Cyril ne Methodius Bible Asekyerɛfo a Wɔyɛɛ Nkyerɛwee Bi

“Wɔabɔ yɛn man yi asu, nanso yenni ɔkyerɛkyerɛfo. Yɛnte Hela anaa Latin. . . . Yentumi nkenkan nkyerɛwee na yɛnte nea ɛkyerɛ ase; enti mommrɛ yɛn akyerɛkyerɛfo a wobetumi akyerɛkyerɛ yɛn Kyerɛwnsɛm no mu nsɛm ne nea ɛkyerɛ ase.”—Rastislav, Moravia hene, 862 Y.B.

ƐNNƐ, nnipa bɛboro ɔpepem 435 a wɔka Slavic abusua no kasa no tumi kenkan Bible no wɔ wɔn kurom kasa mu. * Wɔn mu ɔpepem 360 na wɔde Cyrillic nkyerɛwee no di dwuma. Nanso mfehaha 12 a atwam ni no, na wonni kasa anaa nkyerɛwee biara a wɔde kyerɛw wɔn nananom kasa no. Wɔfrɛ mmarima a wɔboae ma wosiesiee saa tebea no Cyril ne Methodius, anuanom a na wofi yafunu biako mu. Nnipa a wɔn ani gye Onyankopɔn Asɛm ho no behu sɛ akokoduru ne mmɔden a anuanom yi bɔe de nyaa eyi no yɛ bere titiriw wɔ kora a wɔkoraa Bible so na wɔhyɛɛ ho nkuran no ho abakɔsɛm mu. Henanom ne saa mmarima yi, na akwanside ahorow bɛn na wohyiae?

“Onyansapɛfo” ne Amrado

Wɔwoo Cyril (827-869 Y.B., ne din ankasa ne Constantine) ne Methodius (825-885 Y.B.) wɔ abusua a na wodi yiye mu wɔ Tesalonika, Greece. Saa bere no na wɔka kasa horow abien wɔ Tesalonika; na emufo no ka Hela kasa ne Slavic kasa bi. Slavfo pii a na wɔwɔ hɔ ne abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den a na ɛda Cyril ne Methodius manfo ne Slavfo a na wɔatwa wɔn ho ahyia no ntam no na ebia ɛma wonyaa hokwan de tee kasa a na Slavfo a wɔte anafo fam no ka no yiye no. Na obi a ɔkyerɛw Methodius asetra ho nsɛm mpo ka sɛ na wɔn maame yɛ Slavni.

Bere a Cyril papa wui akyi no, otu kɔɔ Byzantine Ahemman no ahenkurow, Constantinople mu. Bere a ɔwɔ hɔ no, osuaa ade wɔ ahemman no sukuupɔn mu na ɔne akyerɛkyerɛfo a wotu mpɔn bɔɔ fekuw. Ɔbɛyɛɛ obi a na ɔhwɛ Hagia Sophia, asɔredan a ɛso kyɛn biara wɔ Apuei fam no nhomakorabea so, na akyiri yi ɔbɛyɛɛ nyansapɛ mu ɔbenfo. Nokwarem no, esiane ne nhomanim nti, wɔtoo Cyril din, Onyansapɛfo.

Methodius nso yɛɛ adwuma a n’agya yɛe no ara bi—amammui mu tumidi. Onyaa amrado dibea wɔ Byzantine mantam mu, faako a na  Slavfo pii te no. Nanso wɔ 855 Y.B. mu no, ɔtew ne ho kɔtraa nkokorafie wɔ Bitinia, Asia Kumaa. Akyiri yi, Cyril kɔkaa ne ho wɔ hɔ.

Wɔ 860 Y.B. mu no, Constantinople sɔfo panyin no somaa anuanom baanu yi ma wɔkɔɔ amannɔne kɔsomee. Wɔde wɔn kɔɔ Khazarfo, nkurɔfo a na wɔte Po Tuntum no atifi fam a na ɛde besi saa bere no wontumi nsii gyinae wɔ Nkramosom, Yudasom ne Kristosom ho hɔ. Cyril nam kwan so rekɔ no, ɔtraa Chersonese, wɔ Crimea, kakra. Nhomanimfo binom gye di sɛ ɛhɔ na osuaa Hebri ne Samaria kasa, ne sɛ ɔkyerɛɛ Hebri kasa mmara bi ase kɔɔ Khazarfo kasa mu.

