Tete Cuneiform Nkyerɛwee ne Bible No

BERE a wɔyɛɛ nnipa kasa basabasa wɔ Babel akyi no, wofii ase yɛɛ nkyerɛwee ahorow. Ná nkurɔfo a wɔte Mesopotamia a wɔn mu bi ne Sumeriafo ne Babilonfo de cuneiform nkyerɛwee na ɛyɛ adwuma. Wonyaa asɛmfua no fii Latin asɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ biribi a ne “yɛbea te sɛ nnaame” mu, na ɛkyerɛ nkyerɛwde a ɛyɛ ahinasa a na wɔde kyerɛw nneɛma gu dɔte a afɔw so.

Nnipa a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu ahu cuneiform nkyerɛwee pii a ɛka nnipa ne nsɛm a esisii a ɛho nsɛm wɔ Kyerɛwnsɛm no mu ho asɛm. Dɛn na yenim fa saa tete nkyerɛwee yi ho? Na adanse bɛn na nkyerɛwee a ɛte saa no di fa Bible ho a ɛma yehu sɛ Bible yɛ nhoma a edi mũ?

Kyerɛwtohɔ Ahorow a Akyɛ Paa

Nhomanimfo gye di sɛ mfiase no, na Mesopotamiafo nkyerɛwee yɛ mfonini, na na wɔde sɛnkyerɛnne anaa mfonini bi gyina hɔ ma asɛmfua anaa adwenkyerɛ bi. Sɛ nhwɛso no, mfiase no, na wɔyɛ biribi te sɛ nantwinini ti de gyina hɔ ma nantwinini. Bere a ɛho behiae kɛse sɛ wɔkora kyerɛwtohɔ so no na wofii ase yɛɛ cuneiform nkyerɛwee no. NIV Archaeological Study Bible no kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Afei de, na wobetumi de nsɛnkyerɛnne agyina hɔ ama nsɛmfua, na wɔde akyerɛ sɛnea wɔbɔ din nso, na na wotumi keka nsɛnkyerɛnne no pii bom de kyerɛ sɛnea wɔbɔ nsɛmfua bi din.” Awiei koraa no, wonyaa nsɛnkyerɛnne ahorow 200 a ɛmaa cuneiform nkyerɛwee no “bɛyɛɛ ɔkasa ankasa a ɛwɔ nsɛmfua ne kasa mmara pii.”

Ebeduu Abraham bere so, bɛyɛ afe 2,000 A.Y.B. mu no, na cuneiform nkyerɛwee no ayɛ nea edi mũ. Bɛyɛ mfeha 20 a edii hɔ mu no, wɔde cuneiform nkyerɛwee no yɛɛ adwuma wɔ kasa ahorow bɛyɛ 15 mu. Wɔkyerɛw cuneiform nkyerɛwee a wɔahu no mu bɛboro ɔha mu 99 wɔ dɔte apon so. Bɛboro mfe 150 a atwam ni mu no, wɔahu dɔte apon a ɛte saa no dodow pii wɔ Ur, Uruk, Babilon, Nimrud, Nippur, Ashur, Niniwe, Mari, Ebla, Ugarit, ne Amarna. Archaeology Odyssey nhoma no ka sɛ: “Animdefo bu akontaa sɛ wɔadi kan atutu fam ahu cuneiform dɔte apon bɛyɛ ɔpepem biako kosi ɔpepem abien, na afe biara wohu 25,000 foforo, anaa nea ɛte saa ka ho.”

Nhomanimfo a wɔwɔ cuneiform nkyerɛwee ho nimdeɛ wɔ nkyerɛwee no pii a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyere wɔn ho kyerɛ ase. Sɛnea akontaabu bi kyerɛ no, “cuneiform nkyerɛwee a wɔahu a wɔatumi akenkan no pɛnkoro pɛ mpo wɔ ɛnnɛ bere yi mu no yɛ bɛyɛ 1/10 pɛ.”

