Kasi Baibolo Likalembeka Pawuli?

Baibolo ni buku lapadera comene. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 3 biliyoni ŵakuliwona kuti ni buku lakupatulika. Ni buku ilo ŵanthu ŵakugura comene kuluska mabuku ghose agho ghali kuŵako, ndipo Mabaibolo pafupifupi 6,000,000,000 (lanthunthu panji cigaŵa waka) ghasindikizgika mu viyowoyero vyakujumpha 2,400.

NANGAULI Baibolo ni buku ilo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuliŵazga, kweni ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya vinthu vyakupambanapambana vyakukhwaskana na nyengo iyo likalembekera, comenecomene Malemba Ghacihebere, agho ghakucemekaso Tesitamenti la Kale. Panji muli kuŵazgapo ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya mu magazini na mabuku, panji muli kuwonapo ŵanthu ŵakusanda Baibolo ŵakulongosora pa TV. Wonani mazgu ghanyake agho ŵanji ŵayowoya.

▪ “Mabuku gha mu Baibolo ghakalembeka comene kwambira mu vilimika vya m’ma 700 B.C.E. mpaka m’ma 500 B.C.E., panji mu mazuŵa gha nchimi Yesaya panji Yeremiya.”

▪ “Mu vilimika 200 ivyo vyajumpha, awo ŵakusanda Baibolo ŵasacizga kuti Tesitamenti la Kale likalembeka na kunozgeka mu nyengo ya Ŵaperesiya na Ŵagiriki (mu vilimika vya m’ma 400 B.C.E., mpaka m’ma 100 B.C.E.)”

▪ “Malemba ghose gha Tesitamenti la Kale agho ghaliko sono ghakalembeka mu nyengo ya Ŵagiriki (200-100 [B.C.E.]).”

Kasi Mkhristu uyo wakugomezga kuti “Malemba ghose ngakupelekeka na Ciuta mwa mzimu” wakwenera kughawona wuli maghanoghano ghakususkana agha? (2 Timote 3:16) Kuti tisange zgoro, tiyeni tiwone vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vya nkhani iyi.

Nyengo Iyo Baibolo Likuyowoya

Tesitamenti la Kale likuyowoya mdauko wa vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikacitikanga kale. Mdauko uwu ukulongora kuti mabuku ghakwambilira ghakalembeka mu nyengo ya Mozesi na Joshua, pafupifupi vilimika 3,500 ivyo vyajumpha. a Samuyeli, Davide, Solomoni, na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakalemba mabuku ghawo mu vilimika vya m’ma 1000 B.C.E. Pamanyuma, mabuku ghakulongosora  mdauko, mabuku agho ghakalembeka nga ni sumu, ndiposo mabuku ghaucimi, ghakalembeka mu vilimika vya m’ma 800 B.C.E. mpaka m’ma 400 B.C.E.

Mabuku gha mu Baibolo agha panji vigaŵa waka, kuwuskako buku la Esther pera, ngamoza mwa mipukutu yakale iyo yili kusangika kufupi na Nyanja ya Mcere. Ŵasayansi awo ŵakusanda vinthu vyakale, ŵakukhozgera kuti mipukutu yakale comene pa mipukutu iyi yikalembeka ca m’ma 200 B.C.E. na 100 B.C.E.

Ivyo Ŵakusanda Ŵakuyowoya

Cifukwa cikuru ico ŵanji ŵakukayikilira vilimika vya mu Baibolo nchakuti likuti ndakufuma kwa Ciuta. Pakuyowoya za nkhani iyi, mu buku lake lakuti The Old Testament Documents, Purofesa Walter C. Kaiser, Jr., wakuti: “Ico Baibolo lili kunanga nchakuti likuti ndakufuma kwa Ciuta, likuyowoya za minthondwe, kweniso likuyowoya za Ciuta.” Ŵakusanda awo ŵakugomezga yayi kuti Baibolo ndakufuma kwa Ciuta ŵakuti Baibolo likwenera kusandika comene nga ni mabuku ghose.

Kwa kanyengo, cisambizgo ca Darwin cakuti vilengiwa vikacita kusintha kufuma ku vinyake cikapangiska ŵanthu kuti ŵambe kuyowoya kuti kusopa nako kukacita kusintha. Ŵakuti pakwamba ŵanthu ŵakasopanga vilengiwa, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakamba kusopa ŵaciuta ŵakupambanapambana, ndipo nyengo yikati yajumphapo ŵakamba kusopa ciuta yumoza. Pakuti mabuku ghakwambilira gha mu Baibolo ghakuyowoya za kusopa Ciuta yumoza pera, ŵanji ŵakuyowoya kuti ghakwenera kuti ghakalembeka mwasonosono.

Baibolo lasandika mu nthowa zakupambanapambana. Mwaciyelezgero, mu dikishonare yasonosono yakulongosora mazgu gha mu Tesitamenti la Kale muli nkhani yakulongosora umo Baibolo lili kulembekera, mdauko uwo ulimo, awo ŵakalemba, ndiposo kukolerana uko kulipo pakati pa mdauko na mutheto wa ŵanthu.

Nangauli awo ŵakusanda Baibolo ŵakupambana maghanoghano pa vilimika ivyo mabuku gha mu Baibolo ghakalembekera, kweni ŵanandi ŵakukolerana na fundo ya Purofesa Richard E. Friedman. Iyo wali kulemba kuti: “Kwa vilimika vinandi, ŵalembi ŵa mu nyengo yakale ŵakalembanga sumu, nkhani, ndiposo malango. Ndipo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kutora vinthu ivi na kuvinozga. Pamanyuma, ivyo ŵakavinozga ndivyo ni Baibolo.”

Buku lakuti Faith, Tradition, and History likuyowoya fundo nga ni izo zayowoyeka pacanya ndiposo zinyake izo ŵayowoya awo ŵakusanda Baibolo. Kweni buku ili likuyowoyaso mwakudumura kuti: “Nangauli awo ŵakusanda Baibolo ŵakugomezga yayi ivyo vili mu Baibolo ndipo ŵakugomezga comene ivyo ŵasanda, kweni ŵakususkanaso ŵekhaŵekha.”

Kukhozgera Nyengo Iyo Yikuzunulika mu Baibolo

Mabuku ghakwambilira gha mu Baibolo ghakalembeka pa vinthu vyakunangika luŵiro. Ntheura  cingaŵa cambura mahara kulindizga kuti mabuku gheneco agho ghakalembeka na Mozesi, Joshua, Samuyeli, panji Davide ghangazakasangika. Kweni nchamacitiko kusanda maukaboni ghanyake ghakale, agho ghakulongora kuti nchamahara kuzomerezga madeti agho Baibolo likuyowoya. Ndipo ivi ndivyo zikucita nkhwantha zinandi zakucindikika izo zikusanda Baibolo ndiposo izo zikufukura vinthu vyakale. Kasi maukaboni agha ghakutiphaliraci? Wonani viyelezgero vicoko waka ivi.

▪ Kasi ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga kulemba ku Middle East mu nyengo ya Mozesi na Joshua, vilimika 3,500 ivyo vyajumpha nga umo Baibolo likuyowoyera? Nkhani zakuyowoya za mdauko, cisopa, malango, na zinyake zikamba kulembeka ku Mesopotamia na Egypt. Wuli pakuyowoya za Mozesi na Ŵaisrayeli? Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch yikuzgora kuti: “Palije cifukwa ca kukayikilira kuti ŵanthu ku Kenani ŵakamanyanga kulemba mu nyengo yakale [mu vilimika vya mu 1550-1200 B.C.E.]” Dikishonare iyi yikutiso: “Pakuwona umo ŵanthu kale ŵakalemberanga, palije cifukwa ca kukayikilira kuti Mozesi wakalemba nadi mabuku agho ghakuyowoyeka kuti ghakalembeka na iyo. Palijeso cifukwa ca kukayikilira mabuku agho ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakalemba.”—Exodus 17:14; 24:4; 34:27, 28; Maŵazgo 33:2; Duteronome 31:24.

▪ Kasi ŵalembi ŵa Baibolo ŵakawonanga mu mabuku ghanyake ghakale pakulemba? Enya. Ŵanyake ŵakayowoyanga za ‘mabuku,’ agho panji ghakaŵa gha boma, gha mdauko wa ŵanthu, ghakulongosora vinthu vyakale, ndiposo ghakulongosora mafuko panji mbumba.—Maŵazgo 21:14; Joshua 10:13; 2 Samuel 1:18; 1 Mathemba 11:41; 2 Midauko 32:32.

▪ Cifukwa wuli mipukutu yakale comene ya Baibolo kuluska iyo yikasangika kufupi na Nyanja ya Mcere yindasangike? Magazini ya Biblical Archaeology Review yikulongosora kuti: “Malukwa na vikumba ivyo ŵakalembangapo ku Palestina vikakhora yayi. Mipukutu yekha iyo yikakhorako nja ku vigaŵa vyacipalamba ivyo vili kufupi na Nyanja ya Mcere. Mu vigaŵa ivyo dongo likuŵa lakunyewa comene, vinthu ivi vili kuvunda. Nangauli vinthu ivi vindasangike mu vigaŵa ivi, kweni cikung’anamura kuti kukaŵavya yayi.” Nakuti vidindo vinandi vya dongo ivyo ŵakadindanga pa vikalata vili kusangika ku malo agha. Malukwa na vikumba ivyo ŵakalembangapo vikanangika na moto panji kuvunda, kweni vidindo vya dongo vicalipo. Vidindo ivi ni vya mu vilimika vya pakati pa 800 B.C.E. mpaka 400 B.C.E.

▪ Kasi mipukutu ya Baibolo yikasungika wuli? Buku lakuti Bible as It Was likuti: “Nkhani, masalmo, malango, na maucimi ivyo tili navyo sono mu Baibolo vikwenera kuti vikakopeleka kanandi waka nanga ni mu nyengo yakale. . . . Para vinthu ivi ŵakavikoperanga kanandi waka mu nyengo ya kale, ndikuti ŵakavigwiliskiranga nchito, vikaŵa na nchito mu umoyo wawo. . . . Palije munthu uyo wangajisuzga kukopera vinthu vyambura nchito.”—Duteronome 17:18; Zintharika 25:1.

 Cikung’anamura kuti mabuku ghakwambilira ŵakaghakoperanga mwakuwerezgawerezga kwa vilimika pafupifupi 1,500 mpaka mu nyengo ya ŵapositole. Buku la Reliability of the Old Testament, b likuti pakukopera ŵakwenera kuti “ŵakanozganga ciyowoyero cakale na kulemba ico muwiro uwo ulipo ungapulika, ndiposo ŵakasinthanga masipeling’i ghakale na kulemba ghasono, ndipo kucita nthena kukaŵa kwacilendo yayi ku vigaŵa ivyo Baibolo likalembekera.” Ntheura ivyo ŵakuyowoya awo ŵakukayikira Baibolo pa nkhani ya umo lili kulembekera ni vyambura kupulikikwa.

Kasi Baibolo Likalembeka Pawuli?

Pakuti mipukutu ya mu nyengo ya Mozesi, Joshua, Samuyeli, na ŵanyake yindasangike, kasi nchakupulikikwa kukosera kuti mbutesi kuti Baibolo likalembeka kale comene nga umo likuyowoyera? Nkhwantha zinandi zikuyowoya kuti nangauli mipukutu ya mu nyengo ya ŵina Mozesi yindasangike kuti cikung’anamura kuti kukaŵavya yayi. Kuyowoya unenesko, malukwa na vikumba ivyo ŵakalembangapo vikaŵa vyakuti vingafika mpaka sono yayi. Mwaciyelezgero, nkhwantha yakusanda vinthu vya ku Egypt, Kenneth A. Kitchen, yikati pafupifupi malukwa ghose ya ku Egypt agho ŵakalembangapo pambere Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma ŵandambe kuwusa, ghali kuvunda.

