Kasi Mabuku Ghanyake gha Ivangeli Ghakuvumbura Vinandi vya Yesu?
Kasi Mabuku Ghanyake gha Ivangeli Ghakuvumbura Vinandi vya Yesu?
“TABOWOZGA cinthu cakuzirwa nadi! Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵamutindikika.” “Mdauko wa Cikhristu wasintha.” Mazgu agha ŵakayowoya mbanthu awo ŵakujima vya Baibolo, ŵati ŵabowozga “Ivangeli la Yudasi,” ilo ŵakughanaghana kuti likazgeŵa vilimika 1,600 ivyo vyajumpha. Cizwazwa ico pakalembeka Ivangeli ili calongoreka pacanya apa.
Mazuŵa ghano ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambaso kunweka na mabuku ghanyake gha ivangeli. Ŵanyake ŵakuti mabuku agha ghakulongosora vinandi ivyo Yesu wakacita na kusambizga, kweni vikabisika kwa nyengo yitali. Kasi mabuku agha ni nga? Kasi ghangatisambizga unenesko pa nkhani ya Yesu na Cikhristu, uwo mu Baibolo mulije?
Ivangeli Lakuzomerezgeka na Lakukayikiska
Kwamba mu 41 mpaka 98 C.E., Mateyu, Mariko, Luka, na Yohane ŵakalemba “mdauko wa Yesu Khristu.” (Mateyu 1:1) Mabuku agho ŵakalemba ghakucemekaso ivangeli, kung’anamura “makani ghawemi” ghakuyowoya vya Yesu Khristu.—Mariko 1:1.
Panji kukaŵa nkhani zinandi zakuyowoya vya Yesu izo ŵanthu ŵakasambizganga waka pamulomo, na zinyake zakulembeka. Kweni mabuku ghanayi pera gha Ivangeli agha, ndigho ghakamanyikwanga kuti ngakupelekeka na Ciuta. Pa cifukwa ici, ghakaŵa ghakwenelera kuŵa cigaŵa ca Malemba Ghatuŵa. Mabuku agha ghakovwira ‘kumanya fikepo unenesko wa vinthu’ vyakukhwaskana na Yesu kweniso ivyo wakasambizganga. (Luka 1:1-4; Milimo 1:1, 2; 2 Timote 3:16, 17) Igho ghakuzunulika mu ndondomeko zose zakale za Malemba Ghatuŵa agho ghakalembeka mu Cigiriki. Munthu wangaghakayikira yayi kuti ni Mazgu ghakupelekeka na Ciuta.
Kweni pamanyuma, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulemba mabuku ghanyake agho ŵakatenge nagho ni ivangeli. Mabuku agha ŵakaghapa zina lakuti apocryphal. *
Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, munthu wakucemeka Irenaeus wa ku Lyon wakalemba kuti awo ŵakagaluka ku Cikhristu ŵakaŵa na “mabuku ghanandi gha ivangeli lakukayikiska na lakupuluska.” Ivangeli linyake “ŵakata ŵekha kuti ŵapuluske vindere.” Ntheura ŵanthu ŵakamba kopa kuŵazga na kuŵa nagho mabuku agha.
Kweni mwakuti ghaleke kumalirathu, ŵaliska na ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵakalutilira kukopera mabuku agha. M’ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵakambaso kunweka na mabuku agha, ndipo kukasangika mabuku gha ivangeli agho mukaŵa nkhani zinandi izo ŵakuti ni ivangeli. Mazuŵa ghano, kuli mabuku
ghanandi gha ivangeli ili mu viyowoyero vikuruvikuru.Kasi Ghakuyowoya Vyanadi pa Nkhani ya Yesu?
Mabuku agha ghakulongosora vya ŵanthu awo ŵakuzunulika kamozakamoza panji ŵakuzunulika yayi mu Ivangeli ilo likuzomerezgeka kuŵa mu Baibolo. Ghanyake ghakuyowoya ivyo ŵakuti Yesu wakacita apo wakaŵa mucoko comene. Vinyake ivyo ghakuyowoya ni ivi:
◼ Buku la “Ivangeli la Yakobe” ilo likucemekaso “Kubabika kwa Mariya,” likulongosora vya kubabika kwa Mariya, wanici wake, kweniso vya nthengwa yake na Yosefe. Ŵanji ŵakuti ici nchidokoni, ndipo nchakupulikikwa kuti ŵakughanaghana nthena. Mu buku ili, ŵakuti Mariya wakalutilira kuŵa mwali wambura kugonanapo na mwanalume. Cilato ca buku ili cikaŵa cakuti Mariya wapike nchindi zapadera.—Mateyu 1:24, 25; 13:55, 56.
