Westphalia Asomdwoe Apam No Nsakrae Bere Titiriw Wɔ Europa

“SƐ́ Europa Aman Mpanyimfo pii bɛbom ahyiam sɛ nea wɔahyia ha nnɛ yi no nyɛ asɛm a ɛtaa si.” Roman Herzog a kan no na ɔyɛ Federal Republic of Germany no mampanyin no na ɔde saa nsɛm yi too gua wɔ October 1998 mu. Bere a ɔkaa saa asɛm no, na wɔn a wɔretie no no bi ne ahemfo baanan, nhemmaa baanan, mmapɔmma baanu, ahempɔn akunini ne aman mpanyimfo dodow bi. Na dwumadi no a Europa Bagua no na ɛyɛɛ ho nhyehyɛe no yɛ nea ɛho hia yiye wɔ nnɛyi Germany man no mfe 50 abakɔsɛm mu. Na ɛyɛ dwumadi bɛn?

Na October 1998 yɛ Westphalia Asomdwoe Apam no afe a ɛtɔ so 350. Na bere a wɔde yɛ asomdwoe apam taa yɛ bere a wosisi gyinae ahorow a ɛbɛka abakɔsɛm wɔ ɔkwan titiriw bi so, na eyi nti na Westphalia Apam no yɛ biribi titiriw. Saa apam yi a wɔde wɔn nsa hyɛɛ ase wɔ 1648 no na ɛde Mfe Aduasa Ko no baa awiei na ɛmaa nnɛyi Europa bɛyɛɛ asasetam a ɛso aman no biara wɔ ne sodifo no.

Nhyehyɛe Dedaw Bi Ti Kekae

Wɔ Mfinimfini Mfe no mu no, na ahyehyɛde a ɛwɔ tumi paa wɔ Europa ne Roma Katolek Asɔre no ne Roma Ahemman Kronkron no. Na amantam ɔhaha pii a n’akɛse gu ahorow a na ɛwɔ mmeae a ɛnnɛ Austria, Czech Republic, France apuei fam, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands ne Italia fã bi wɔ no na wɔbom yɛ ahemman no. Esiane sɛ na German amantam na ɛdɔɔso wom nti, wɔbɛfrɛɛ ahemman no German Man no Roma Ahemman Kronkron. Na ɔmantam biara wɔ safohene a odi so kosi baabi. Ná ɔhempɔn no ankasa yɛ Roma Katolekni a ofi Austria Habsburgfo abusua mu. Esiane sɛ na pope no na odi tumi wɔ ahemman no mu nti, Europa bɛhyɛɛ Roma Katolek tumidi ase.

Nanso, wɔ afeha a ɛto so 16 ne 17 mu no, nhyehyɛe a na ɛwɔ hɔ no ti kekae. Na wɔn a wɔwɔ Europa no nyinaa ani nnye sikasɛe a na abɛyɛ Roma Katolek Asɔre no su no ho. Ɔsom mu sesɛwfo te sɛ Martin Luther ne John Calvin kae sɛ wɔnsan nkɔfa Bible mu nnyinasosɛm nyɛ adwuma. Luther ne Calvin nyaa nnipa pii taa wɔn akyi, na anammɔn a wotui yi na ɛma wobenyaa Ɔsesɛw ne Protestant asɔre ahorow no. Ɔsesɛw no paee ahemman no mu ma wobenyaa asɔre abiɛsa—Katolek, Luther ne Calvin Asɔre.

Na Katolekfo nnye Protestantfo nni, na saa ara nso na Protestantfo buu wɔn akansifo a wɔne Katolekfo no animtiaa. Saa adeyɛ yi na ɛma wɔhyehyɛɛ Protestant Nkabom Kuw no ne Katolek Apam no wɔ afeha a ɛto so 17 mfiase no. Ahemman no mu mmapɔmma bi de wɔn ho kɔdɔm Protestant Nkabom Kuw no na afoforo nso dɔm Katolek Apam no. Na Europa ne ahemman no titiriw nni wɔn ho wɔn ho adwempa, na na abufusɛm ketewa bi betumi akɔfa ntɔkwaw aba. Bere a awiei koraa no biribi a ɛte saa sɔree no, ɛmaa wodii ako mfirihyia 30.

Asɛm Kɛse Bi Ma Ogya Tɔ Europa

Protestant atumfoɔ no bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛma Katolek Habsburgfo no ama nkurɔfo  anya ɔsom mu ahofadi pii. Nanso Katolek Habsburgfo no twentwɛnee wɔn nan ase sɛ wɔbɛyɛ saa, na wɔ 1617-18 mu no, wofi ɔhyɛ mu guu Lutheran Asɔre no mu abien wɔ Bohemia (Czech Republic). Eyi hyɛɛ Protestant mpanyimfo abufuw ma wɔbɔhyɛn Prague ahemfie bi mu kɔkyekyeree Katolek mpanyimfo baasa tow wɔn faa abansoro mpomma bi mu guu fam. Saa adeyɛ yi na ɛmaa ogya tɔɔ Europa no.

Ɛwom sɛ wɔkyerɛe sɛ wɔyɛ Asomdwoe Hene, Yesu Kristo, akyidifo de, nanso afei de na asɔre ahorow a wɔsɔretia wɔn yi mufo ne wɔn ho wɔn ho redi ako. (Yesaia 9:6) Wɔ White Mountain Ko no mu no, Katolek Apam no dii Protestant Nkabom Kuw no so nkonim pasaa ma wɔn mu paapaee. Wokunkum Protestantfo mpanyimfo wɔ Prague guaso. Wogyigyee Protestantfo a wɔwɔ Bohemia a wɔannyae wɔn gyidi mu no nneɛma kyekyɛ maa Katolekfo. Nhoma, 1648—Krieg und Frieden in Europa (1648—Akodi ne Asomdwoe wɔ Europa) no kyerɛkyerɛɛ nneɛma a wogyigyei no mu sɛ “ade a ɛmaa nkurɔfo agyapade kodii afoforo nsam sen biara wɔ Europa mfinimfini fam no mu biako.”

Ade a efii ase sɛ nyamesom mu akodi wɔ Bohemia no yɛɛ kɛse bɛdanee amanaman ntam tumidi ho aperepere. Denmark, France, Netherlands, Spain ne Sweden dii ako mfirihyia 30 a edi hɔ no. Katolek ne Protestant tumidifo a mpɛn pii no na pɛsɛmenkominya ne tumidi ho akɔnnɔ agye wɔn ti no, peree amammui mu tumidi ne aguadi mu mfaso. Wɔakyekyɛ Mfirihyia Aduasa Akodi no mu ayɛ no afã ahorow, na wɔde ɔko no mu biara too atamfo atitiriw a wɔne ɔhempɔn no koe no. Nhoma ahorow pii twe adwene si saa afã yi mu anan so: Bohemia ne Palatine Ko no, Denmark ne Lower Saxony Ko no, Sweden Ko no, ne France ne Sweden Ko no. Ɔko no mu dodow no ara kɔɔ so wɔ Roma Ahemman Kronkron no asasesin mu.

Saa bere no, na atuo a wɔde di dwuma no bi ne atuo nketewa a wɔde kura nsam ne akɛse a wɔde si mfiri so tow, na Swedenfo na wɔde akode pii mae. Katolekfo ne Protestanfo dii ako. Katolek asraafo a na wɔreko no too dwom frɛɛ “Santa Maria,” na Protestanfo nso too dwom sɛ “Onyankopɔn ka yɛn ho.” Asraafodɔm bɔ faa German amantam mu fow nneɛma na wɔyɛɛ wɔn atamfo ne ɔmanfo basabasa te sɛ mmoa. Ɔko no bɛdanee atirimɔdensɛm a wɔyɛ nkurɔfo. Hwɛ sɛnea eyi ne Bible nkɔmhyɛ yi bɔ abira: “Ɔman bi remmã afoa so nhyɛ ɔman bi, na wɔrensua akodi bio”!—Mika 4:3.

German awo ntoatoaso bi nyinii a na wonnim biribiara sɛ ɔko, na ɔmanfo a na ɔko afono wɔn no hwehwɛɛ asomdwoe. Ɛda adi sɛ, sɛ ɛnyɛ amammuisɛm mu akameakame a wɔn atumfoɔ no ani gye ho a, na anka wɔwɔ asomdwoe. Amammuisɛm de ne ho begyee ɔko no mu kɛse ma ɔko a anka ɛyɛ nyamesom mu ko no bɛdanee amammui ko. Anwonwasɛm ne sɛ, Katolek Asɔre no panyin paa bi na ɔmaa saa nsakrae yi bae.

 Ɔsɔfopɔn Richelieu De Ne Tumi Di Dwuma

Na Armand-Jean du Plessis abodin titiriw ne Ɔsɔfopɔn de Richelieu. Na ɔno ara nso ne France ɔman soafo panyin fi 1624 kosi 1642 mu. Richelieu de yɛɛ ne botae sɛ ɔbɛma France adi Europa so tumi. Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wadu saa botae no ho no, ɔbrɛɛ ne mfɛfo Katolekfo, Habsburgfo no tumidi ase. Ɔkwan bɛn so na ɔfa yɛɛ eyi? Ɔyɛɛ saa denam sika a otua maa German, Denmark, Netherlands, ne Sweden asraafo a na wɔne Habsburgfo no reko no so.

