembe aa “Gospel of Judas” takuzyibidwe kabotu kusikila sunu. Muciindi cakuti aaba basikuvwukkula zyakaindi baajane mbabo, malembe aaya akaile kujanika akati kazyintu zyakaindi zyakali kusambalwa kumamanino aakuma 1970 naa kumatalikilo aakuma 1980. Kulangilwa kuti akajanika mucuumbwe ku Egypt mu 1978, ambweni mumpangala. Akali amwi aamalembe one aaindene-indene akali mu Codex (bbuku lyakaindi) ilyakalembwa mumwaambo waci Coptic (mwaambo uukozyenye amwaambo waku Egypt iwakali kukananwa kaindi).
Bbuku lya codex lyakatalika kunyongana nilyakagwisyigwa ku Egypt nkolyakayobwedwe kabotu kwamyaanda yamyaka kwalo kwakanyina mudumu. Basyaazibwene basyoonto bakatondezyegwa kwaciindi cisyoonto bbuku lya codex mu 1983; pele lyakali kudula kapati cakuti tiilyakaulwa pe. Bbuku eeli lyakaindila kunyonyooka akaambo kakuvwula kwamyaka yakutaliyobola kabotu. Mu 2000, lyakaulwa asimakwebo waku Switzerland iwakali kuula zyintu zyakaindi. Nikwakainda ciindi, simakwebo ooyu wakapa bbuku eeli kukabunga kabasyaazibwene ibazwa muzisi ziindene-indene ibakali kubeleka kwiinda mukugwasyigwa akabunga ka Maecenas Foundation for Ancient Art alimwi aka National Geographic Society. Basyaazibwene aaba bakapegwa mulimo mupati wakubambulula codex, yalo aciindi eeco yakazapaukide mutubeela tusyoonto-syoonto. Kabunga aaka kabasyaazibwene alimwi kakeelede kuzyiba myaka njolyakakkala bbuku lya codex eeli, kulisandulula alimwi akupandulula zili mumo.
Carbon-14 dating yakatondezya kuti bbuku lya codex eeli lilangilwa kuti lyakalembwa mumwaanda wamyaka watatu naa wane C.E. Nokuba boobo, basyaazibwene bakayeeyela kuti malembe aa “Gospel of Judas” aamumwaambo waci Coptic akasandululwa kuzwa mumwaambo wa Chigiliki mwaakalembedwe kusaanguna. Ino malembe aa “Gospel of Judas” akatola ciindi cilamfwu buti kulembwa alimwi ino zyintu zyakali buti aciindi eeco?
“GOSPEL OF JUDAS”—MALEMBE AAKALEMBWA A BANAKRISTO BAKUBEJA
Malembe aa “Gospel of Judas” akaambwa ciindi cakusaanguna mubbuku lyakalembwa a Irenaeus, mulembi iwakali kulyaamba kuba Munakristo iwakapona kumamanino aamwaanda wamyaka wabili C.E. Mubbuku liitwa kuti Against Heresies, Irenaeus wakalemba boobu kujatikizya kamwi katubunga twakajisi njiisyo nzyaakali kukazya, wakati: “Baamba kuti Judasi sikwaaba Jesu wakalizizyi kabotu-kabotu zyintu eezyi akuti walo alikke nguwakazyi kasimpe kwiinda bamwi boonse, wakazuzikizya mulimo wakwaaba Jesu. Aboobo, kwiinda mulinguwe, zyintu zyoonse zyaanyika alimwi azyakujulu zyakanyongana. Baamba makani aakaindi aakubeja aali boobu ngobakaita kuti Gospel of Judas.”
Irenaeus wakakanzide kukazya njiisyo ziindene-indene zya Banakristo bakubeja ibakali kulyaamba kuti bajisi luzyibo lulibedelede. Gnosticism ndibbala lijisi bupanduluzi bubikkilizya tubunga tunji, kabunga kamwi akamwi kakapandulula “kasimpe” ka Bunakristo kweelana ambokayeeya. Banakristo bakubeja aaba ibakali kwiitwa kuti Gnostics bakasumpula bupanduluzi bwakayeeme azyintu nzyobakali kulemba bwalo bwakaduma kapati mumwaanda wamyaka wabili C.E.