Kasa ahorow abien anaa abiɛsa a wɔde cuneiform nkyerɛwee akyerɛw a wɔahu no aboa kɛse wɔ cuneiform nkyerɛwee no nkyerɛase mu. Nhomanimfo ahu sɛ asɛnkoro no ara na wɔde cuneiform akyerɛw wɔ kasa ahorow no nyinaa mu. Nea ɛboae ma wotumi kyerɛɛ nkyerɛwee no ase ne edin, abodin, mmusua a ahemfo fi mu, ne nsɛm mpo a wɔka de hoahoa wɔn ho a wotĩ mu mpɛn pii no.

Ebeduu afe 1850 mfe no mu no, na nhomanimfo tumi kenkan kasa a tete aman a na ɛwɔ Mediterranea Apuei fam, Akkadiafo, anaa Asiria ne Babilonfo dodow no ara ka a ɛwɔ cuneiform nkyerɛwee mu no. Encyclopædia Britannica kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Bere a wotumi kyerɛɛ Akkadia kasa ase no, wotumi tee [cuneiform] nkyerɛwee no ase yiye, na ɛno ma wotumi kyerɛɛ kasa ahorow a aka a ɛwɔ cuneiform nkyerɛwee mu no ase.” Nsɛm bɛn na saa nkyerɛwee yi ka fa Kyerɛwnsɛm no ho?

 Adanse a Ɛne Bible no Hyia

Bible ka sɛ na Kanaan ahemfo na na wodi ade wɔ Yerusalem kosii sɛ Dawid ko faa kurow no wɔ bɛyɛ afe 1070 A.Y.B. mu. (Yos. 10:1; 2 Sam. 5:4-9) Ná nhomanimfo bi gye saa asɛm yi ho akyinnye. Nanso, wɔ afe 1887 mu no, ɔbea kuani hiani bi huu dɔte pon bi wɔ Amarna a ɛwɔ Egypt no. Awiei koraa no, wohui sɛ nkyerɛwee bɛyɛ 380 a wohui wɔ hɔ no yɛ nkrataa bi a Egypt ahemfo (Amenhotep III ne Akhenaton) ne Kanaan ahemman ahorow no kyerɛw wɔn ho wɔn ho. Ná nkrataa no mu asia fi ‘Abdi-Heba a ɔyɛ Yerusalem sodifo no hɔ.

Biblical Archaeology Review nsɛmma nhoma no ka sɛ: “Ka a Amarna nkyerɛwee no kaa Yerusalem ho asɛm pefee sɛ ɛyɛ kurow, na ɛnyɛ asase bi, na ɛsan kae sɛ na ‘Abdi-Heba yɛ amrado . . . a ɔte Yerusalem, na na Egypt asraafo 50 te asraafo asoɛe wɔ Yerusalem no, ma yehu sɛ na Yerusalem yɛ ahemman ketewaa bi a ɛda bepɔw so.” Akyiri yi, nsɛmma nhoma koro no ara kae sɛ: “Yebetumi agyina Amarna nkrataa no so anya ahotoso sɛ, na kurow titiriw bi wɔ hɔ saa bere no.”

Din Ahorow a Ɛwɔ Asiriafo ne Babilonfo Kyerɛwtohɔ Mu

Asiriafo kyerɛw wɔn abakɔsɛm wɔ nkaedum ne anwenne ho, ne afei dɔte apon so, na akyiri yi, Babilonfo nso yɛɛ saa ara. Enti, bere a nhomanimfo kyerɛɛ Akkadiafo cuneiform no ase no, wohuu nkurɔfo a wɔn din wɔ Bible mu wɔ saa nkyerɛwee no mu nso.

Nhoma a wɔfrɛ no The Bible in the British Museum no ka sɛ: “Bere a Ɔbenfo Samuel Birch rekasa akyerɛ Society of Biblical Archaeology (ɛyɛ kuw bi a emufo tutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma a ɛfa Bible ho mu) kuw a na wɔatew no foforo wɔ afe 1870 mu no, otumi bobɔɔ Hebrifo ahemfo a wɔne Omri, Ahab, Yehu, Asariafo . . . , Menahem, Peka, Hosea, Hesekia, ne Manase din, ne Asiria ahemfo a wɔne Tiglat-Pileser . . . [III], Sargon, Sanaherib, Esar-Haddon, ne Asenapar din, . . . ɛne Siriafo ahemfo a wɔne Ben-Hadad, Hasael, ne Resin din [wɔ cuneiform nkyerɛwee no mu].”

