Asɔre Ne Ɔman No Wɔ Byzantium
Asɔre Ne Ɔman No Wɔ Byzantium
NEA ƆDE Kristosom bae no kyerɛɛ nsonsonoe a ɛbɛda n’akyidifo ne wiase a atwe ne ho afi Onyankopɔn ho no ntam pefee. Yesu ka kyerɛɛ n’akyidifo sɛ: “Sɛ mufi wiase a, anka wiase bɛdɔ n’ankasa ne de; na sɛ mumfi wiase na mapaw mo afi wiase yi, eyi nti na wiase tan mo.” (Yohane 15:19) Yesu ka kyerɛɛ Pilato a na ogyina hɔ ma amammui tumi a na ɛwɔ ne bere so no sɛ: “M’ahenni mfi wi yi ase.”—Yohane 18:36.
Nea ɛbɛyɛ na Kristofo no atumi aka asɛm no “akɔpem asase ano nohɔ” no, na ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn ho hyehyɛ wiase nsɛm mu. (Asomafo no Nnwuma 1:8) Te sɛ Yesu no, na ɛnsɛ sɛ tete Kristofo no de wɔn ho hyehyɛ amammui nsɛm mu. (Yohane 6:15) Na ɛda adi pefee sɛ Kristofo anokwafo no mu biara ampere aban anaa ɔmamfo dibea horow. Eyi sesae akyiri yi.
‘Wiase no Fã’
Wɔ ɔsomafo a otwa to no wu akyi bere bi no, nyamesom akannifo fi wɔn pɛ mu sesaa wɔn dibea ne adwene a wokura wɔ wiase ho no. Wofii ase susuw “ahenni” bi a na ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛwɔ wiase nko na mmom ɛyɛ ne fã nso ho. Sɛnea wɔde nyamesom bataa amammui ho wɔ Byzantine Ahemman—Apue fam Roma Aheman, a na n’ahenkuro wɔ Byzantium (seesei wɔfrɛ no Istanbul)—mu nhwehwɛmu a yɛbɛyɛ no bɛma yɛanya nimdeɛ.
Wɔ ɔman a na nyamesom di akoten wom mu no, na Byzantine Asɔre, a na ne ti wɔ Byzantium no wɔ tumi kɛse. Asɔre ho abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Panayotis Christou kae bere bi sɛ: “Na Byzantinefo gye di sɛ wɔn asase so aheman no gyina hɔ ma Onyankopɔn Ahenni no.” Nanso, ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na na atumfoɔ a wɔwɔ aheman no mu no gye adwene a ɛte saa di. Ne saa nti, ɛtɔ da a na akasakasa kɛse si Ɔman no ne Asɔre no ntam. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium ka sɛ: “Na asɔfo a wɔwɔ Constantinople [anaa Byzantium] no yi suban ahorow adi, te sɛ ehu mu a na wofi brɛ wɔn ho ase hyɛ ɔhene a ɔwɔ tumi ase . . . , ɔhempɔn no a na wɔne no yɛ biako bere nyinaa . . . , ne ɔhempɔn no asɛm a na wofi akokoduru mu sɔre tia.”
Sɔfo panyin a na ɔwɔ Constantinople, a na ɔda Apuei fam Asɔre no ano no bɛyɛɛ obi a ɔwɔ tumi kɛse. Ɔno na na ɔpaw ɔhempɔn, enti na ɔhwɛ
sɛ ɔhempɔn no begyina Ortodɔks nkyerɛkyerɛ akyi denneennen. Na ɔsɔfo panyin no wɔ sika nso, efisɛ na ɔhwɛ asɔre no agyapade fã kɛse no ara so. Onyaa tumi kɛse wɔ nkokorafo no pii ne asɔremma no so.Mpɛn pii no, na sɔfo panyin no tumi bu ɔhempɔn no animtiaa. Na obetumi atwa obi din afi asɔre no mu—agyina Onyankopɔn ananmu ayɛ biribi—anaa obetumi afa ɔkwan foforo so atu ɔhempɔn bi ade so.