Malembe aali boobu akali kwaamba kuti baapostolo ba Jesu ibakajisi mpuwo kapati tiibakaumvwisya mulumbe wa Jesu alimwi akuti kwakali njiisyo yamaseseke njaakaamba Jesu pele ibakaimvwisya mbaabo buyo basyoonto bakasalidwe. * Bamwi akati ka Banakristo bakubeja aaba, bakali kusyoma kuti nyika yakali ntolongo. Aboobo, “leza mulengi” wamu Magwalo aa Chihebrayo wakali leza muniini wakali kwiindana aba leza baindene-indene bapati mbobakali kusyoma. Muntu iwakajisi “luzyibo” lwini-lwini wakali kukonzya kwaamvwisya “maseseke” aaya alimwi akuyanda kwaangununwa kuzwa kumubili wanyama.
Malembe aa “Gospel of Judas” ayeeme anjiisyo eeyi. Alatalika amajwi aakuti: “Aaya maseseke Jesu ngaakaambila Judasi Iskariote mumazuba aali lusele kakusyeede buyo mazuba otatwe kuti asekelele Pobwe Lyakwiindilila.”
Sena bbuku lya codex eeli lyakali ngamalembe ngaonya ngaakalemba Irenaeus, aakali kuyeeyelwa kuti akalisweekede kwamyaanda yamyaka? Ba Marvin Meyer, ibakali mukakamu kakusaanguna ikakalanga-langa akusandulula bbuku eeli lya codex, bakaamba kuti “bupanduluzi bufwaafwi bwa Irenaeus bweelela malembe aamumwaambo waci Coptic aaitwa kuti Gospel of Judas.”
BASYAAZIBWENE BALADOONEKA MBOBAMUPANDULULA JUDASI MUMALEMBE AA “GOSPEL OF JUDAS”
Mumalembe aa “Gospel of Judas,”Jesu wakaseka cakubafwubaazya ciindi basikwiiya bakwe nobakatondezya kuti kunyina ncobakazyi. Pele Judasi ngonguwe alikke akati kabaapostolo bali 12 wakatondezya kuti wakalimuzyi kabotu Jesu. Aboobo, Jesu wakaambaula anguwe “maseseke aabwami.”
Kakamu kakusaanguna kabasyaazibwene ibakabambulula malembe bakayungwa abupanduluzi bwa Irenaeus bwamalembe aayo. Mubusanduluzi bwabo, Judasi wakali kuyandwa a Jesu akaambo kakuti ngosikwiiya wakali kukonzya kwaamvwisya maseseke alimwi “akunjila” “mubwami.” Nokuba kuti baapostolo bakali kuyoosala iwakali kuyoonjila mubusena bwa Judasi, Judasi wakali kuyoojana cilongezyo cibotu kwiinda basikwiiya bamwi nkaambo wakagwasya Jesu kuzwa mumubili wakwe wanyama.
Balembi bamabbuku aasambalwa kapati ba Bart Ehrman alimwi aba Elaine Pagels, basyaazibwene ibakali aampuwo kapati mumakani aa Bunakristo bwakusaanguna alimwi akabunga ka Gnosticism, cakufwambaana bakalemba mizeezo yabo kujatikizya malembe aa “Gospel of Judas” aakalembwa munzila iikozyenye abusanduluzi bwakacitwa akabunga kakusaanguna. Nokuba boobo, nokwakainda buyo ciindi cisyoonto, basyaazibwene bambi, mbuli ba April DeConick alimwi aba Birger Pearson, bakalibilika. Bakaamba kuti akaambo kakuti bakali kuyanda kulipangila zyina, iba National Geographic Society bakabinda kwaasimba malembe aakaindi aaya. Alimwi bakalimvwa kuti nzila yeelede yakwiinduluka malembe tiiyakatobelwa pe.
