Bible Mu “Ntease” a Efi Russia Nhomakorabea A Akyɛ Paa no Mu

NHOMANIMFO abien ani abere rehwehwɛ tete Bible nsaano nkyerɛwee. Wɔn mu biara kyin anhweatam so hwehwɛ abodan, asɔfofie ne tete abotan so adan mu. Mfe bi akyi no, wobehyiam wɔ Russia nhomakorabea a akyɛ paa no mu, na ɛhɔ na wohu Bible nsaano nkyerɛwee bi a na wonhuu bi da, eyi maa wɔn ani gyee kɛse. Henanom ne saa mmarima yi? Na ɛyɛɛ dɛn na saa akorade yi bepuee Russia?

Tete Nkyerɛwee—Edi Onyankopɔn Asɛm Ho Adanse

Sɛ yebehu nhomanimfo abien yi mu baako a, ehia sɛ yɛsan yɛn akyi kɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu bere a na nhomanim mu nsakrae kɛse reba Europa ntɛmntɛm no. Saa bere yi na adebɔ ho nyansahu ne amammerɛ retu mpɔn ntɛmntɛm wɔ Europa, ma enti na nkurɔfo nnye atetesɛm ntom bio. Akasatiafo nso bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛbrɛ Bible no tumi ase. Nokwasɛm ni, na nhomanimfo reka mpo sɛ Bible mu nsɛm no ankasa nyɛ nokware.

Bible akyigyinafo binom hui sɛ Bible nsaano nkyerɛwee foforo a saa bere no na wonnya nhui no na ɛbɛma nokware a Onyankopɔn Asɛm yɛ no agyina. Ɛwom sɛ na nkurɔfo abɔ mmɔden mpɛn pii sɛ wɔbɛsɛe Bible mu nsɛm no de, nanso sɛ na wohu nsaano nkyerɛwee a akyɛ sen nea na ɛwɔ hɔ no a, na ebedi adanse sɛ Bible mu nsɛm no yɛ nokware. Na saa nkyerɛwee no nso betumi ama wɔahu Bible afã kakraa bi a wɔankyerɛ ase yiye no.

Bible mu nsɛm ho akyinnyegye a emu yɛ den paa kɔɔ so wɔ Germany. Ɛhɔ na aberante ɔbenfo bi gyaee n’adekyerɛ adwuma a ahotɔ wom no tuu kwan a na ɛbɛma wakohu Bible nkyerɛwee a obi nhuu bi da. Ne din de Konstantin von Tischendorf, Bible nhomanimfo a wannye akasatiafo nsɛm no antom na mmom otumi gyinaa Bible no akyi pintinn sɛ emu nsɛm yɛ nokware. Ɔkwan a odii kan tu kɔɔ Sinai sare so wɔ afe 1844 mu no kɔɔ yiye paa sen sɛnea ɔhwɛɛ kwan. N’ani kɔbɔɔ kɛntɛn a wɔde wura gu mu wɔ asɔfofie bi so na  emu na ohuu tete Hebri nkyerɛwee a wɔakyerɛ ase aba Hela kasa mu a wɔfrɛ no Septuagint no. Na akyɛ sen nea ɛwɔ hɔ biara!

Tischendorf de ahurisi boaa nkratasin 43 ano kɔe. Na ogye di paa sɛ bebree da so wɔ hɔ de, nanso bere a ɔsan kɔɔ hɔ wɔ afe 1853 mu no, kakraa bi na ne nsa kae. Ná nea aka no wɔ he? Esiane sɛ na ne ho sika asa nti, Tischendorf kɔhwehwɛɛ osikani bi hɔ mmoa na ɔyɛɛ no sɛ ɔbɛsan afi ne kurom akɔhwehwɛ tete nkyerɛwee no bi. Nanso ansa na ɔbɛkɔ no, ɔde n’adesrɛ bɛkɔ akɔto Russia ɔhempɔn no anim.

Ɔhempɔn no Kyerɛ Ho Anigye

Ebia na Tischendorf redwene sɛnea sɛ odu Russia a wɔbegye no afa esiane sɛ ɔyɛ Protestant nhomanimfo na Russiafo nso gye Ortodɔks som tom nti. Anigyesɛm ne sɛ, na nsakrae afi ase reba Russia man no mu. Esiane sɛ na nhomasua rekɔ so nti, wɔ afe 1795 mu no, Ɔhemmaa Catherine II a wɔsan frɛ no Catherine Ɔkɛseɛ no fii Ɔman Nhomakorabea (Imperial Library) ase wɔ St. Petersburg. Esiane sɛ na ɛyɛ ɔmanfo nhomakorabea a edi kan wɔ Russia nti, ɛmaa nnipa ɔpepem pii nyaa nhoma a wɔatintim kenkanee.

Ɛwom sɛ na wobu Ɔman Nhomakorabea yi sɛ ɛka nea edi mũ paa wɔ Europa no ho de, nanso na ɛtɔ sin wɔ ade biako mu. Mfe 50 wɔ nhomakorabea no si akyi no, na Hebri nsaano nkyerɛwee asia pɛ na ɛwɔ hɔ. Eyi nti, na wontumi mmoa Russiafo pii a wɔn ani abɛgye kasa a wɔde kyerɛw Bible ne ne nkyerɛase ho adesua no. Na Catherine II asoma nhomanimfo sɛ wonkosua Hebri kasa wɔ Europa sukuupɔn mu. Nhomanimfo no san bae no, wofii ase kyerɛɛ Hebri kasa wɔ Russia Ortodɔks som no asɔfodi sukuu akɛse no mu. Eyi ne nea edi kan a Russia nhomanimfo fii ase sɛ wɔrekyerɛ Bible ase afi tete Hebri kasa mu akɔ Russia kasa mu. Nanso na sika ho yɛ den ma wɔn na mpo asɔre akannifo a wɔda so kura tete adwene sɔre tiaa wɔn. Enti na wɔn a wɔrehwehwɛ Bible mu nimdeɛ no nnya nnyaa nokware ntease no.

Ɔhempɔn Alexander II behuu mfaso a ɛwɔ Tischendorf akwantu no so ntɛm ma enti ɔboaa no. “Anibere ne ɔsɔretia denneennen” nyinaa akyi no, bere a Tischendorf fii Sinai akwantu no mu bae no na okura Septuagint nkyerɛwee a aka no. * Akyiri yi wɔbɛfrɛɛ no Codex Sinaiticus, na ɛda so ara yɛ Bible nsaano nkyerɛwee a akyɛ paa. Tischendorf san beduu St. Petersburg no, ɔyɛɛ ntɛm kɔɔ Ɔhempɔn Awɔwbere Ahemfie. Ɛhɔ na ɔde too ɔhempɔn no anim sɛ ɔmmoa “Bible mu nhwehwɛmu ne adesua adwuma kɛse a ɛsen biara mu biako” a wɔrebɛyɛ, a ɛne nsaano nkyerɛwee a wɔahu no foforo yi a wobetintim ne nyinaa abom ayɛ no nhoma biako no. Ɔhempɔn no penee so ntɛm ara, na akyiri yi wɔde nhoma yi too Ɔman Nhomakorabea hɔ. Eyi maa Tischendorf ani gyee yiye ma akyiri yi ɔkyerɛw sɛ: “Onyankopɔn adom yɛn bere sofo . . . Sinai Bible no, sɛ ɛmma yɛn Onyankopɔn Asɛm ankasa a wɔakyerɛw no mu ntease a edi mu, sɛ ɛmmoa yɛn ma yɛmfa ɛno so nkura Bible mu nokware no mu.”

 Bible Akorade a Efi Crimea

Ahyɛase no yɛkaa nhomanimfo bi a na ɔno nso rehwehwɛ Bible akorade. Ɔne hena? Mfe kakraa bi ansa na Tischendorf resan akɔ Russia no, nkurɔfo bi de nhoma ahorow pii kɔmaa Ɔman Nhomakorabea no, na eyi maa ɔhempɔn no ne nhomanimfo a wofi Europa baa hɔ nyinaa nso ani gyee ho. Na ɛyɛ wɔn den mpo sɛ wobegye adi. Nea wohui no yɛ nsaano nkyerɛwee ne nhoma afoforo a ɛdɔɔso yiye. Na ɛyɛ nhoma a ne dodow si 2,412 a nsaano nkyerɛwee ne nhoma mmobɔwee 975 ka ho. Bible nsaano nkyerɛwee 45 a na ɛka eyi ho de, wɔyɛe ansa na afeha a ɛto so du reba. Na Abraham Firkovich yɛ Karaite nhomanimfo a wadi bɛboro mfe 70, na nea ɛyɛ nwonwa ne sɛ, ɔno nko ara na ɔboaboaa nkyerɛwee bebrebe yi nyinaa ano! Ná Karaitefo no yɛ hefo? *

Na ɔhempɔn no repɛ asɛm yi mu ahu. Saa bere no na wɔatrɛw Russia ɔman no ahye mu akɔfa aman foforo bi nsase ma ɛde mmusuakuw foforo abɛka ɔman no ho. Crimea mantam fɛfɛ a ɛda Ɛpo Tuntum no ano (wɔ Ukraine anafo fam) no na na nkurɔfo bi a wɔreyɛ ayɛ sɛ Yudafo nanso wodi Turkeyfo amammerɛ so na wɔka Tatar kasa bi te. Saa Karaitefo yi kyerɛ sɛ wɔn asefo ne Yudafo a wɔde wɔn kɔɔ nnommumfa mu wɔ Babilon bere a wɔsɛe Yerusalem wɔ afe 607 A.Y.B. no. Ná wɔnte sɛ Yudafo dodow a wodi rabifo nkyerɛkyerɛ so no, na mmom wɔpoo Yudafo atetesɛm nhoma Talmud no, na wosii Kyerɛwnsɛm no a wɔbɛkenkan so dua. Ná Karaitefo a wɔwɔ Crimea no pɛ sɛ wɔma Russia hempɔn no biribi a ebedi adanse sɛ ɛsono wɔn na ɛsono Yudafo nkae no, na wɔde anya gyinabea soronko. Na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ Karaitefo nsaano nkyerɛwee a akyɛ a wɔde mae no bedi adanse sɛ wɔyɛ Yudafo a Babilon nnommumfa akyi wotu fii hɔ kɔtraa Crimea no asefo ampa.

Chufut-Kale abotan so adan a ɛwɔ Crimea no mu na Firkovich fii ase hwehwɛɛ tete nsaano nkyerɛwee no. Na Karaitefo mmusua bebree atra adan nketewa a ɛwɔ abotan so yi mu akyɛ yiye. Sɛ Kyerɛwnsɛm no bi yɛ dedaw a, esiane Yehowa din a ɛwom no nti, na Karaitefo no nsɛe no efisɛ wobu adeyɛ a ɛte saa no sɛ ɛyɛ mmusu. Ná wɔtɔ wɔn bo de nsaano nkyerɛwee dedaw no nyinaa sie adekoradan ketewa bi a wɔfrɛ no genizah, a wɔ Hebri kasa mu ɛkyerɛ “hintabea” mu. Esiane obu kɛse a Karaitefo wɔ ma Onyankopɔn din nti, na wɔmfa wɔn nsa nka tete nkyerɛwee a ayɛ dedaw yi bio.

Mfuturu a na ahyɛ genizah ahorow yi mu ma mfehaha pii no ammu Firkovich abam na mmom ɔde ntoboase hwehwɛɛ mu. Wɔ biako mu no, ohuu afe 916 Y.B. nsaano nkyerɛwee a agye din, Petersburg Codex of the Latter Prophets, a ɛka Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm nsaano nkyerɛwee a akyɛ paa ho no.

Firkovich bɔɔ mmɔden boaboaa nsaano nkyerɛwee bebree ano, na wɔ afe 1859 mu no, ɔde maa Ɔman Nhomakorabea no sɛ wɔntɔ. Wɔ afe 1862 mu no, Alexander II boa ma wɔtɔɔ nkyerɛwee dodow yi maa nhomakorabea no. Ɛka kɛse a wɔbɔɔ wɔ ho no si Russiafo sika  ruble 125,000. Saa bere no, na sika a wɔsɛe no afe mũ nyinaa wɔ nhomakorabea no ho si ruble 10,000 pɛ! Ná nkyerɛwee a agye din a wɔfrɛ no Leningrad Codex (B 19^A) no ka saa nkyerɛwee dodow yi ho. Wɔyɛɛ no afe 1008 mu na ɛno ne Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm nyinaa a ɛbom biako a akyɛ sen biara wɔ wiase. Nhomanimfo bi kae sɛ ɛno ne “Bible nsaano nkyerɛwee a ɛho hia sen biara efisɛ ɛno so na ɛnnɛyi Hebri Bible a wɔde nkyerɛkyerɛmu ahorow aka ho no pii gyina.” (Hwɛ adaka a ɛka ho no.) Afe 1862 no ara mu na wotintim Codex Sinaiticus a Tischendorf hui no, na wɔdaa no adi ma wɔkamfoe wɔ wiase nyinaa.

Ɛnnɛyi Honhom mu Ntease

Russia Ɔman Nhomakorabea no mu na tete nsaano nkyerɛwee a ɛdɔɔso sen biara wɔ wiase no wɔ. * Sɛnea nsakrae a aba wɔ Russia abakɔsɛm mu te no, wɔasesa nhomakorabea no din mpɛn ason wɔ mfe ahanu a atwam no mu. Edin biako a nkurɔfo kae paa ne State Saltykov-Shchedrin Ɔman Nhomakorabea. Ɛwom sɛ basabasayɛ a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mu no kaa nhomakorabea no bi de, nanso nsaano nkyerɛwee no ho antɔ kyima wɔ wiase akodi abien ne Leningrad kurow a asraafo betwaa ho hyiae no nyinaa mu. Mfaso bɛn na yenya fi saa nsaano nkyerɛwee yi mu?

Tete nsaano nkyerɛwee a edi mu yi so na wɔhwɛ yɛɛ ɛnnɛyi Bible nkyerɛase ahorow pii. Ɛboa nnipa a wɔhwehwɛ nokware ma wonya Kyerɛw Kronkron a emu da hɔ kenkan. Yehowa Adansefo nyaa mmoa kɛse fii Sinaiticus ne Leningrad nsaano nkyerɛwee no mu bere a wɔreyɛ Wiase Foforo Nkyerɛase Bible a wotintim ne nyinaa wiei wɔ afe 1961 mu no. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia ne Biblia Hebraica a Kittel yɛe no a wɔn a wɔkyerɛɛ Wiase Foforo Nkyerɛase Kyerɛw Kronkron ase no de dii dwuma no gyina Leningrad Nsaano Nkyerɛwee no so. Onyankopɔn din no pue ɛno mu mpɛn 6,828.

Bible akenkanfo kakraa bi na wonim mmoa kɛse a wɔanya afi St. Petersburg nhomakorabea a ɛnnyee din kɛse no ne emu nsaano nkyerɛwee a kurow no din dedaw Leningrad da so ara wɔ ebi so no so. Nanso mmoa a ɛsen biara a yɛanya no fi Bible no Kyerɛwfo, Yehowa, a ɔma honhom mu ntease no. Enti odwontofo no srɛɛ no sɛ: “Ma wo hann ne wo nokware mmegya me.”—Dwom 43:3.

[Ase hɔ nsɛm]

[Adaka wɔ kratafa 13]

WƆDE ONYANKOPƆN DIN A WONIM NO DII DWUMA

Yehowa nyansa nti wahwɛ ma wɔakora N’asɛm Bible no so abedu nnɛ. Adwumaden a akyerɛwfo ayɛ wɔ mfe pii mu no nso aboa ma wɔakora so. Hebri akyerɛwfo a na wɔyɛ ahwɛyiye paa no ne Masoretfo a wɔde ahokokwaw yɛɛ wɔn adwuma fi afeha a ɛto so asia kosi afeha a ɛto so du Y.B. no. Ná wɔkyerɛw tete Hebri kasa no a wɔmfa ɛnne nkyerɛwde nka ho. Bere rekɔ so a Aramaic kasa besii Hebri ananmu no, na ebetumi ama nnipa werɛ afi ɔkwampa a wɔfa so bobɔ nsɛmfua din. Masoretfo no yeyɛɛ agyirahyɛde ahorow hyehyɛɛ ɛnne nkyerɛwde no ho de kaa Bible nkyerɛwee no ho ma ɛkyerɛɛ ɔkwampa a wɔbɛfa so abobɔ Hebri nsɛmfua din.

Ade titiriw biako ne sɛ, agyirahyɛde a Masoretfo de hyehyɛɛ ɛnne nkyerɛwde ho a ɛwɔ Leningrad Nkyerɛwee no mu no ma wohu sɛnea wɔbɔ Hebri anom nkyerɛwde anan a egyina hɔ ma Onyankopɔn din no—ɛne Yehwah’, Yehwih’, ne Yeho·wah’. Ɛnnɛ, “Yehowa” na nnipa pii nim. Na Bible akyerɛwfo ne afoforo a wɔtraa ase tete no nim din no. Ɛnnɛ, nnipa ɔpepem pii a wɔahu Onyankopɔn din na wɔde di dwuma no gye tom sɛ ‘Yehowa nko ara ne Ɔsorosoroni, asase nyinaa so.’—Dwom 83:18.

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 10]

Ɔman Nhomakorabea mu dan a wɔkora nsaano nkyerɛwee wɔ mu

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 11]

Ɔhemmaa Catherine II

[Mfonini ahorow wɔ kratafa 11]

Konstantin von Tischendorf (mfinimfini) ne Alexander II, Russia hempɔn

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 12]

Abraham Firkovich

[Mfonini Fibea wɔ kratafa 10]

Mfonini abien no: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg

[Mfonini Ahorow Fibea wɔ kratafa 11]

Catherine II: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg; Alexander II: From the book Spamers Illustrierte Weltgeschichte, Leipzig, 1898