Sɛ ahenkuro no da nkyɛn a, esiane sɛ na ɔman no dwumadi a ɛkɔ so wɔ nkurow afoforo mu no rebrɛ ase nkakrankakra nti, mpɛn pii no na asɔfo mpanyin di tumi kɛse wɔ wɔn kurom, te sɛ amrado a na wɔboa ma wɔpaw. Na asɔfo mpanyin no tra guam bere a wɔredi asɛm bi anaasɛ wɔde adwumam asɛm a ɛfa asɔre no ho kɔ asɛnnibea no—na wɔyɛ saa bere a asɛm no mfa asɔre no ho mpo no. Nea enti a na ɛma wotumi yɛ saa ne sɛ na asɔfo ne nkokorafo
pii no nyinaa hyɛ wɔn kurom sɔfo panyin no ase.Amammuisɛm ne Tumidi a Wɔtɔ
Sɛnea atifi hɔ asɛm no kyerɛ no, asɔfo ne amammuifo benyaa ayɔnkofa denneennen. Afei nso, na asɔfo no mu dodow no ara nya sika pii fi wɔn nyamesom mu dwumadi no mu. Asɔfo a na wɔwɔ dibea kɛse no nyaa wɔn ho tam. Bere a asɔre no nyaa tumi ne agyapade pii no, asɔfodi mu ohia ne kronkronyɛ tu yerae. Na asɔfo ne asɔfo mpanyimfo no bi tua sika de tɔ wɔn dibea. Na wotua sika de tɔ asɔfo dibea nyinaa bi kosi asɔfo mpanyimfo dibea so. Na wɔn a wodi yiye no de sika boa asɔfo no ma wɔde pere asɔre mu dibea wɔ ɔhempɔn no anim.
Na wɔma asɔre mpanyimfo no nso adanmude ma wɔyɛ biribi. Bere a ɔhempɔmmaa Zoe (c. 978-1050 Y.B.) ma wokum ne kunu Romanus III na afei ɔpɛe sɛ ɔware ne dɔfo a na ɔrebedi ade, Ɔhempɔn Michael IV no, ɔyɛɛ ntɛm soma ma wɔkɔfrɛɛ sɔfo panyin Alexius baa ahemfie hɔ. Bere a sɔfo panyin no duu hɔ no, ɔtee Romanus wu no ne ayeforo a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ no. Esiane sɛ na asɔre no redi Yesu Wuda saa anwummere no nti, nneɛma anyɛ mmerɛw amma Alexius. Nanso, ogyee akyɛde a ɔhempɔmmaa no fi ayamye mu de mae no na odii n’abisade no ho dwuma.
Ahobrɛase Ma Ɔhempɔn No
Wɔ Byzantine Ahemman no mu no, ɛtɔ da a na ɔhempɔn no de ne tumi a ɔwɔ no di dwuma de paw sɔfo panyin a ɔwɔ Constantinople no. Saa mmere no, na obiara ntumi mmɛyɛ sɔfo panyin bere a ɔhempɔn no mpene so anaasɛ ontumi nnyɛ sɔfo bere tenten a ɔmpene so.
Ɔhempɔn Andronicus II (1260-1332) sesaa asɔfo mpanyimfo mpɛn akron. Wɔ saa mmere yi pii mu no, na wɔn botae ara ne sɛ wɔbɛma obi a obetie wɔn asɛm paa adi sɔfo panyin agua no. Sɛnea The Byzantines nhoma no kyerɛ no, sɔfo panyin bi mpo kyerɛw krataa de hyɛɛ ɔhempɔn no bɔ sɛ “ɔbɛyɛ nea ɔbɛka biara ɛmfa ho sɛ ɛto mmara, na wagyae biribiara a ɔhempɔn no ani nnye ho.” Ahempɔn bɔɔ mmɔden mprenu sɛ wɔbɛma asɔre no atie wɔn asɛm denam adehye abusua muni bi a wɔma ɔbɛyɛɛ sɔfo panyin no so. Ɔhempɔn Romanus I pawee ne babarima Theophylact a na wadi mfe 16 pɛ no sɔfo panyin.
Sɛ sɔfo panyin bi antie ɔhempɔn no a, na obetumi ama no atu ne ho ade so anaasɛ ɔhempɔn no bɛma asɔre bagua no atu no afi ade so. Byzantium nhoma no se: “Mpɛn pii no, wɔ Byzantinefo abakɔsɛm mu no, na atumfo ne mpo Ahempɔn no [nya] asɔfo mpanyimfo a wɔpaw wɔn no mu kyɛfa kɛse.”
Afei nso na ɔhempɔn no tra pon ti wɔ asɔre bagua no nhyiam horow ase bere a ɔsɔfo no te ne nkyɛn. Na ɔhwɛ ma wodi anobaabae, hyehyɛ gyidi ho nsɛm, na na obisabisa asɔfo mpanyimfo ne awaefo nsɛm, a ɛno mu no, nea na ɔbɛka na etwa to—na otumi hyɛ ma wɔbɔ obi dua mu kum no. Afei nso, na ɔhempɔn no na ɔhyɛ mmara a wogye tom wɔ asɔre bagua ase no mu den. Na ɛnyɛ sɛ obu wɔn a wɔsɔre tia no no fɔ sɛ wɔyɛ amammɔfo nko na mmom sɛ wɔyɛ nkurɔfo a wɔtan asɔre no
ne Onyankopɔn nso. Afeha a ɛtɔ so asia mu sɔfo panyin bi kae sɛ: “Na ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ biribiara wɔ Asɔre no mu a ɛne Ɔhempɔn no apɛde ne ne mmara nhyia.” Na asɔfo mpanyimfo a wɔwɔ asɛnnibea hɔ—mmarima a wɔyɛ wɔn ho sɛ woye, wɔyɛ fakaa, na wotie asɛm biara a nkurɔfo bɛka—no ntumi mmu nea wɔn titrani no bɛka so.Sɛ nhwɛso no, bere a Sɔfo panyin Ignatius (c. 799-878 Y.B.) amma Ɔsomfo Panyin Bardas ankɔ Awurade Adidi no, ɔsomfo no sɔre tiaa no. Bardas kae sɛ Ignatius yɛ otirisopamfo ne mammɔfo. Wɔkyeree ɔsɔfo panyin no twaa no asu. Ɔsomfo no pawee Photius a na ɔyɛ asɔre ba no, na wɔ nnansia pɛ mu no ɔbɛyɛɛ obi a ɔkorɔn wɔ asɔre no mu ma enti akyiri yi koraa no, ɔbɛyɛɛ sɔfo panyin. So na Photius ho akokwaw sɛ ɔbɛyɛ sɔfo panyin? Wɔaka ne ho asɛm sɛ onuonyampɛfo kɛse, ɔhantanfo soronko, ne ɔmanyɔfo a n’ani atew sen biara.”
Asɔre Nkyerɛkyerɛ a Wɔde Bu Man
Mpɛn pii no na asɔre nkyerɛkyerɛ ne asɔre mu atuatew kata amammui mu ɔsɔretia so, na na ahempɔn pii ani gye amammui ho sen sɛ wɔde nkyerɛkyerɛ foforo bɛba. Sɛ yɛbɛka a, na ɔhempɔn no na ɔwɔ hokwan sɛ ɔkamfo nkyerɛkyerɛ bi na ɔhwɛ hu sɛ asɔremma no kyerɛ obu ma nea ɔbɛka biara.
Sɛ nhwɛso no, Ɔhempɔn Heraclius (575-641 Y.B.) bɔɔ mmɔden denneennen sɛ obesiesie ɔhaw a ɛfa onii ko a Kristo yɛ ho a na ɛreyɛ de n’ahemman a na agyigya no ato asiane mu no. Ɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛte nsɛm ase ma enti ɔde nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛne Monothelitism * no sii hɔ. Afei nea ɛbɛyɛ na amansin a ɛwɔ n’ahemman no anaafo fam no ataa Heraclius no, ɔpaw Cyrus a ofi Phasis sɛ sɔfo panyin wɔ Alexandria, na ɔno nso penee nkyerɛkyerɛ biara a ɔhempɔn no de bae so. Ɛnyɛ sɛ ɔhempɔn no yɛɛ Cyrus sɔfo panyin nko na mmom obi a ɔhwɛ Misraim so a na odi atumfoɔ a wɔwɔ hɔ no so tumi. Cyrus nam ahunahuna kakra so tumi maa asɔre a ɛwɔ Misraim no mufo pii begyee no toom.
Amanehunu a Ɛkyɛn So
Ɔkwan bɛn so na nsɛm a ɛtete saa betumi ne asɛm a Yesu kae wɔ ne mpaebɔ mu a ese n’akyidifo ‘nyɛ wiase no fã’ no ahyia?—Yohane 17:14-16.
Asɔre mpanyimfo a na wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ Kristofo wɔ Byzantine Ahemman no mu no huu amane kɛse esiane sɛ wɔde wɔn ho hyehyɛɛ wiase amammui ne asraafo nsɛm mu nti. Ɛdɛn na abakɔsɛm tiawa a yɛasusuw ho yi kyerɛ wo? Enti Byzantine Asɔre no mu mpanyimfo nyaa Onyankopɔn ne Kristo anim dom?—Yakobo 4:4.
Wɔmfaa asɔre mpanyimfo a wɔpɛ anuonyam ne amammuifo nnii dwuma wɔ nokware Kristofo mu. Nyamesom ne amammui a wɔde afra a ɛho ntew yi asɛe nokware som a Yesu kaa ho asɛm no din. Momma yensua biribi mfi abakɔsɛm mu na ‘yɛntwe yɛn ho mfi wiase no ho.’
[Ase hɔ asɛm]
^ nky. 21 Monothelitism kyerɛ sɛ ɛwom sɛ Kristo yɛ Nyankopɔn san yɛ nipa de, nanso ɔwɔ apɛde biako pɛ.
[Adaka/Mfonini wɔ kratafa 10
“TE SƐ ONYAME BI A ƆNAM WIM”
Nsɛm a ɛdaa adi wɔ Sɔfo panyin Michael Cerularius (c. 1000-1059) bere so no kyerɛ tumi a asɔre panyin bi tumi nya wɔ Amansɛm mu no pefee. Bere a Cerularius bɛyɛɛ sɔfo panyin no, ɔmaa ne ho so. Wɔaka ne ho asɛm sɛ ɔhantanfo, obi a ommu ade na ɔnte asɛm ase—“na ne suban te sɛ onyame bi a ɔnam wim.”
Esiane sɛ na Cerularius pɛ sɛ onya dibea a ɛkorɔn nti, ɔde mpaapaemu baa ɔne pope a ɔwɔ Rome no ntam wɔ afe 1054 mu, na ɔhyɛɛ ɔhempɔn no ma ogye toom. Cerularius ani gyee nkonimdi yi ho no, ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe de Michael VI dii ade na waboa no ma ne tumi no ayɛ den. Afe akyi no, Cerularius hyɛɛ ɔhempɔn no tuu no ade so na ɔde Isaac Comnenus (c. 1005-1061) sii agua so.
Wontwiwontwi a na ɛda asɔfo mpanyimfo ne ahempɔn no ntam no yɛɛ kɛse. Esiane sɛ na Cerularius wɔ amanfo no mmoa nti, ɔnam ahunahuna ne nhyɛso so de basabasayɛ bae. Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo a na ɔwɔ hɔ saa bere no kae sɛ: “Ɔhyɛɛ Ɔhempɔn no asehwe ho nkɔm animtiaabu mu sɛ, ‘Ɔkwasea, me na mede wo dii ade; nanso metu wo ade so.’” Nanso, Isaac Comnenus ma wɔkyeree no de no too afiase na wotwaa no asu kɔɔ Imbros.
Nhwɛso a ɛte saa no kyerɛ ɔhaw a na sɔfo panyin a ɔwɔ Constantinople no tumi ma ɛsɔre ne akokoduru a na ɔde sɔre tia ɔhempɔn no. Mpɛn pii no, na ɛsɛ sɛ ɔhempɔn no ko tia mmarima a wɔte saa a wɔn ho akokwaw sɛ amammuifo wɔ amammuisɛm mu a wɔkasa tia na wotumi ne ɔhempɔn ne asraafo de si ani no.
[Asase mfonini/Mfonini wɔ kratafa 9]
(Wopɛ nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ awie no a, hwɛ nhoma no mu)
Sɛnea Na Byzantine Ahemman No Kɛse Te
Ravenna
Roma
MAKEDONIA
Constantinople
Po Tuntum
Nicaea
Efeso
Antiokia
Yerusalem
Alexandria
Mediterranean Po
[Asɛm Fibea]
Map: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.
[Mfonini ahorow wɔ kratafa 10, 11]
Comnenus
Michael IV
Romanus III (benkum so)
Ɔhempɔmmaa Zoe
Romanus I (benkum so)
[Nsɛm Fibea]
Comnenus, Romanus III, and Michael IV: Courtesy Classical Numismatic Group, Inc.; Empress Zoe: Hagia Sophia; Romanus I: Photo courtesy Harlan J. Berk, Ltd.
[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 12]
Photius
[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 12]
Heraclius ne ne babarima
[Nsɛm Fibea]
Heraclius and son: Photo courtesy Harlan J. Berk, Ltd.; all design elements, pages 8-12: From the book L’Art Byzantin III Ravenne Et Pompose