Ɔfrɛ Bi a Efi Moravia

Wɔ 862 Y.B. no, Rostislav, Moravia (nnɛyi Czechia apuei fam, Slovakia atɔe fam, ne Hungary atɔe fam) hene soma kɔɔ Byzantine Amrado Michael III nkyɛn de adesrɛde a epue wɔ asɛm yi nkyekyem a edi kan mu no kɔtoo n’anim—sɛ ɔmmrɛ no Kyerɛwnsɛm ho akyerɛkyerɛfo. Ná asɛmpatrɛwfo a wofi Frankfo ahemman no Apuei fam (ɛnnɛ Germany ne Austria) no adi kan ama Moraviafo a wɔka Slavic kasa no ahu asɔre nkyerɛkyerɛ dedaw. Nanso, nea na ehia Rastislav ne nkɛntɛnso a Germanfo amammui ne asɔre nhyehyɛe benya no. Ná ɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nyamesom mu ayɔnkofa a wɔne Constantinople benya no bɛma ne man no adi ne ho so wɔ amammui ne nyamesom mu.

Amrado no sii gyinae sɛ ɔde Methodius ne Cyril bɛkɔ Moravia. Sɛ ɛba nhomasua, adekyerɛ ne kasa mu a, na anuanom baanu yi asiesie wɔn ho yiye sɛ wobedi dwuma a ɛte saa anim. Asetra ho nsɛm kyerɛwfo bi a ɔtraa ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so akron mu no ka kyerɛ yɛn sɛ bere a amrado no hyɛɛ wɔn sɛ wɔnkɔ Moravia no, ɔkae sɛ: “Mo nyinaa moyɛ Tesalonikafo, na Tesalonikafo nyinaa ka Slav kasa kronn.”

Wɔyɛ Nkyerɛwee ne Bible Nkyerɛase Foforo

Asram bi ansa na wɔrekɔ no, Cyril siesiee ne ho maa dwumadi no denam nkyerɛwee a ɔyɛ maa Slavfo no so. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ na ɔte ɛnne nnyigyei yiye. Enti bere a ɔde Hela ne Hebri nkyerɛwee redi dwuma no, ɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ obenya nkyerɛwee ama Slavonic kasa nnyigyei biara. * Nhwehwɛmufo bi gye di sɛ na wadi kan de mfe pii ato nkyerɛwee a ɛte saa no fapem dedaw. Na wontumi nhu sɛnea nkyerɛwee a Cyril yɛe no te ankasa.—Hwɛ adaka “Cyrillic Nkyerɛwee Anaa Glagolitic Nkyerɛwee?”

Bere koro no ara mu no na Cyril fii Bible  nkyerɛase ho nhyehyɛe ase ntɛmntɛm. Sɛnea atetesɛm kyerɛ no, ofii ase denam nkyerɛwee foforo a wɔayɛ a ɔde dii dwuma de kyerɛɛ Yohane Asɛmpa no ase fii Hela mu kɔɔ Slavonic kasa mu no so: “Mfiase no na Asɛm no wɔ hɔ, . . .” Cyril kɔɔ so kyerɛɛ Nsɛmpa anan, Paulo nkrataa, ne Dwom nhoma no ase.

So ne nkutoo na ɔyɛɛ adwuma no? Ɛda adi sɛ Methodius boae wɔ adwuma no mu. Bio nso The Cambridge Medieval History nhoma no ka sɛ: “Ɛnyɛ den sɛ wubesusuw sɛ [Cyril] nyaa afoforo a nea edi kan no na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔyɛ Slavfo a wɔanya Hela ntetee, ma wɔboaa no. Sɛ yɛhwehwɛ nkyerɛase a akyɛ paa no mu a, . . . yenya Slavonic kasa a edi mũ ho adanse a ɛkyɛn so a ɛkyerɛ sɛ na aboafo no ankasa yɛ Slavfo.” Akyiri yi, Methodius na owiee Bible no nkae no, sɛnea yebehu no.

“Te Sɛ Nkwaakwaadabi a Wɔatow Ahyɛ Akorɔma So”

Wɔ 863 Y.B. mu no, Cyril ne Methodius fii wɔn adwuma no ase wɔ Moravia, na wogyee wɔn fɛw so wɔ hɔ. Bible ne asɔre nkyerɛkyerɛ akyi no, adwuma a na wɔsan yɛ ne sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ nnipakuw bi a na wɔwɔ hɔnom no Slavonic kasa nkyerɛwee foforo no.

Nanso, na ɛnna fam. Frankfo asɔfo a na wɔwɔ Moravia no sɔre tiaa Slavonic kasa a na wɔde di dwuma no denneennen. Wokuraa kasa abiɛsa ho adwene mu, kae sɛ Latin, Hela, ne Hebri nkutoo na wɔma kwan ma wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔsom mu. Esiane sɛ na anuanom yi pɛ sɛ pope no pene kasa nkyerɛwee foforo no so nti, wotuu kwan kɔɔ Rome wɔ 867 Y.B. mu.

Wɔnam kwan so a wokoduu Venice no, Cyril ne Methodius hyiaa Latin asɔfokuw bi a wokura kasa abiɛsa ho adwene. Mfinimfini Mmere mu asetra ho nsɛm kyerɛwfo a ɔkyerɛw Cyril ho asɛm kyerɛ sɛ ɛhɔnom asɔfo mpanyin, asɔfo, ne nkokorafo tow hyɛɛ no so “te sɛ nkwaakwaadabi a wɔatow ahyɛ akorɔma so.” Sɛnea saa asɛm no kyerɛ no, Cyril yii wɔn ano denam 1 Korintofo 14:8, 9 a ɔfa kaa asɛm no so: “Na sɛ torobɛnto no annyigye yiye a, hena na obesiesie ne ho akɔ ɔsa? Saa ara nso na sɛ mode mo tɛkrɛma ka asɛm a emu ntew a, ɛbɛyɛ dɛn na wobehu nea moka no? Na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ morekasa agu mframa mu kwa.”

Bere a awiei koraa anuanom no duu Rome no, Pope Adrian II penee so koraa sɛ wɔmfa Slavonic kasa no nni dwuma. Asram bi akyi a na wɔda so wɔ Rome no, Cyril bɛyaree denneennen. Nea ennu asram abien akyi no, owui a na wadi mfe 42.

Pope Adrian II hyɛɛ Methodius nkuran sɛ ɔnsan nkɔyɛ adwuma wɔ Moravia ne mmeae a ɛbɛn Nitra, a ɛnnɛ wɔfrɛ hɔ Slovakia no. Esiane sɛ na pope no pɛ sɛ ɔhyɛ tumi a ɔwɔ wɔ saa beae hɔ mu den nti, ɔmaa Methodius nkrataa a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔpene so sɛ wɔde Slavonic kasa bedi dwuma, na ɔpaw no sɛ ɔsɔfopɔn. Nanso, wɔ 870 Y.B. mu no, Frankfo sɔfo panyin, Hermanrich, nam Svatopluk Hene a ɔwɔ Nitra mmoa so yɛe sɛ ɔbɛma wɔakyere Methodius. Wɔde no too afiase mfe abien ne fã wɔ nkokorafie bi a na ɛwɔ Germany anafo fam apuei. Awiei koraa no, Pope John VIII a obedii Adrian II ade no hyɛe ma wogyaee Methodius, na wɔsan de ne dibea maa no wɔ pope no asasesin mu, na osii pene a pope pene so sɛ wɔde Slavonic kasa bedi dwuma wɔ ɔsom mu no so dua bio.

Nanso Frankfo asɔfo no annyae wɔn sɔretia no. Methodius tumi yii ne ho ano wɔ sobo a na wɔbɔ no sɛ watew asɔre no so atua no ho, na awiei koraa no, odii nkonim denam Pope John VIII nsɔano a ɛkyerɛe pefee sɛ wɔwɔ hokwan sɛ wɔde Slavonic kasa di dwuma wɔ asɔre no mu a onyae no so. Sɛnea pope John Paul II a ɔwɔ hɔ mprempren yi agye atom no, Methodius asetra nyinaa yɛɛ “akwantu, ahokyere, amanehunu, nitan, ne ɔtaa, . . . ne mpo afiasenna mu ayayade.” Awerɛhosɛm ne sɛ, ohyiaa eyinom nyinaa wɔ asɔfo mpanyin ne ahene a na wɔne Rome wɔ ayɔnkofa nsam.

Wɔkyerɛɛ Bible Mũ no Nyinaa Ase

Ɛmfa ho ɔsɔretia a emu yɛ den a Methodius hyiae no, akyerɛwfo ahorow a wɔfa ɔkwantiaa so kyerɛw nsɛm boaa no ma ɔkyerɛɛ Bible no  nkae ase kɔɔ Slavonic kasa mu. Sɛnea atetesɛm kyerɛ no, ɔde asram awotwe pɛ na ewiee adwuma kɛse yi. Nanso wɔankyerɛ Maccabeefo no nhoma a wɔbɔɔ wɔn tirim kyerɛwee no ase.

Ɛnnɛ, ɛnyɛ mmerɛw sɛ obi bɛhwehwɛ nkyerɛase a Cyril ne Methodius yɛe no mu ahu sɛnea na ɛte pɛpɛɛpɛ. Nsaano nkyerɛwee a ɛbɛn nea wodii kan kyerɛwee a wɔhwɛɛ so kyerɛw bi no kakraa bi pɛ na ɛwɔ hɔ. Sɛ kasa ho abenfo hwehwɛ tete de a ɛho yɛ na no mu a, wohu sɛ na nkyerɛase no ye, na ɛtɔ asom. Our Slavic Bible nhoma no kyerɛ sɛ na ɛsɛ sɛ anuanom baanu no “yɛ nsɛmfua ne kasasin ahorow pii . . . Na wɔhyehyɛɛ eyi nyinaa pɛpɛɛpɛ ma ɛyɛɛ nwonwa [na] ɛmaa Slavic kasa no nyaa nsɛmfua a edi mũ.”

Apɛgyade a Ɛtra Hɔ Daa

Bere a Methodius wui wɔ 885 Y.B. mu no, Frank asɔretiafo no pam n’asuafo no fii Moravia. Wɔkɔpɛɛ guankɔbea wɔ Bohemia, Poland anafo fam ne Bulgaria. Enti wɔde Cyril ne Methodius adwuma no kɔe, na emu trɛwee. Slavonic kasa a anuanom baanu no ma wotumi kyerɛwee no bɛyɛɛ kɛse na enyaa nkɔso ma akyiri yi emu kyekyɛe. Ɛnnɛ Slavic kasa no yɛ kasa akɛse 13, ne nketewa pii.

Bio nso, akokoduru a Cyril ne Methodius de kyerɛɛ Bible ase no so baa mfaso wɔ Kyerɛwnsɛm no a wɔde Slavic nkyerɛase ahorow ayɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ no mu. Nnipa ɔpepem pii a wɔka kasa ahorow yi nya mfaso denam Onyankopɔn Asɛm a wonya wɔ wɔn kurom kasa mu no so. Ɛmfa ho ɔsɔretia a emu yɛ den no, hwɛ sɛnea nsɛm yi yɛ nokware: “Yɛn Nyankopɔn asɛm tim hɔ daa.”—Yesaia 40:8.

[Ase hɔ nsɛm]

[Adaka wɔ kratafa 29]

Cyrillic Nkyerɛase Anaa Glagolitic Nkyerɛase?

Sɛnea Cyril nkyerɛwee no te ankasa no de akyinnyegye pii na aba, efisɛ kasa ho animdefo ntumi nhu sɛnea na nkyerɛwee no te ankasa. Nkyerɛwee a wɔfrɛ no Cyrillic no gyina Hela nkyerɛwde no so titiriw, na anyɛ yiye koraa no wɔyɛɛ nkyerɛwde no mu dumien a ɛka ho no de maa Slavonic nnyigyei a enni Hela mu no. Nanso nkyerɛwee soronko a wɔfrɛ no Glagolitic no na ɛwɔ tete Slavonic nsaano nkyerɛwee no bi mu, na saa nkyerɛwee yi na nhomanimfo pii gye di sɛ Cyril yɛe no. Ɛte sɛ nea Glagolitic nkyerɛwee no bi fi Hela anaa Hebri nkyerɛwde a wɔakeka abom no mu. Ebia wonyaa bi fii mfinimfini mmere mu nkyerɛwde a ɛwɔ ahyɛnsode no mu, nanso dodow no ara yɛ tete de na ɛkyere adwene. Ɛte sɛ nea Glagolitic no da nsow koraa na ɛyɛ tete de no. Nanso, Cyrillic nkyerɛwee no mu na wonyaa nnɛyi Russia, Ukraine, Serbia, Bulgaria, ne Macedonia nkyerɛwee ahorow wɔ kasa foforo 22, a emu bi nyɛ Slavonic no akyi.

[Artwork—Cyrillic and Glagolitic characters]

[Asase mfonini wɔ kratafa 31]

(Wopɛ nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ awie no a, hwɛ nhoma no mu)

Baltic Po

(Poland)

Bohemia (Czechia)

Moravia (E. Czechia, W. Slovakia, W. Hungary)

Nitra

APUEI FAM FRANKFO AHEMMAN (Germany & Austria)

ITALY

Venice

Rome

Mediterranean Po

BULGARIA

GREECE

Tesalonika

(Crimea)

Po Tuntum

Bitinia

Constantinople (Istanbul)

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 31]

Slavonic Bible a wɔde Cyrillic nkyerɛwee akyerɛw fi 1581

[Asɛm Fibea]

Bible: Narodna in univerzitetna knjiz̆nica-Slovenija-Ljubljana