◼ “Ivangeli la Tomasi” likulongosora umoyo wa Yesu apo wakaŵa na vilimika 5 mpaka 12. Likuti wakacita vinthu vinandi vyakuzizika, uwo mbutesi ukuru comene. (Wonani Yohane 2:11) Mu ivangeli ili, ŵakuti Yesu wakaŵa wamphuvya, wakukwiya luŵiro, ndipo wakawezgeranga nduzga ŵasambizgi, ŵazengezgani kweniso ŵana ŵanyake. Ŵakuti ŵanji wakaŵazgoranga ŵacibulumutira, kuŵapendezga na kuŵakoma wuwo.
◼ Mabuku ghanyake nga ni “Ivangeli la Petrosi,” ghakulongosora vya ceruzgo, nyifwa na ciwuka ca Yesu. Ghanyake nga ni ivangeli la “Milimo ya Pilato,” ilo nchigaŵa ca “Ivangeli la Nikodemo,” ghakuyowoya za ŵanthu awo ŵakakhwaskika na vyakucitika ivi. Mabuku agha ghakuyowoya nkhani izo zikacitika yayi na kuzunura ŵanthu awo kukaŵavya. Uwu mbukaboni wakuti ngautesi. “Ivangeli la Petrosi” likuti Pilato wakabuda yayi kupeleka Yesu. Ndipo para munthu wakuŵazga buku ili, wangakayikira usange Yesu wakawuka nadi.
Mabuku Agha na Cigaluka
Mu Disembala 1945, ŵanthu ŵakasanga vizwazwa 13 ivyo pakaŵa mabuku 52. Vizwazwa ivi ŵakavisanga ku Egypt, kufupi na Nag Hammadi. Pali cigomezgo cakuti vinthu ivi vikalembeka na gulu ilo likasazganga cisopa na vinjeru vya ŵanthu. (Gnosticism) Gulu ili likasazganga maluso gha ŵanthu, vinjeru vya Ŵagiriki, Ciyuda na Cikhristu. Ivi vikapuluskanga awo ŵakatenge Mbakhristu.—1 Timote 6:20, 21.
Mabuku gha “Ivangeli la Tomasi,” “Ivangeli la Filipi,” na “Ivangeli la Unenesko,” agho ghali pa vizwazwa ivyo vikasangika ku Nag Hammadi, ghakulongosora visambizgo vya gulu ili nga ni para vikafuma kwa Yesu. “Ivangeli la Yudasi” ilo ŵali kusanga sonosono ŵakuti nalo likalembeka na gulu lenelili. Mu buku ili, ŵakumulumba Yudasi, ŵakuti ndiyo yekha uyo wakamumanyanga makora Yesu. Munthu munyake wakati buku ili likuti Yesu wakaŵa “msambizgi na wakuvumbura vinjeru na umanyi, m’malo mwa mponoski uyo wakafwira zakwananga za caru.” Kweni Ivangeli lakupeleka na Ciuta likuti Yesu wakafwa kuti waŵe sembe ya zakwananga za caru. (Mateyu 20:28; 26:28; 1 Yohane 2:1, 2) Ici cikulongora kuti cilato ca mabuku agha cikaŵa cakuti ghawovwire ŵanthu kugomezga Baibolo yayi, kweni kuti ŵaleke kuligomezga.—Milimo 20:30.
Ivangeli Ilo Ndanadi
Pakuti tawona ivyo mabuku ghanyake gha ivangeli ghakuyowoya, tasanga kuti ngautesi. Para taghayaniska na ivangeli ilo ndakuzomerezgeka kuŵa mu Baibolo, tikuwona kuti mabuku agha ngakupelekeka na Ciuta yayi. (2 Timote 1:13) Pakuti awo ŵakalemba mabuku agha ŵakamumanyanga yayi Yesu nesi ŵapositole ŵake, ghangatiphalira vinandi yayi vya Yesu na Cikhristu. Igho ghakulongosora nkhani zautesi na zakwata izo zingatovwira yayi kumanya Yesu na ivyo wakasambizganga.—1 Timote 4:1, 2.
Ndipouli, Mateyu na Yohane ŵakaŵa ŵamoza ŵa ŵapositole 12 ŵa Yesu. Mariko wakendanga na mpositole Petrosi, ndipo Luka wakendanga na mpositole Paulosi. Mzimu utuŵa ndiwo ukaŵawovwira pakulemba mabuku ghawo. (2 Timote 3:14-17) Ntheura, mabuku ghanayi agha ghakulongosora nkhani izo zingawovwira munthu kugomezga kuti “Yesu ni Khristu Mwana wa Ciuta.”—Yohane 20:31.
[Mazgu ghamusi]
^ ndime 7 Lizgu lakuti “apocryphal” ndakufuma ku lizgu Lacigiriki ilo likung’anamura “kubisa.” Pakwamba, lizgu ili likang’anamuranga buku ilo lasungikira ŵanthu awo ŵali na cigomezgo cakuyana ndipo ndakubisika ku awo ŵalije cigomezgo ico. Kweni pamanyuma likamba kung’anamura mabuku agho ghandazomerezgeke kuŵa mu Baibolo.
[Kulongosora Vithuzithuzi pa peji 18]
Kenneth Garrett/National Geographic Stock