Nhoma a wɔfrɛ no The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating no de Israel ne Yuda ho abakɔsɛm a ɛwɔ Bible mu no totoo tete cuneiform nkyerɛwee no ho. Dɛn na wohui? “Sɛ wɔka ne nyinaa bom a, Israel ne Yuda ahemfo 15 anaa 16 na wɔn din puei wɔ kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow a wɔanyɛ no wɔ Israel anaa Yuda no mu, na na wɔn din ne mmere a wɔde traa ase a wɔayɛ ho kyerɛwtohɔ wɔ Ahemfo [nhoma a ɛwɔ Bible mu] no hyia pɛpɛɛpɛ. Edin ahorow a na ɛwɔ nhoma a wɔankyerɛw wɔ Israel anaa Yuda no nyinaa wɔ Bible mu nhoma a ɛne Ahemfo nhoma no mu dedaw.”

Cuneiform nkyerɛwee a agye din paa a ɛne Kores Anwenne a wohui wɔ afe 1879 mu no bɔ amanneɛ sɛ, bere a Kores kõ faa Babilon wɔ afe 539 A.Y.B. mu no, Kores dii n’ahyɛde a ɛne sɛ ɔbɛma nnipa a na Babilon de wɔn ayɛ nkoa no akɔ wɔn kurom no so. Ná Yudafo ka wɔn a wonyaa hokwan san kɔɔ wɔn kurom no ho. (Esra 1:1-4) Nhomanimfo pii a wɔtraa ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mu no gyee saa ahyɛde a ɛho asɛm wɔ Bible mu no ho akyinnye sɛ ɛnyɛ nokware. Nanso, cuneiform a wɔkyerɛw no Persiafo bere so a nea ɛka ho bi ne Kores Anwenne no ama yɛanya adanse a edi mũ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ asɛm a ɛwɔ Bible mu no yɛ nokware turodoo.

Wɔ afe 1883 mu no, wohuu cuneiform nkyerɛwee bɛboro 700 wɔ Nippur a ɛbɛn Babilon no. Wɔ edin ahorow 2,500 a ɛwɔ nkyerɛwee no mu no, wobetumi aka sɛ emu bɛyɛ 70 yɛ Yudafo din. Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Edwin Yamauchi kyerɛ sɛ ɛte sɛ nea na saa nkurɔfo no yɛ nnipa a “wɔne wɔn yɛɛ apam, ananmusifo, adansefo, towgyefo, ne ahemfie adwumayɛfo.” Adanse a ɛkyerɛ sɛ Yudafo kɔɔ so yɛɛ nnwuma a ɛtete saa wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn Babilon wɔ saa bere yi mu no yɛ adanse a ɛho hia. Saa asɛm no foa Bible nkɔmhyɛsɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛ, bere a Israelfo “nkaefo” bi fii nkoasom mu wɔ Asiria ne Babilon san kɔɔ Yudea no, wɔn mu pii na wɔansan ankɔ no so.—Yes. 10:21, 22.

Wɔde cuneiform ne nkyerɛwde nyinaa yɛɛ adwuma wɔ mfe apem a edi kan A.Y.B. mu. Nanso, awiei koraa no, Asiriafo ne Babilonfo amfa cuneiform no anyɛ adwuma bio, na wɔde nkyerɛwde na ɛyɛɛ adwuma.

Dɔte apon ɔpehaha pii gu tete nneɛma akorae a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhwehwɛ mu. Nkyerɛwee a animdefo akyerɛ ase dedaw no ma yenya adanse a edi mũ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ Bible yɛ nhoma a yebetumi de yɛn ho ato so koraa. Hena na onim adansefo foforo a ɛwɔ nkyerɛwee a wonnya nhwehwɛɛ mu no mu?

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 21]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum