Philo A Ofi Aleksandria Ɔde Nnipa Nsusuwii Frafraa Kyerɛwnsɛm Mu

WƆ AFE 332 A.Y.B. mu no, Alexander Ɔkɛseɛ ne n’asraafo kɔɔ Egypt. Ansa na ɔde n’ani rekyerɛ apuei fam akodi wiase so no, ɔkyekyeree kurow bi a ɔfrɛɛ no Aleksandria. Ɛhɔ bɛyɛɛ baabi a na Greecefo amammerɛ ho nsɛm pii wɔ. Wɔ bɛyɛ afe 20 A.Y.B. mu no, wɔwoo nkonimdifo foforo bi a na n’akode nyɛ mfoa ne mpeaw, na mmom ɛyɛ nyansapɛfo nsusuwii. Wɔfrɛ no Philo a ofi Aleksandria anaa Philo Judaeus esiane sɛ ofi Yudafo abusua mu nti.

Yudafo a wɔbɔ hwetee wɔ Yerusalem sɛe a ɛbae afe 607 A.Y.B. akyi no mu pii kɔtraa Egypt. Wɔn mu mpempem pii kɔtraa Aleksandria. Nanso ɔhaw ahorow sɔree wɔ Yudafo ne Greecefo ntam. Bere a Yudafo powee sɛ wɔbɛsom Greecefo anyame no, Greecefo no nso dii Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm no ho fɛw. Esiane sɛ Philo suaa nhoma wɔ Greece na ɔyɛ Yudani nti, na onim ntawntawdi a ɛrekɔ so no mu. Ná onim sɛ Yudasom ne nokware som. Nanso Philo anyɛ n’ade te sɛ nnipa afoforo, mmom ɔhwehwɛɛ kwan bi a ɔbɛfa so ama Amanaman mufo no abɛsom Nyankopɔn wɔ asomdwoe mu. Na ɔpɛ sɛ wogye Yudasom tom.

Nsɛm Dedaw a Wɔkyerɛ Mu Foforo

Wɔde Hela kasa na etwaa Philo funuma sɛnea na ɛte wɔ Yudafo dodow a na wɔwɔ Aleksandria no fam no. Enti Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm a na wɔakyerɛ ase akɔ Hela kasa mu (Septuagint) no so na ogyina suaa n’ade. Bere a ɔhwehwɛɛ Septuagint no mu no, obenyaa adwene sɛ nyansapɛ ho nsɛm bi wom, ne sɛ na Mose yɛ “nyansapɛfo a waben.”

Mfeha bi a atwam no, na Greece animdefo bi ahu anansesɛm mu anyame ne anyamewa—abran ne adaemone a wɔwɔ wɔn atetesɛm mu—ho nsɛm bi a na ɛyɛ den ma wɔn sɛ wobegye atom. Wɔsan fii ase sɛ wɔrekyerɛ saa nsɛm dedaw no ase foforo. James Drummond a ɔyɛ Hela ne Roma amammerɛ ho nhomanimfo no kaa ɔkwan a wɔfaa so no ho asɛm sɛ: “Nyansapɛfo faa anifere kwan so pɛɛ nkyerɛase biara a na wɔte nka sɛ asuma wɔ wɔn anansesɛm mu, na afei wogyinaa nsɛm no so kyerɛe sɛ, ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔkyerɛwee no de kasakoa na ɛkaa nsɛm bi a emu dɔ anaa ɛyɛ nokwasɛm.” Sɛnkyerɛnne kwan a wɔnam kyerɛkyerɛɛ nsɛm mu yi so na Philo nso bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔde bɛkyerɛkyerɛ Kyerɛwnsɛm no mu.

Sɛ nhwɛso no, susuw Genesis 3:22 a ɛwɔ Bagster Septuagint nkyerɛase mu no ho hwɛ. Ɛka sɛ: “Awurade Nyankopɔn yɛɛ nhoma atade maa Adam ne ne yere, na ɔde hyɛɛ wɔn.” Na Greecefo no susuw sɛ ɛmfata Nyankopɔn Pumpuni no sɛ ɔbɛpam atade ahyɛ wɔn. Enti Philo kyerɛe sɛ nsɛm no gyina hɔ ma biribi  foforo na ɔkae sɛ: “Nhoma atade no yɛ kasakoa a egyina hɔ ma were, kyerɛ sɛ, yɛn honam; efisɛ bere a Onyankopɔn dii kan bɔɔ adwene no, ɔfrɛɛ no Adam; afei ɔma ɔkekaa ne ho, na ɔfrɛɛ no Nkwa. Ɛno akyi na ɔbɔɔ honam, a sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so no ɔfrɛɛ no nhoma atade no.” Enti Philo ma wɔde nyansapɛfo adwene susuw atade a Onyankopɔn de hyɛɛ Adam ne Hawa no ho.

San susuw Genesis 2:10-14, baabi a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ nsu bi a na efi Eden bɛfɔw turo no ho hwɛ. Ɛka nsubɔnten anan a na ɛtene fi turo no mu ho asɛm. Philo bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛpɛ nkyerɛase a emu dɔ de akyerɛkyerɛ Eden turo ho asɛm no mu. Bere a ɔkaa asase no ho asɛm wiei no, ɔkae sɛ: “Ebia saa fã yi nso kura nkyerɛase foforo; ɛne sɛ nsubɔnten anan no yɛ su pa anan ho sɛnkyerɛnne.” Ɔbɔɔ ne tirim kae sɛ asubɔnten Pison gyina hɔ ma nyansa, asubɔnten Gihon yɛ anidahɔ ho sɛnkyerɛnne, Tigris gyina hɔ ma akokoduru, ɛnna Eufrate nso yɛ atɛntrenee ho sɛnkyerɛnne. Enti ɔkyerɛɛ nsu horow yi ase ɔkwan foforo so.

Philo de sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nkyerɛkyerɛmu hwehwɛɛ kyerɛwtohɔ a ɛfa adebɔ, kum a Kain kum Habel, Nsuyiri a ɛbae wɔ Noa bere so, kasa a wɔma ɛyɛɛ basabasa wɔ Babel ne Mose Mmara no mu nnyinasosɛm pii mu. Sɛnea nhwɛso a yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm kyerɛ no, na ɔtaa gye sɛnea Bible mu asɛm bi te ankasa no tom, na afei sɛ ɔrekyerɛ asɛm  no ase ɔkwan foforo so a, ɔka nsɛm bi te sɛ eyi: “Ebia, ɛsɛ sɛ yesusuw nsɛm a wɔaka yi ho wɔ ɔkwan foforo so.” Philo daa sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so nkyerɛase no adi yiye wɔ ne nkyerɛwee no mu, nanso ɔmaa ntease ankasa a ɛwɔ Kyerɛwnsɛm no mu no yerae.

Hena Ne Nyankopɔn?

Philo de mfatoho bi a etu mpɔn kyerɛkyerɛɛ sɛ Onyankopɔn wɔ hɔ. Bere a ɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ asase, nsubɔnten, okyinnsoromma ne nsoromma mu no, ɔde baa awiei sɛ: “Adebɔ nyinaa mu no, wiase ne ade a ɔtɔɔ ne bo ase paa yɛe, ɛte sɛ nea obi a ne ho akokwaw na waben yiye na ɔhyehyɛɛ ne nyinaa. Esiane eyi nti, ɛma yenya adwene sɛ Onyankopɔn wɔ hɔ.” Na nsusuwii yi tɔ asom.—Romafo 1:20.

Nanso bere a Philo rekyerɛkyerɛ onii ko a Ade Nyinaa so Tumfo Nyankopɔn yɛ mu no, ɔman fii nokware no ho koraa. Philo kyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ Onyankopɔn “nni su ahorow bi a ɛma ɔda nsow,” ɛne sɛ “wontumi nhu sɛnea Onyankopɔn te.” Philo anhyɛ mmɔden a na wɔrebɔ sɛ wobehu Onyankopɔn no ho nkuran, na ɔkae sɛ, “sɛ́ obi bɛkɔ so ahwehwɛ onii ko a Onyankopɔn yɛ ne ne su ahorow a ɛda nsow mu no yɛ ade a nyansa nni mu koraa.” Saa nsusuwii yi mfi Bible mu na mmom efi ɔbosonsonni nyansapɛfo Plato.

Philo kae sɛ wontumi nhu sɛnea Onyankopɔn te koraa, ma enti ɛrenyɛ yiye sɛ wɔbɛma no edin ankasa. Ɔkae sɛ: “Enti ntease wom sɛ, esiane sɛ ɔne nokware Nyankopɔn teasefo no nti, yɛrentumi mma no din pa ma ɛnyɛ yiye.” Hwɛ sɛnea nsɛm yi ne nokwasɛm bɔ abira!

Bible ka no pefee sɛ Onyankopɔn wɔ din. Dwom 83:18 ka sɛ: “Wonhu sɛ wo a wo din de [Yehowa, NW] no, wo nko ara ne ɔsorosoroni, asase nyinaa so.” Onyankopɔn ka wɔ Yesaia 42:8 sɛ: “Mene [Yehowa, NW] me din ne no.” Dɛn nti na Philo a ɔyɛ Yudani na onim Bible mu nsɛm yi kyerɛkyerɛɛ sɛ Onyankopɔn nni din? Efisɛ na ɛnyɛ Onyankopɔn a Bible ka ne ho asɛm no ho nsɛm na na ɔrekyerɛkyerɛ, mmom na ɛyɛ Greecefo nyansapɛ nyame bi a na wontumi nhu no no.

Dɛn Ne Ɔkra?

Philo kyerɛkyerɛe sɛ ɛsono ɔkra na ɛsono nipadua. Ɔkae sɛ “nipadua ne ɔkra na ɛbom yɛ” onipa. Ɔkra tumi wu? Hyɛ Philo nkyerɛkyerɛmu yi nsow: “Sɛ yɛte ase a, yɛn kra no hyɛ yɛn mu te sɛ nea wɔde funu ato ɔda mu no. Nanso sɛ yɛn nipadua no wu a, yɛn kra no benya asetra pa bere a ade ne ho afi bɔne anaa nipadua a na ɔhyɛ mu ho no.” Sɛnea Philo kyerɛ no, wu a ɔkra wu no yɛ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so de. Enwu da.

Nanso dɛn na Bible kyerɛkyerɛ wɔ ɔkra ho? Genesis 2:7 ka sɛ: “[Yehowa, NW] Nyankopɔn de fam dɔte nwenee onipa, na ohuw nkwa home guu ne hwene mu, na onipa yɛɛ ɔkra teasefo.” Sɛnea Bible kyerɛ no, nnipa nni akra; mmom wɔyɛ akra.

Bible nso kyerɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔkra no wu. Hesekiel 18:4 ka sɛ: “Ɔkra a ɔyɛ bɔne no, ɔno ara na obewu.” Yebetumi agyina saa kyerɛw nsɛm yi so de asɛm no aba awiei sɛ: Onipa yɛ ɔkra, ma enti sɛ onipa wu a, na ɔkra awu.—Genesis 19:19. *

Philo wu akyi no, Yudafo no amfa n’asɛm anyɛ hwee, nanso Kristoman gyee no toom. Eusebius ne asɔre akannifo afoforo gye dii sɛ na Philo asakra aba Kristosom mu. Jerome kae sɛ ɔka Asɔre Agyanom ho. Sɛ́ anka Yudafo mmom bɛkora nsɛm a Philo kyerɛwee so no, Kristofo awaefo no na wɔyɛɛ saa.

Philo nsɛm a ɔkyerɛwee no de nyamesom mu nsakrae bae. Ne nkɛntɛnso na ɛmaa wɔn a wɔfrɛ wɔn ho Kristofo no gyee ɔkra a enwu da nkyerɛkyerɛ a ennyina Kyerɛwsɛm so no  toom. Philo nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛfa Logos (anaa Asɛm) no ho no ka ho bi na Baasakoro nkyerɛkyerɛ a ennyina Bible so a Kristosom a awae kura mu no sɔree.

Mma Wɔnnaadaa Wo

Bere a na Philo resua Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm no, ɔhwɛ hui sɛ “ɔremma biribiara a ɛwɔ asɛm no mu a ɛyɛ no sɛ ɛwɔ nkyerɛase foforo no mmɔ mfa n’ani so.” Nanso sɛnea yehu wɔ Deuteronomium 4:2 no, Mose ka faa Onyankopɔn Mmara ho sɛ: “Mommfa hwee nnka asɛm a merehyɛ mo yi ho, nanso munnyi mu biribi, na moadi [Yehowa, NW] mo Nyankopɔn mmara nsɛm a merehyɛ mo yi so.” Ɛmfa ho adwempa a na Philo kura no, ɔde nnipa nsusuwii a ɛte sɛ wusi kumɔnn kataa akwankyerɛ a emu da hɔ a ɛwɔ Onyankopɔn Asɛm a efi honhom mu no so.

Ɔsomafo Petro kae sɛ: “Ɛnyɛ atosɛm bi a wɔanwene no anifere kwan so akyi na yedii ma muhuu yɛn Awurade Yesu Kristo tumi ne ne mmae.” (2 Petro 1:16) Nea Petro kae yi yɛ soronko wɔ Philo nkyerɛwee no ho. Akwankyerɛ a Petro de maa Kristofo a wodi kan asafo no yɛ nokware na efi Onyankopɔn honhom, “nokware honhom” a ɛbɛkyerɛ wɔn kwan akɔ nokware no nyinaa mu no mu.—Yohane 16:13.

Sɛ w’ani gye ho sɛ wosom Onyankopɔn a Bible ka ne ho asɛm no a, wuhia akwankyerɛ pa, na mmom ɛnyɛ nkyerɛase a egyina nnipa nsusuwii so. Ɛsɛ sɛ wunya Yehowa ne n’apɛde ho nokware nimdeɛ, na ɛsɛ sɛ wunya ahobrɛase na woatumi ayɛ osuani pa. Sɛ wode su pa a ɛte saa sua Bible no a, wubehu “nkyerɛwee kronkron no, na ɛno na ebetumi ama woahu nyansa akɔ nkwagye mu denam Kristo Yesu mu gyidi so.” Wubehu sɛ Onyankopɔn Asɛm betumi ama ‘woafata koraa a wɔasiesie wo yiye ama adwuma pa biara.’—2 Timoteo 3:15-17.

[Ase hɔ asɛm]

[Adaka/Mfonini wɔ kratafa 10]

KUROW A PHILO TRAA MU

Philo traa Aleksandria a ɛwɔ Egypt yɛɛ adwuma. Mfe pii mu no, na saa kuropɔn no yɛ wiase nyinaa nhomakorabea a animdefo ba hɔ besua ade.

Adesuafo no nyaa nhomanimfo a wɔagye din ma wɔkyerɛɛ wɔn ade wɔ sukuu ahorow a na ɛwɔ kuropɔn no mu no. Nhomakorabea a ɛwɔ Aleksandria no begyee din wɔ wiase nyinaa. Nhoma a na ɛwɔ hɔ no bɛdɔɔso yiye efisɛ nnipa a na wɔhwɛ nhomakorabea no so no bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wobenya nhoma biara bi wɔ hɔ.

Akyiri no, obu a na wiase no wɔ ma Aleksandria ne ɛhɔ nhomanim pii no so tewee nkakrankakra. Ahempɔn a wɔwɔ Roma no de wɔn adwene sii wɔn ankasa kuropɔn so, na ɛma woyii beae a na wɔkora amammerɛ ho nsɛm so no baa Europa. Aleksandria kuropɔn no bɔe koraa wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so ason Y.B. mu bere a ntuafo bɛto hyɛɛ so dii so nkonim no. Ɛde besi nnɛ no, abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo di saa nhomakorabea a ɛsɛee no ho yaw, na ebinom ka sɛ ɛmaa anibue twe san akyi bɛyɛ mfe 1,000.

[Asɛm Fibea]

L. Chapons/Illustrirte Familien-Bibel nach der deutschen Uebersetzung Dr. Martin Luthers

[Adaka wɔ kratafa 12]

NSƐM A WƆSESA NE NKYERƐASE NNƐ

Sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so no, “wɔtaa de anansesɛm ne abasɛm kyerɛ nnipa abrabɔ mu nsɛm mu.” Nsɛm a wɔde abasɛm kyerɛkyerɛ mu taa ka nneɛma a ehia na asuma ho asɛm wɔ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so. Te sɛ Philo a ofi Aleksandria no, nnɛyi nyamesom akyerɛkyerɛfo binom kyerɛkyerɛ Bible no mu wɔ saa kwan foforo no so.

Susuw Genesis ti 1-11 a wɔayɛ onipa abakɔsɛm ho kyerɛwtohɔ fi adebɔ so kosi nnipa a wɔbɔɔ wɔn hwetee wɔ Babel abantenten no ho no hwɛ. The New American Bible, Katolekfo nkyerɛase no ka Bible fã yi ho asɛm sɛ: “Nea ɛbɛyɛ na Israelfo no bɛte ti ahorow yi mu nokwasɛm ase na wɔakae nti, na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nneɛma a nnipa a wɔwɔ hɔ saa bere no nim kyerɛkyerɛ nsɛm no mu. Esiane eyi nti, na ɛsɛ sɛ wohu nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ nokwasɛm no ne nsɛm a wɔde adura ho te sɛ ntama no mu.” Eyi kyerɛ sɛ, ɛnsɛ sɛ yɛfa Genesis ti 1-11 mu nsɛm no sɛnea ɛte no ara. Mmom no, sɛnea nhoma (ntama) kata nipadua ho no, saa ara na nsɛmfua no akata nkyerɛase a emu dɔ no so.

Nanso Yesu kyerɛkyerɛe sɛ ti ahorow a edi kan wɔ Genesis no yɛ paa ara. (Mateo 19:4-6; 24:37-39) Saa ara na asomafo Paulo ne Petro nso kae. (Asomafo Nnwoma 17:24-26; 2 Petro 2:5; 3:6, 7) Nnipa a wɔde koma pa sua Bible no po nkyerɛkyerɛmu biara a ɛne nea Bible mũ no nyinaa ka nhyia no.

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 9]

Abantenten kɛse a kanea si so a ɛwɔ Aleksandria

[Asɛm Fibea]

Archives Charmet/Bridgeman Art Library