Kababeleka aumwi alikke, ba DeConick alimwi aba Pearson boonse bobilo bakaamba kuti zibeela zimwi zipati-pati zyamubbuku lya codex tiizyakasandululwa kabotu abasyaazibwene bamusyule. Kweelana ambobakaabambulula malembe ba DeConick, Jesu wakaamba Judasi kuti lyakali “Daimona lyanamba 13,” kutali “muuya wanamba 13.” * Alimwi Jesu wakaambila Judasi cakusinizya kuti takanjili “mubwami.” Muciindi ‘cakubainda’ basikwiiya bambi, Jesu wakaambila Judasi kuti: “Uyoocita zyintu zibi kwiinda basikwiiya boonse. Nkaambo muntu uundisamika uyoomwaaba.” Kweelana ambobayeeya ba DeConick, balembi bamalembe aa “Gospel of Judas” bakali kufwubaazya baapostolo boonse. Aboobo ba DeConick aba Pearson bakamanizya akwaamba kuti mumalembe aaya aa “Gospel of Judas,” Judasi tali sicamba pe.
NCINZI NCOTUKONZYA KWIIYA MUMALEMBE AA “GOSPEL OF JUDAS”?
Kufwumbwa naa Judasi iwaambwa mumalembe aaya bamubona kuti ngusicamba naa ndidaimona, taakwe naba omwe akati kabasyaazibwene bakalanga-langa malembe aaya iwakaamba kuti makani aakaindi aaya ngamasimpe. Ba Bart Ehrman bakaamba kuti: “Taali malembe aakalembwa a Judasi, alimwi taatondezyi kuti nguwakaalemba. . . . Taali malembe aakalembwa muciindi Judasi naakali kupona alimwi taakalembwa amuntu iwakamuzyi kabotu . . . Aboobo, talili bbuku likonzya kutupa twaambo tuyungizyidwe tujatikizya zini zyakacitika ciindi Jesu naakacili kupona anyika.”
Malembe aa “Gospel of Judas” akalembwa akabunga ka Banakristo bakubeja kuzwa mumwaanda wamyaka wabili C.E., alimwi akasaanguna kulembwa mu Chigiliki. Basyaazibwene tabanasinizya naa malembe aaya aakajanika ino-ino aa “Gospel of Judas” alikozyenye amalembe ngaakaamba Irenaeus. Pele malembe aa “Gospel of Judas” alatondezya cakusinizya kuti kwakali ciindi Banakristo bakubeja nibakatalisya njiisyo zyabo izyakapa kuti baandaane mutukamu twiindene-indene. Muciindi cakupa bumboni bwakuti Bbaibbele taliluzi, malembe aa “Gospel of Judas” asinizya kucenjezya kwabaapostolo mbuli nkwaakaamba Paulo kulembedwe mulugwalo lwa Milimo 20:29, 30 kwakuti: “Ndilizyi kuti ndaakuunka . . . akati kanu nobeni kuyoobuka baalumi ibayooyiisya zyintu zipilingene kutegwa balikwelele basikwiiya.”
[Bupanduluzi buyungizidwe]
^ munc. 11 Malembe aaya kanji-kanji alaitwa amazyina aabaabo bayeeyelwa kuti mbebakali kumvwisya kabotu njiisyo zya Jesu, mbubwenya mbocibede kujatikizya “Gospel of Thomas” alimwi a “Gospel of Mary Magdalene.” Oonse antoomwe, malembe aakaindi aali boobu aasika ku 30 akajanika.
^ munc. 18 Basyaazibwene ibakatalika kuyeeya kuti Judasi ndidaimona mumalembe aaya—muntu iwakali kumvwisya mbwabede Jesu kwiinda basikwiiya boonse—bakabona kukozyanya kuliko kweelana amadaimona mbwaakamupandulula Jesu munzila iiluzi muzibalo zya Makani Mabotu aamu Bbaibbele.—Maako 3:11; 5:7.
[Cifwanikiso icili apeeji 13]
Cifwanikiso citondezya Judasi kaaba Jesu, icakazekaulwa aba Gustave Doré ibakapona mumwaanda wamyaka wa 19
[Kulumba]
Engravings by Doré
[Majwi aakwelelezya sikubala aali apeeji 14]
“Taali malembe aakalembwa muciindi Judasi naakali kupona alimwi taakalembwa amuntu iwakamuzyi kabotu”
[Kulumba]
Kenneth Garrett/National Geographic Stock
[Majwi aakwelelezya sikubala aali apeeji 15]
Taakwe naba omwe akati kabasyaazibwene bakalanga-langa malembe aaya iwakaamba kuti makani aakaindi aaya ngamasimpe