Awo ŵakucindika Baibolo ŵangajifumbaso kuti, ‘Kasi Yesu wakaliwonanga wuli Tesitamenti la Kale?’ Yesu wakakayikiranga yayi vilimika vya mu Baibolo. Mwakuyana na Ŵayuda wose ŵa mu nyengo yira, Yesu wakakolerananga na mdauko uwo ukulongosoreka mu Malemba. Kasi wakakolerana nayo fundo yakuti awo ŵakalemba mabuku ghakwambilira gha mu Baibolo ndiwo nadi ŵakalemba?

Yesu wakayowoyapo za ivyo Mozesi wakalemba. Mwaciyelezgero, wakazunurapo za “buku la Mozesi.” (Mariko 12:26; Yohane 5:46) Wakayowoyapo ivyo vili mu buku la Genesis (Mateyu 19:4, 5; 24:37-39); Exodus (Luka 20:37); Leviticus (Mateyu 8:4); Maŵazgo (Mateyu 12:5); na Duteronome (Mateyu 18:16). Iyo wakati: “Vinthu vyose ivyo vili kulembeka mu dango la Mozesi na mu Zinchimi na Masalimo kuyowoya vya ine, vikwenera kufiskika.” (Luka 24:44) Usange wakakolerananga nayo fundo yakuti Mozesi na ŵanji ŵakalemba Baibolo, nchakuwonekerathu kuti wakawugomezganga mdauko uwo uli mu Malemba Ghacihebere.

Ipo kasi Baibolo likalembeka pawuli? Kasi vilimika ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu Baibolo ni vyaunenesko? Tawona ivyo ŵanandi awo ŵakusanda Baibolo ŵakuyowoya, ivyo Baibolo ilolene likuyowoya, ivyo mdauko ukulongora, ndiposo umo Yesu wakawoneranga Tesitamenti la Kale. Mwakuyana na fundo izi, kasi zgoro linu lilongorenge kuti mukukolerana na mazgu agho Yesu wakayowoya apo wakalombanga kwa Yehova Ciuta kuti: “Mazgu ghithu mbunenesko”?—Yohane 17:17.

[Mazgu ghamusi]

[Chart/​Pictures on pages 20-23]

(Mu magazini yakusindikizga ndimo vikuwoneka makora)

(Nyengo iyi yikulongora vilimika ivyo mabuku gha mu Baibolo ghakwenera kuti ghakamara kulembeka)

2000 B.C.E.

1800

[Cithuzithuzi]

Ŵalembi ŵa ku Egypt ŵakalembanga vinthu pambere Mozesi wandaŵeko

[Kulongosora Cithuzithuzi]

© DeA Picture Library/​Art Resource, NY

1600

[Cithuzithuzi]

Mozesi wakamalizga kulemba buku la Genesis mu 1513 B.C.E., ndipo wakalemba pa vinthu vyakuti vingavunda panji kunangika

Genesis 1513 B.C.E.

Joshua

1400

1200

Samuel

1000 B.C.E.

[Cithuzithuzi]

Vidindo vinandi vya dongo vicalipo

Vya m’ma 900 B.C.E. mpaka m’ma 500 B.C.E.

Yona

800

Yesaya

600

Yeremiya

Daniel

[Cithuzithuzi]

Malukwa ghakuzinga, ghakukakika na kacingwe na kudindapo cidindo ca dongo

Gha m’ma 449 B.C.E.

[Kulongosora Cithuzithuzi]

Brooklyn Museum, Bequest of Theodora Wilbour from the collection of her father, Charles Edwin Wilbour.

400

200

[Cithuzithuzi]

Mipukutu iyo yikasangika kufupi na Nyanja ya Mcere yikavungika mu salu na kuŵikika mu ciŵiya. Iyi ni mipukutu yakale comene kuluska yose iyo yili kusangikapo

Ya m’ma 200 B.C.E. mpaka m’ma 100 B.C.E.

[Kulongosora Cithuzithuzi]

Shrine of the Book, Photo © The Israel Museum, Jerusalem