Wɔ 1635 mu no, Richelieu de France asraafo kɔɔ Mfirihyia Aduasa Ko no nea edi kan koraa. Nhoma, vivat pax—Es lebe der Friede! (Asomdwoe Ntra Hɔ Afebɔɔ!) kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ wɔ ɔfã a etwa to koraa wɔ “Mfirihyia Aduasa Ko no mu no, ɔko no ankɔ so anyɛ nyamesom mu ko bio. . . . Ɔko no bɛdanee amammui tumidi mu aperepere.” Awiei koraa no, ɔko a efii ase sɛ nyamesom mu ko a na Katolekfo ne Protestanfo na wɔreko no bɛdanee ɔko a Katolekfo ne Protestantfo aka bom ko tia Katolekfo afoforo. Katolek Apam no a na ne tumidi so atew dedaw wɔ 1630 mfe no mfiase no gui wɔ 1635 mu.

Wɔyɛɛ Asomdwoe Nhyiam Wɔ Westphalia

Na nneɛma a wɔfow, awudi, mmonnaato, ne yare asɛe Europa. Asomdwoe a na wɔrehwehwɛ no mu yɛɛ den nkakrankakra bere a wohui sɛ ɛnyɛ ade a obiara betumi adi ɔko no mu nkonim no. Nhoma, vivat pax—Es lebe der Friede! no ka sɛ “ɛrekɔ 1630 mfe no awiei no, tumidifo no behui awiei koraa sɛ sraadi tumidi ntumi mmoa wɔn bio ma wonnu wɔn botae ho.” Nanso sɛ na asomdwoe na obiara hwehwɛ a, ɛnde na ɔkwan bɛn na wobetumi afa so anya?

Roma Ahemman Kronkron no Hempɔn Ferdinand III, France Hene Louis XIII, ne Sweden Hemmaa Christina penee so sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nhyiam na wɔma aman a wɔreko nyinaa hyia na wɔyɛ asomdwoe ho nhyehyɛe. Mmeae abien na wɔpaw sɛ wɔbɛma ɔkasa wɔ hɔ—Osnabrück ne Münster nkurow a ɛwɔ German mansin mu wɔ Westphalia. Nea enti a wɔpawee hɔ ne sɛ ɛwɔ France ne Sweden nhenkurow no mfinimfini. Wɔ 1643 mu no, ananmusifo 150—ebinom de agyinatufo akuw a wɔdɔɔso kaa wɔn ho—kɔɔ nkurow abien no mu, Katolekfo ananmusifo hyiaa wɔ Münster na Protestantfo hyiaa wɔ Osnabrück.

Nea edi kan no, wɔpenee akwan a wɔbɛfa so ama abodin ne ananmusifo no dibea, sɛnea wɔbɛtra ne sɛnea wɔbɛyɛ nhyiam no so. Afei ananmusifo no nam ntamgyinafo so de wɔn nsɛm too gua de fii asomdwoe ho ɔkasa ahorow no ase. Bɛyɛ mfirihyia anum akyi—bere a na ɔko no gu so no—wobegyee asomdwoe apam ho nhyehyɛe no toom. Kyerɛwtohɔ a ɛfa Westphalia Apam no ho boro biako. Ɔhempɔn Ferdinand III ne Sweden man no de wɔn nsa hyɛɛ nhyehyɛe no biako ase, na ɔne France man no nso de wɔn nsa hyɛɛ biako ase.

Bere a apam no ho asɛm trɛwee no, wofii ase bɔɔ ho se. Ɔko a efii ase huhuuhu no de nsramma totow na ɛbaa awiei. Wɔtotow nsramma kɔɔ wim wɔ nkuropɔn ahorow mu. Wɔwosow asɔre dɔn, totoo atuo kɔɔ wim, na nkurɔfo too dwom faa mmɔnten so. So afei de na Europa betumi ahwɛ daa asomdwoe kwan?

So Wobetumi Anya Daa Asomdwoe?

Westphalia Apam no de tumidi ho nnyinasosɛm sii hɔ. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ aman no biara gye toom sɛ wobenya obu ama ɔman biara hokwan a ɔwɔ a wɔmfa wɔn ho nhyehyɛ ɔman bi afisɛm mu no. Enti wobenyaa nnɛyi Europa a ɛyɛ asasepɔn a aman no biara wɔ ne sodifo no. Saa aman no binom nyaa apam no so mfaso kɛse sen afoforo.

 Wɔde France sii hɔ sɛ tumidi titiriw, na Netherlands ne Switzerland nyaa fahodi. Wɔ German amantam a na ɔko no asɛe emu dodow no ara fam no, na apam no yɛ akwanside. Na German yiyedi nyinaa gyina aman afoforo so. The New Encyclopædia Britannica bɔ amanneɛ sɛ: “Sɛ́ German mmapɔmma benya mfaso anaa wɔbɛbɔ ka no gyina nea na eye ma aman a wɔwɔ tumi titiriw no: France, Sweden ne Austria so.” Sɛ anka German amantam no bɛka wɔn ho abom ayɛ ɔman biako no, wɔn mu paapae sɛ nea na wɔte kan no ara pɛ. Bio nso, German man no fã bi, te sɛ mmeae a German nsubɔnten atitiriw—Rhine, Elbe ne Oder—wɔ no kodii aman foforo nsam.

Na wobu Katolek, Lutheran ne Calvinist asɔre no nyinaa pɛ a na obi nsen obi. Ɛnyɛ obiara na ɔkyerɛɛ eyi ho anigye. Na Pope Innocent X ani nnye apam no ho koraa, na obuu no sɛ ɛso nni mfaso. Nanso, tumi a na ɔsom bi nni wɔ ɔsom foforo so ho nhyehyɛe a wɔde sii hɔ no traa hɔ mfeha abiɛsa a ansakra. Ɛwom sɛ na ɔsom mu ahofadi a ɛsɛ sɛ ankorankoro nya no mmae de, nanso na wɔrebɛn ho.

Apam no de Mfirihyia Aduasa Ko ne emu nitan dodow no ara baa awiei. Eyi ne nyamesom mu ko titiriw a etwaa to wɔ Europa. Ɔko ahorow no amma awiei, nanso na nea ɛde ba no nyɛ nyamesom, na mmom, amammui ne aguadi. Ɛno nkyerɛ sɛ nyamesom annya nkɛntɛnso koraa wɔ Europa ntawntawdi mu. Wɔ Wiase Ko I ne II mu no, German asraafo kyerɛw asɛm, “Onyankopɔn Wɔ Yɛn Afã” wɔ wɔn bɛlt so. Wɔ saa akodi huhu no mu no, Katolekfo ne Protestantfo san ka boom bio ko tiaa wɔn atamfo a wɔyɛ Katolekfo ne Protestantfo a wɔsɔre tia nkabom no.

Ɛda adi pefee sɛ, Westphalia Apam no amfa daa asomdwoe amma. Nanso, ɛrenkyɛ adesamma asoɔmmerɛfo nsa bɛka asomdwoe a ɛte saa. Yehowa Nyankopɔn nam ne Ba, Yesu Kristo, Mesia Ahenni no so de asomdwoe a enni awiei bɛbrɛ adesamma. Wɔ saa nniso no ase no, nokware som koro pɛ no de nkabom bɛba, na nyɛ mpaapaemu. Obiara renkɔ ɔko esiane nyamesom anaa biribi foforo bi nti. Hwɛ ahotɔ ara a ɛbɛba bere a Ahenni nniso no di tumi wɔ asase nyinaa so “na asomdwoe a enni awiei aba” no!—Yesaia 9:6, 7.

[Asɛm a wɔafa aka wɔ kratafa 21]

Awiei koraa no, ɔko a efii ase sɛ nyamesom mu ko a na Katolekfo ne Protestantfo na wɔreko no bɛdanee ɔko a Katolekfo ne Protestantfo aka bom ko tia Katolekfo afoforo

[Asɛm a wɔafa aka wɔ kratafa 22]

Katolek asraafo a na wɔreko no too dwom frɛɛ “Santa Maria,” na Protestantfo nso too dwom sɛ “Onyankopɔn ka yɛn ho”

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 21]

Ɔsɔfopɔn Richelieu

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 23]

Afeha ɛto so dunsia mu mfonini a ɛfa apereperedi a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Luther, Calvin ne pope no ntam ho no

[Mfonini Fibea wɔ kratafa 20]

From the book Spamers Illustrierte Weltgeschichte VI

[Mfonini Ahorow Fibea wɔ kratafa 23]

Nyamesom mu akannifo apereperedi: From the book Wider die Pfaffenherrschaft; asase mfonini: The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck