Wanem Taim Jerusalem Bilong Bipo i Bin Bagarap?​—Hap Tu

Ol Tok i Stap Long Ol Plet Ston

Dispela em namba 2 hap bilong tupela atikol long Wastaua i stori long ol askim em ol saveman i gat long yia em bagarap i bin painim Jerusalem bilong bipo. Long dispela 2-pela atikol, ol i bin skelim gut ol buk samting na ol tok bilong Baibel bilong kamapim ol bekim bilong ol askim em ol man i tingting planti long en.

Hap Wan i Kamapim Ol Dispela Tok:

▪ Ol saveman i tok Jerusalem i bin bagarap long yia 587 B.C.E. a

▪ Ol yia em Baibel i stori long ol samting i bin kamap i soim olsem Jerusalem i bin bagarap long yia 607 B.C.E.

▪ Ol saveman i kisim tok bilong ol long ol rait bilong sampela saveman na long lista bilong Tolemi.

▪ Sampela rait bilong ol saveman i gat ol bikpela popaia long en na sampela tok bilong en i no stret wantaim ol rait i stap long ol plet ston. b

BAIBEL i tok olsem ol Juda bai i stap kalabus long Babilon “inap 70 yia stret, bilong inapim dispela tok Bikpela i bin autim long maus bilong profet Jeremaia.” Orait wanem taim stret ol Juda i lusim kalabus? Long “namba wan yia bilong Sairus i stap king bilong kantri Persia.” (2 Stori 36:​21, 22) Baibel na sampela buk bilong ol saveman i wanbel olsem ol Juda i lusim kalabus long Babilon bihain long Sairus i daunim Babilon, na ol Juda i go bek long Jerusalem long 537 B.C.E. Baibel i tokaut stret olsem ol Juda i kalabus inap 70 yia, olsem na dispela i makim olsem Babilon i bin kalabusim ol kirap long 607 B.C.E.

Tasol planti saveman i tok Jerusalem i bin bagarap long 587 B.C.E. Dispela bai makim olsem ol Juda i stap kalabus inap 50 yia tasol. Bilong wanem ol saveman i tok olsem? Ol i kisim ol tok bilong ol long ol rait long plet ston bilong bipo we i stori long wok king bilong Nebukatnesar Namba 2 na ol man i kamap king bihain long em.¹ Planti bilong ol dispela rait i bilong ol man i bin stap long taim Jerusalem i bin bagarap o klostu long dispela taim. Tasol yu ting yumi ken bilip tru olsem 587 B.C.E. em yia Jerusalem i bin bagarap? Ol tok i stap long ol dispela plet ston i kamapim klia wanem samting tru?

Bilong bekim ol dispela askim, yumi ken skelim 3-pela samting em ol saveman i save kisim tok long en: (1) Babilon kronikal, (2) ol plet ston i stori long wok bisnis, na (3) ol plet ston i stori long raun bilong ol sta samting.

 ● Babilon kronikal.

Em wanem samting? Babilon kronikal em ol plet ston i gat stori bilong ol bikpela samting i bin kamap long Babilon long bipo.²

Ol saveman i tok wanem? Saveman R. H. Sack, em man i go pas long skelim ol rait bilong ol plet ston, em i tok olsem dispela kronikal i no kolim stret olgeta bikpela samting i bin kamap bipo. c Em i tok ol saveman i mas skelim gut “tok bilong ol narapela buk samting . . . bilong save long ol samting tru i bin kamap.”

Ol rait i tok wanem? Long Babilon kronikal, i gat sampela yia em ol i no bin raitim stori bilong ol samting i bin kamap.³ (Lukim blok i stap daunbilo.) Olsem na yumi laik save: I stret yumi ken bilip long ol tok we i no kamapim gut stori bilong olgeta samting i bin kamap?

● Ol plet ston i stori long wok bisnis.

Em wanem samting? Planti bilong ol dispela plet ston bilong Babilon bilong bipo i gat ol rait i makim de, mun, na yia bilong man i mekim wok king. Olsem, wanpela plet ston i stori olsem wanpela wok bisnis i bin kamap long “mun Nisan, namba 27 de, long namba 11 yia bilong Nebukatresar [narapela nem bilong em Nebukatnesar Namba 2], king bilong Babilon.”⁴

Taim king i dai o ol i rausim em long wok king na narapela man i kisim ples bilong em, na sampela mun i stap yet long laspela yia bilong olpela king, orait ol dispela mun i olsem haptaim bilong nupela man long kamap king. d⁵ Long kalenda bilong Babilon, i olsem nupela man i kisim ples bilong olpela king long wankain yia em dispela olpela king i lusim wok bilong em. Olsem na taim olpela king i lusim wok bilong em, sampela mun bai lus paslain long ol i kirap raitim stori bilong nupela king.

Ol saveman i tok wanem? Wanpela saveman, em R. H. Sack, em i bin skelim planti plet ston i stori long wok bisnis long taim bilong Babilon. Long 1972, Sack i tok olsem em i bin skelim sampela rait bilong Haus Tumbuna bilong Inglan,  em ol rait we ol i no bin kamapim long ol narapela buk, na em i tok ol dispela rait “i no stret liklik” wantaim tok em ol saveman i bin raitim bilong stori long Amel Marduk (narapela nem bilong em Evil Merodak) taim em i senisim papa bilong em Nebukatnesar Namba 2.⁶ Bilong wanem Sack i tok olsem? Em i save olsem ol plet ston i soim olsem Nebukatnesar Namba 2 i mekim wok yet olsem king long namba 6 mun bilong laspela (em 43) yia bilong em long mekim wok king. Tasol ol dispela plet ston we i stori long taim nupela king, Amel Marduk, i kirap mekim wok, i gat det olsem namba 4 na namba 5 mun bilong dispela wankain yia we laspela king i pinis long mekim wok king.⁷ I klia tru olsem ol dispela tok i no stret liklik.

Ol rait i tok wanem? I gat sampela popaia moa long stori bilong ol taim we nupela king i senisim olpela king. Olsem, wanpela rait i soim olsem Nebukatnesar Namba 2 i bin mekim wok king yet long namba 10 mun​—⁠6-pela mun bihain long nupela king i kisim ples bilong em.⁸ Wankain popaia i stap long ol rait i stori long taim we Neriglisar i kisim ples bilong Amel Marduk olsem king.⁹

Bilong wanem ol dispela popaia i bikpela samting? Olsem yumi stori pinis, Babilon kronikal i no bin kamapim stori bilong ol samting i bin kamap long sampela yia, na dispela i soim olsem ating yumi bai i no inap save long olgeta samting i bin kamap bipo.¹⁰ Olsem wanem? I gat sampela man i bin mekim wok king long ol dispela yia em buk i no kamapim stori bilong en? Sapos olsem, orait dispela bai surikim sampela yia moa i go long haptaim we Babilon i mekim wok bos. Olsem na Babilon kronikal na ol plet ston i stori long wok bisnis i sot long ol tok bilong strongim olsem Jerusalem i bin bagarap long 587 B.C.E. e

● Ol plet ston i stori long raun bilong ol sta samting.

Em wanem samting? Ol plet ston i stori long raun bilong san, mun, ol planet, na ol sta, i wankain olsem ol stori bilong bipo long yia wanpela king i mekim wok. Olsem, stori bilong ol mun na sta i stap long blok daunbilo i stori long wanpela iklips i kamap long namba wan mun bilong namba wan yia bilong King Mukin-seri.¹¹

Ol saveman i tok wanem? Ol saveman i tok ol Babilon i bin kamapim ol traipela sat na ol rait bilong helpim ol long painimaut wanem taim ol iklips bai kamap.¹²

Tasol yu ting ol Babilon inap kaunim ol yia i go bek bilong painimaut iklips i bin kamap long wanem yia long bipo? Profesa John Steele i tok: “Ating ol i bin mekim sampela wok painimaut long rot bilong kaunim ol yia i go bek taim ol i wok long raitim ol tok.”¹³ Profesa David Brown  husat i bin ting olsem ol dispela sat i gat tok long ol samting bai kamap em ol i bin raitim paslain liklik long ol samting tru tru i bin kamap, em i tok tu olsem “ol saveman bilong yia 400 BC na bihain long en ol i bin kaunim ol yia i go bek,” na tok bilong ol i stret.¹⁴ Sapos ol i bin kamapim ol dispela tok long rot bilong kaunim ol yia i go bek na i no gat narapela rait i sapotim tok bilong en, orait yu ting yumi mas bilip long olgeta tok bilong en?

Maski sapos wanpela iklips i bin kamap long wanpela det stret, yu ting dispela i makim olsem yumi ken bilip long tok ol i bin raitim bipo long ol plet ston na i makim dispela det? Nogat. Saveman R. J. van der Spek i tok: “Ol man i bin raitim dispela tok ol i man bilong glasim ol sta na ol i no ol saveman bilong skelim ol samting i kamap bipo.” Em i tok ol hap bilong dispela plet ston i gat stori bilong ol samting i kamap bipo, “i olsem ol i stori nating tasol,” na em i tok lukaut olsem ol man i mas “was gut taim ol i yusim” dispela rait.¹⁵

Ol rait i tok wanem? Tingim tok i stap long VAT 4956. Namba wan lain long dispela plet ston i tok: “Yia namba 37 bilong Nebukatnesar, king bilong Babilon.”¹⁶ Bihain long dispela tok i gat ol tok i stori gut long mun na ol planet na ol sta i stap long wanem hap stret long dispela taim. Na tu, i gat stori bilong wanpela iklips. Ol saveman i tok dispela samting i bin kamap namel long 568 B.C.E. na 567 B.C.E., long namba 18 yia bilong Nebukatnesar Namba 2 taim em i bagarapim Jerusalem long 587 B.C.E. Yu ting ol dispela tok i makim tasol yia 568 B.C.E. na 567 B.C.E.?

Plet ston i tok wanpela iklips i kamap long de namba 15 bilong namba 3 mun, em mun Simanu, long kalenda bilong Babilon. Na tru tru wanpela iklips i bin kamap long dispela mun, em long Julai 4 (kalenda bilong Julius) long 568 B.C.E. Tasol i gat wanpela iklips tu i bin kamap 20 yia paslain, long Julai 15, 588 B.C.E.¹⁷

Sapos 588 B.C.E. em namba 37 yia bilong Nebukatnesar Namba 2 i stap king, orait namba 18 yia bilong em long wok king em 607 B.C.E.​—⁠em yia Baibel i bin stori long en olsem Jerusalem i bin bagarap! (Lukim  taimlain i stap daunbilo.) Tasol yu ting VAT 4956 i kamapim sampela tok moa bilong strongim tok olsem Jerusalem i bin bagarap long 607 B.C.E.?

Dispela plet ston i stori tu long 13-pela taim ol i bin skelim wokabaut bilong mun na 15-pela taim ol i bin skelim raun bilong ol planet. Dispela stori i tok long mun na ol planet i stap longwe olsem wanem long ol sta.¹⁸ Na tu, i gat tok long 8-pela taim san na mun i kamap na i go daun.^18a

Raun bilong mun i no save paul nabaut, olsem na ol saveman i skelim gut dispela 13-pela taim ol i bin skelim wokabaut bilong mun long VAT 4956. Bilong skelim gut dispela tok, ol i yusim wanpela program bilong kompiuta we inap soim ol samting bilong ples antap i stap olsem wanem long bipo.¹⁹ Ol i kisim wanem save long dispela wok painimaut? Ol dispela raun bilong mun i no wankain long raun bilong mun long yia 568 na 567 B.C.E., raun bilong mun long dispela 13-pela taim olgeta em ol i bin skelim, em i wankain long  raun bilong mun long yia 588 na 587 B.C.E., em olsem 20 yia paslain long dispela.

Long plet ston i stap long ol dispela pes, yumi inap lukim wanpela hap we stori bilong raun bilong mun i stret moa wantaim raun bilong mun long 588 B.C.E. na i winim raun bilong mun long 568 B.C.E. Long lain 3 bilong dispela plet ston, yumi ritim tok olsem mun i stap long wanpela hap stret long “nait bilong de namba 9 [bilong mun Nisanu].” Tasol ol saveman em pastaim ol i tok dispela samting i kamap long 568 B.C.E. (raun bilong ol sta -567) ol i tok dispela samting i bin kamap long “de namba 8 bilong mun Nisanu na i no de namba 9.” Bilong strongim olsem dispela plet ston i bilong 568 B.C.E., ol i tok tasol olsem saveman bilong lo i popaia na raitim “namba 9” na i no “namba 8.”²⁰ Tasol wokabaut bilong mun em lain 3 i kolim i wankain stret long samting i bin kamap long Nisanu 9 bilong 588 B.C.E.²¹

I klia tru olsem planti tok i stap long VAT 4956 i stret wantaim ol samting i bin kamap long 588 B.C.E. olsem namba 37 yia bilong Nebukatnesar Namba 2. Olsem na dispela i strongim tok olsem Jerusalem i bin bagarap long 607 B.C.E.​—⁠wankain olsem Baibel i tok.

Bilong Wanem Yumi Mas Bilip Tru Long Baibel?

Long nau planti saveman i bilip olsem Jerusalem i bin bagarap long 587 B.C.E. Tasol ol man bilong raitim Baibel, olsem Jeremaia na Daniel, ol i bin tokaut stret olsem ol Juda i bin stap kalabus inap 70 yia, na i no 50 yia. (Jeremaia 25:​1, 2, 11; 29:10; Daniel 9:⁠2) Ol dispela tok i kamapim klia olsem Jerusalem i bin bagarap long 607 B.C.E. Olsem ol tok i stap antap i kamapim, i gat sampela rait bilong ol saveman i sapotim dispela tok bilong Baibel.

Planti taim ol saveman i sutim tok olsem ol tok bilong Baibel i no tru. Tasol taim ol i painim sampela moa rait bilong bipo, dispela i save strongim tru olsem ol tok bilong Baibel i tru olgeta. f Olsem na i gat as tru long ol man i ken bilip long ol tok bilong Baibel. Ol inap bilip tru, long wanem, stori bilong ol samting i bin kamap bipo, ol save bilong saiens, na ol tok profet i kamapim klia olsem ol tok bilong Baibel i tru olgeta. Dispela i kirapim ol long bilipim tok bilong Baibel olsem God yet i bin kirapim ol man long raitim Tok bilong em. (2 Timoti 3:16) I gutpela yu yet i skelim dispela samting. Ating yu tu bai bilip long ol tok bilong Baibel.

[Ol Futnot]

[Blok/Sat long pes 23]

(Bilong save ol dispela rait i stap we long pes, lukim buk o magasin)

BABILON KRONIKAL​—⁠NO GAT STORI BILONG OLGETA SAMTING

Babilon kronikal i stori tasol long 35 yia bilong wok bos bilong Babilon, maski ol man i bin tok olsem Babilon i bin mekim wok bos inap 88 yia.

◻YIA I NO GAT STORI

◼YIA I GAT STORI

BM 21901 BM 21946 BM 35382

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

HAPTAIM BILONG BABILON OL PERSIA

Nabopolasar Nebukatnesar II Amel Marduk Nabonaidas

Neriglisar Labasi Marduk

↑ ↑ ↑

BM 25127 BM 22047 BM 25124

[Ol Kredit Lain]

BM 21901 and BM 35382: Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum; BM 21946: Copyright British Museum; BM 22047, 25124, 25127: © The Trustees of the British Museum

[Blok/Piksa long pes 24]

BM 32238 BILONG MUN NA OL STA

Dispela plet ston i gat stori bilong ol iklips, tasol ol i no bin raitim bihain stret long namba wan iklips, nogat, ol i raitim 400 yia bihain taim laspela iklips i kamap. Saveman i no bin lukim ol dispela samting, olsem na ating em i bin yusim matematiks long painimaut wanem taim ol namba wan iklips i bin kamap long bipo. Tasol i no gat sampela narapela rait i sapotim ol tok bilong em, olsem na i no gat as long yumi ken bilip tru long ol tok bilong em long ol samting i kamap bipo.

[Kredit Lain]

© The Trustees of the British Museum

 [Blok/Ol Piksa long pes 26, 27]

VAT 4956 I TOK WANEM STRET?

Bilong wanem em i bikpela samting? Lain 3 bilong dispela plet ston i tok long “nait bilong de namba 9” long namba wan mun (Nisanu/Nisan), “mun i stap 1 kiubit longwe long sta ß Virginis.” Tasol long 1915, Neugebauer na Weidner i tok olsem long yia 568 B.C.E., (dispela bai makim olsem Jerusalem i bagarap long yia 587 B.C.E.) “mun i stap 1 kiubit longwe long dispela sta long Nisan 8 na i no long Nisan 9.” Tasol long Nisan 9 long yia 588 B.C.E, mun i stap 1 kiubit longwe long dispela sta na dispela i kamapim klia olsem Jerusalem i bin bagarap long yia 607 B.C.E.

Em de namba 9 o de namba 8?

(1) Piksa i stap long dispela pes i soim rait bilong lain Akkad i makim namba 9.

(2) Taim Neugebauer na Weidner i tanim dispela tok, ol i senisim “9” na raitim “8.”

(3) Futnot tasol i soim olsem namba “9” i bin stap long tok ol i raitim long namba wan taim.

(4) Taim ol i tanim tok i go long tok Jemani, ol i raitim “8.”

(5) Long 1988, Sachs na Hunger i prinim dispela tok olsem i bin stap long namba wan rait we i gat “9” long en.

(6) Tasol long taim ol i tanim tok long tok Inglis, ol i raitim “9” na ol i tok em “popaia bilong raitim: 8.”

[Kredit Lain]

bpk/Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB / Olaf M. Teßmer

 [Blok long pes 28]

Sampela Tok Moa Long “Wanem Taim Jerusalem Bilong Bipo i Bin Bagarap?​—⁠Hap Tu”

1. Rait long plet ston em wanpela kain rait we man i save yusim naip samting bilong katkatim ston na raitim ol tok long en.

2. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, by A. K. Grayson, published 1975, 2000 reprint, pes 8.

3. Kantri Babilon i kirap mekim wok bos long yia 700 B.C.E., taim ol king bilong Kaldia i bosim Babilon. Namba wan king em Nabopolasar, em papa bilong Nebukatnesar Namba 2. Wok bos bilong kantri Babilon i pinis taim King Sairus bilong Persia i daunim laspela king bilong Babilon, em King Nabonaidas long 539 B.C.E.

4. Neo-Babylonian Business and Administrative Documents, by Ellen Whitley Moore, published 1935, pes 33.

5. Archimedes, Volume 4, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, “Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers,” by John M. Steele, published 2000, pes 3.

6. Amel-Marduk 562-560 B.C.​—⁠A Study Based on Cuneiform, Old Testament, Greek, Latin and Rabbinical Sources. With Plates, by Ronald H. Sack, published 1972, pes 3.

7. Plet ston BM 80920 na BM 58872 i gat det bilong namba 4 na namba 5 mun taim Evil Merodak i kamap king. These were published by Sack in Amel-Marduk 562-560 B.C.​—⁠A Study Based on Cuneiform, Old Testament, Greek, Latin and Rabbinical Sources. With Plates, pes 3, 90, 106.

8. Plet ston i stap long Haus Tumbuna bilong Inglan (BM 55806) em i gat det bilong namba 10 mun bilong namba 43 yia.

9. Plet ston BM 75106 na BM 61325 i gat det bilong namba 7 na namba 10 mun, em ol man i ting em i laspela yia (namba 2 yia) bilong King Evil Merodak. Tasol plet ston BM 75489 i gat det bilong namba 2 mun long taim Neriglisar i senisim Evil Merodak na kamap king.​—⁠Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Volume VIII, (Tablets From Sippar 3) by Erle Leichty, J. J. Finkelstein, and C.B.F. Walker, published 1988, pes 25, 35.

Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Volume VII, (Tablets From Sippar 2) by Erle Leichty and A. K. Grayson, published 1987, pes 36.

Neriglissar​—⁠King of Babylon, by Ronald H. Sack, published 1994, pes 232. Nem bilong mun i stap long plet ston em Ajaru (namba 2 mun).

10. Tingim Neriglisar. Wanpela rait bilong ol king i tok em i “pikinini bilong Bel-sum-iskun,” em “king bilong Babilon.” Narapela rait tu i kolim Bel-sum-iskun olsem “prins i gat savetingting.” Dispela tok “prins” i kam long tok rubû, em wanpela biknem, mining bilong en “king.” Tasol i gat narapela narapela tok i kamap long wok king bilong Neriglisar na man i bin mekim wok king paslain long em, Amel Marduk. Olsem na ating dispela “king bilong Babilon,” Bel-sum-iskun, i bin mekim wok king namel long haptaim bilong dispela tupela king. Profesa R. P. Dougherty i tok “ol evidens i kamapim klia olsem Neriglisar i kamap insait long famili bilong lain king.”​—⁠Nabonidus and Belshazzar​—⁠A Study of the Closing Events of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, by Raymond P. Dougherty, published 1929, pes 61.

11. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Volume V, edited by Hermann Hunger, published 2001, pes 2-3.

12. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Volume 2, No. 4, 1948, “A Classification of the Babylonian Astronomical Tablets of the Seleucid Period,” by A. Sachs, pes 282-283.

13. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Volume V, pes 391.

14. Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology, by David Brown, published 2000, pes 164, 201-202.

15. Bibliotheca Orientalis, L N° 1/2, Januari-Maart, 1993, “The Astronomical Diaries as a Source for Achaemenid na Seleucid History,” by R. J. van der Spek, pes 94, 102.

16. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Volume I, by Abraham J. Sachs, completed and edited by Hermann Hunger, published 1988, pes 47.

17. Babylonian Eclipse Observations From 750 BC to 1 BC, by Peter J. Huber na Salvo De Meis, published 2004, pes 186. VAT 4956 i tok dispela iklips i bin kamap long namba 15 de bilong namba 3 mun long kalenda bilong Babilon, na dispela i makim olsem mun Simanu i kirap 15-pela de paslain. Sapos dispela iklips i bin kamap long Julai 15, long 588 B.C.E. long Julius kalenda, orait namba wan de bilong mun Simanu em long Jun 30/Julai 1, 588 B.C.E. Olsem na namba wan mun (Nisanu) bilong Babilon i kirap long nupela yia, olsem 2-pela mun paslain, long Me 2/3. Iklips i save kamap long Epril 3/4, na namba 6 lain bilong VAT 4956 i stori olsem i gat wanpela ekstra mun (intercalary) ol i save kaunim bihain long namba 12 (laspela) mun (Addaru) bilong yia i go pinis. (Plet ston i tok: “De namba 8 bilong mun XII₂.”) Olsem na dispela nupela yia i kirap long Me 2/3. Na dispela iklips i kamap long 588 B.C.E. na dispela i stret long rait i stap long plet ston.

18. According to Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig (Reports Regarding the Discussions of the Royal Saxonian Society of Sciences at Leipzig); Volume 67; Me 1, 1915; long atikol “Ein astronomischer Beobachtungstext aus dem 37. Jahre Nebukadnezars II” (An Astronomical Observer’s Text of the 37th Year Nebuchadnezzar II), by Paul V. Neugebauer and Ernst F. Weidner, pes 67-76, i tok 13-pela taim ol i bin skelim wokabaut bilong mun long em i stap longwe olsem wanem long ol sta. Em i stori tu long 15-pela taim ol i bin skelim raun bilong ol planet. (Pes 72-76) Rait bilong mun i klia tru long plet ston, tasol sampela rait bilong ol nem bilong planet na hap ol i stap long en i no klia tumas. (Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy​—⁠Astrology, by David Brown, published 2000, pes 53-57) Olsem na ol man inap kamapim kain kain tingting long raun bilong ol planet. I no hatwok long ol man i save long wokabaut bilong mun, olsem na ol inap tru long save long raun bilong ol narapela sta samting em VAT 4956 i stori long en.

18a. Ol dispela haptaim (“lunar threes”) i makim haptaim kirap long taim san i kamap na i go daun na mun i kamap na i go daun long namba 1 de bilong mun na long 2-pela narapela taim insait long mun. Ol saveman i skelim ol dispela haptaim na kolim ol det bilong kalenda. (“The Earliest Datable Observation of the Aurora Borealis,” by F. R. Stephenson and David M. Willis, in Under One Sky​—⁠Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East, edited by John M. Steele and Annette Imhausen, published 2002, pes 420-428) Ol saveman bilong bipo i bin yusim wanpela kain klok bilong mesarim dispela haptaim. Tasol ol mesamen bilong ol i no stret. (Archimedes, Volume 4, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, “Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers,” by John M. Steele, published 2000, pes 65-66) Tasol taim ol i skelim ples we mun i stap long en na em i stap longwe olsem wanem long ol narapela sta, ol inap save tru long mesamen bilong en.

19. Nem bilong dispela program em TheSky6™. Ol i mekim wok painimaut bilong ol i kamap gutpela moa taim ol i yusim narapela program, em Cartes du Ciel/Sky Charts (CDC) na wanpela masin em lain U.S. Naval Observatory i givim bilong skelim ol det. Ol man inap kamapim kain kain tingting long ol rait bilong plet ston i stori long ol hap em ol planet i stap long en, olsem na ol saveman i no yusim ol dispela rait bilong painimaut wanem yia stret dispela stori i makim.

20. Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig (Reports Regarding the Discussions of the Royal Saxonian Society of Sciences at Leipzig); Volume 67; Me 1, 1915; “Ein astronomischer Beobachtungstext aus dem 37. Jahre Nebukadnezars II, (-567/66)” (An Astronomical Observer’s Text of the 37th Year Nebuchadnezzar II), by Paul V. Neugebauer and Ernst F. Weidner, pes 41.

21. Lain 3 bilong VAT 4956 i tok: “Mun i stap 1 kiubit [o 2 digri] longwe long sta ß Virginis.” Wok painimaut bilong pastaim i kamapim olsem long Nisanu 9, mun i stap 2 digri 04’ longwe long fran bilong sta ß Virginis na siro digri aninit long en. Dispela i wankain stret long tok i stap long namba 3 lain bilong VAT 4956.

[Sat long pes 25]

 (Bilong save ol dispela rait i stap we long pes, lukim buk o magasin)

VAT 4956 I MAKIM WANEM YIA JERUSALEM I BIN BAGARAP

​—⁠587 B.C.E. O 607 B.C.E.?

◼ Dispela plet ston i stori long raun bilong san, mun, na ol sta long namba 37 yia bilong King Nebukatnesar Namba 2.

◼ Nebukatnesar Namba 2 i bin bagarapim Jerusalem long namba 18 yia bilong wok king bilong em.​—⁠Jeremaia 32:⁠1.

Sapos i tru yia 568 B.C.E.

em namba 37 yia

long wok king bilong

Nebukatnesar Namba 2,

orait Jerusalem i bin

587 ← ← bagarap long 587 B.C.E.

610 B.C.E. 600 590 580 570 560

607 ← ← Sapos i tru yia 588 B.C.E. em namba 37 yia

long wok king bilong em, orait Jerusalem i bin

bagarap long 607 B.C.E. olsem Baibel i tok.

◼ VAT 4956 i makim yia 607 B.C.E.

[Piksa Kredit Lain long pes 22]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum