1-3. (a) Xoossaa qofaynne i haasayissiyo qaalay asaagaappe keehi aadhiyoy aybissee? (b) Ha huuphe yohuwan nuuni beˈanabay aybee?

MERINAA Xoossay kiitanchatinne asay baagaadan ufayttidi deˈana mala medhiis. (Maz. 36:9; 1 Xim. 1:11) Kiitettida Yohaannisi Xoossaara koyro deˈidaagee ‘Qaalaa’ gidiyoogaanne i ‘Xoossay medhidobawu koyro’ gidiyoogaa yootiis. (Yoh. 1:1; Ajj. 3:14) Xoossaa Yihooway ba qoppiyoobaanne bawu siyettiyaabaa ha bayra Naˈaara haasayees. (Yoh. 1:14, 17; Qol. 1:15) Kiitettida PHawuloosi asaa qaalaappe keehi aadhiya, saluwan haasayiyo ‘kiitanchatu qaalaabaa’ yootiis.—1 Qor. 13:1.

² Yihooway biilooniyan qoodettiya asaabaanne kiitanchatubaa ubbabaa erees. Keehi cora asay daro qaalan issi kutti akko woossana danddayees. I he woosata ezggiyoogaa xalla gidennan, ezggiiddi kiitanchatuurakka haasayeesinne etawu kaaletuwaa immees. Yaatanawu, a qofaynne i haasayiyo qaalay asaagaappe keehi aadhana bessiyoogee qoncce. (Isiyaasa 55:8, 9 nabbaba.) Yihooway asaara haasayiyo wode, asay i yootiyoobaa akeekana mala ba qofaa geliya ogiyan odees.

³ Ubbaappe aadhiya erancha Xoossay asi deˈido wode ubban ba asawu qoncce gididabaa waati yootidaakko nuuni haˈˈi beˈana. I asaa haasayissiyo ogiyaa hanotaadan waati laammiyaakkokka beˈana.

4. (a) Yihooway Muusa, Sameelanne Daawita ayba qaalan haasayissidee? (b) Geeshsha Maxaafan deˈiyaabay aybee?

⁴ Yihooway Edene gannatiyan Addaameera asaa qaalan haasayiis. Xoossay a haasayissidoy beni wode Ibraawetto qaalaana gidennan waayi aggana. Guyyeppe i Muuse, Sameelanne Daawita mala, Ibraawettuwaa haasayiya Geeshsha Maxaafaa xaafetussi ba qofaa yootiis; qassi eti he qofaa bantta qaalan dumma dumma ogiyan xaafidosona. Eti Xoossay yootidobaa xaafiyoogaa bolli, a asaa ammanuwaanne siiquwaa, qassi eta mooruwaanne eti ammanettibeennaagaa bessiyaabaa gujjin, i ba asawu oottidobaa xaafidosona. Ha ubbabay ha wodiyan nuna keehi maaddees.—Roo. 15:4.

5. Yihooway ba asay Ibraawetto xallan haasayanaadan koyidee? Qonccissa.

⁵ Hanotay laamettido wode, Xoossay asaara Ibraawetto xallan haasayibeenna. Baabiloona omooduwaappe simmin, Aramayke qaalay Xoossaa asaappe amaridaageeti ubbatoo haasayiyo qaala gidiis. Yihooway hananabaa yootiya Daaneelinne Ermmaasi, qassi qeesiyaa Iziri eti xaafido Geeshsha Maxaafaa kifiletuppe amaridaageeta Aramayke qaalan xaafanaadan oottidoy hegaassa gidennan aggenna. *

6. Ibraawetto Geeshsha Maxaafay Giriikettuwan birshshettidoy aybissee?

⁶ Guyyeppe, Gita Iskkinddiri he wode alamiyaappe dariya baggaa xoonin, daro asay haasayiyo Koyne giyo Giriikettoy ubba biittan haasayiyo qaala gidiis. Daro Ayhudati he qaalaa haasayiyoogaa doommido gishshawu, Ibraawetto Geeshsha Maxaafay Giriiketto qaalan birshshettiis. Ha birshshettay Septujentte geetettiis; qassi 72u asati hegaa birshshidabadan qofettees. Koyro birshshettida Geeshsha Maxaafay hegaa; hegee keehi maaddiya birshshettatuppe issuwaa. * He asatuppe issoti issoti issi qaalaa hara qaalan birshshidosona, shin harati hegaadan oottibookkona. Gidikkokka, Giriikettuwaa haasayiya Ayhudatikka, guyyeppe qassi Kiristtaanetikka Septujentte birshshettaa Xoossaa Qaalaadan xeellidosona.

7. Yesuusi ba erissiyo ashkkarata tamaarissanawu goˈettido qaalay aybee?

⁷ Xoossaayyo bayra Naˈay saˈaa yiido wode, Geeshsha Maxaafan Ibraawetto geetettiya qaalan i haasayennaaninne tamaarissennan waayi aggana. (Yoh. 19:20; 20:16; Oos. 26:14) Koyro xeetu layttaa Ibraawettuwan Aramayke qaalay walahettidaba milatees; hegaa gishshawu, Yesuusi amarida Aramayke qaalata goˈettennan aggenna. SHin, i saaminttan saaminttan Ayhuda woosa keettan nabbabettiya, Muuseenne hananabaa yootiyaageeti haasayiyo beni Ibraawettuwaakka erees. (Luq. 4:17-19; 24:44, 45; Oos. 15:21) Hegaa bollikka, Giriikettoynne Laatinee he wode Israaˈeelan asay haasayiyo qaala. Yesuusi he qaalatakka haasayiyaakkonne Geeshsha Maxaafay yootenna.

8, 9. Beni Kiristtaaneti daroti Giriikettuwaa haasayiyoy aybissee, qassi hagaappe Yihoowabaa nuuni ay tamaariyoo?

⁸ Beni Yesuusa kaalliyaageeti Ibraawetto qaalaa erikkokka, eti i hayqqi simmin hara qaalata haasayidosona. (Oosuwaa 6:1 nabbaba.) Mishiraachoy darosaa gakkin, daro Kiristtaaneti haasayiyoy Ibraawettuwaa gidennan, Giriikettuwaa. Maatiyoosi, Marqqoosi, Luqaasinne Yohaannisi Yesuusi  tamaarissidobaanne oottidobaa ayyaanaa kaaletuwan xaafido Wonggeleti Giriikettuwan darosaa gakkidosona. * Qassi kiitettida PHawuloosi xaafido dabddaabbetinne ayyaanay kaalettin xaafetida hara maxaafati Giriikettuwan asawu gakkidosona.

⁹ Giriiketto Geeshsha Maxaafaa xaafidaageeti Ibraawetto Geeshsha Maxaafaa qofaa yootiyo wode, darotoo Septujenttiyaappe xaafiyoogee akeekana koshshiyaaba. Issi issisan Ibraawettuwaappe guuttaa dummatiya he qofay Geeshsha Maxaafan haˈˈikka deˈees. Yaatiyo gishshawu, nagarancha asay birshshidoogee ayyaanaa kaaletuwan xaafettida Xoossaa Qaalaa shaaho gidiis; Xoossay issi wogaa woy qaalaa haraappe aatti xeellenna.—Oosuwaa 10:34 nabbaba.

10. Yihooway asaara haasayiyo ogiyaappe nuuni ay tamaariyoo?

¹⁰ Xoossay asaara haasayidobaa nuuni qanttan zaarettidoogee Yihooway koshshiyaagaadaaninne hanotaadan haasayissiyoogaa nuuni tamaaranaadan maaddees. Nuuni a woy a halchuwaa eranawu dumma qaalaa tamaaranaadan i koyenna. (Zakkaariyaasa 8:23; Ajjuutaa 7:9, 10 nabbaba.) Yihooway Geeshsha Maxaafaa ba ayyaanaa kaaletuwan xaafissikkokka, dumma dumma ogiyan xaafettanaadan paqqadiis.

11. Qaalaa dummatettay Xoossay asaara haasayennaadan diggibeennay aybissee?

¹¹ Dumma dumma qaalaa goˈettiyoogeenne birshshiyo wode guuttaa dummatiyoogee Xoossay asaara haasayennaadan diggidee? CHii diggibeenna. Leemisuwawu, koyro qaalaappe Yesuusi goˈettido amaridaageetu xallaa nuuni akeekana danddayoos. (Maa. 27:46; Mar. 5:41; 7:34; 14:36) SHin, Yihooway Yesuusi tamaarissidobay Giriikettuwan, qassi guyyeppe hara qaalatunkka odettanaadan oottiis. Hegaappe simmin, Ayhudatinne Kiristtaaneti Geeshsha Maxaafaa kushiyan darotoo xaafidoogee, Xoossaa Qaalay xayennaadan maaddiis. Hegee hara daro qaalan birshshettiis. Kiristtoosa wodiyaappe 400 gidiya layttay aadhi simmin deˈida Joon Krisisttomi Yesuusi tamaarissidobay Sooretu, Gibxxetu, Hinddetu, Parssetu, Toophiyaa asaanne hara daro asaa qaalan he wode birshshettidoogaa yootiis.

12. Geeshsha Maxaafay asawu gakkennaadan waani digettidee?

¹² Geeshsha Maxaafay daro qaalan birshshettidoogee Geeshsha Maxaafaa ubbaa xayssanaadan 303 M.Ln azazida Rooma Kawuwaa Dayoklizhiyaananne a mala asatu qofay polettennaadan oottiis. Xoossaa Qaalaa, a birshshiyaageetanne asawu immiyaageeta xayssanawu darotoo baaxetidosona. Wiiliyam Tindeli 16tta xeetu layttan Geeshsha Maxaafaa Ibraawettuwaappenne Giriikettuwaappe  Inggilizettuwan birshshiyoogaa doommiis. Keehi tamaarida issi bitaniyawu i, “Xoossay tana daro layttaa wottikko, goyiya naˈay neegaappe aaruwan Geeshsha Maxaafaa eranaadan taani oottana” yaagiis. Tindeli birshshanawunne ba birshshidoogaa attamissanawu Inggilizeppe Awurooppaa baqatiis. Haymaanootiyaa kaalettiyaageeti demmido maxaafa ubbaa asaa sinttan xuuggishinkka, daro maxaafay asawu imettiyoogaa doommiis. Wurssettan, Tindela aattidi immin, suullidi mittan kaqqidi xuuggidosona; shin i birshshido Geeshsha Maxaafay deˈees. Daro asawu gakkida King Jems Geeshsha Maxaafaa birshshettaa birshshiyaageeti hegaa loyttidi goˈettidosona.—2 Ximootiyoosa 2:9 nabbaba.

13. Beni kushiyan xaafettidaagaa xannaˈiyoogee aybi qonccanaadan oottidee?

¹³ Beni Geeshsha Maxaafatuppe ha wodiyan deˈiyaageetun guutta balaynne dummatiyaabay deˈiyoogee qoncce. SHin, Geeshsha Maxaafaa eranchati duuxxidi attida, kushiyan xaafettida, qassi beni birshshettida shaˈan qoodettiyaageeta geeddarssidi loytti xannaˈidosona. Geeshsha Maxaafan deˈiya qofaappe keehi daroy tuma gidiyoogee he xinaatiyan qoncciis. SHaakki eribeenna keehi guutta xiqiseti kumetta qofay laamettanaadan oottokkona. Kushiyan beni xaafettidaagaa xannaˈiyoogee, ha wodiyan deˈiya maxaafay Geeshsha Maxaafaa xaafidaageeta Yihooway koyro ba ayyaanan kaalettidoogaara issi mala gidiyoogaa Geeshsha Maxaafaa wozanappe xannaˈiyaageeti ammananaadan oottees.—Isi. 40:8. *

14. Asay Geeshsha Maxaafaa ay keenaa demmana danddayii?

¹⁴ Morkketi keehi eqettishinkka, Yihooway ba Qaalay asi deˈido wode ubban ay maxaafappenne aaruwan birshshettanaadan oottiis. Daroti Xoossan darin ammanenna woy mule ammanenna ha wodiyankka, Geeshsha Maxaafaagaa keena bayzettiya maxaafi baawa; qassi haˈˈi kumettay woy appe amaridaagee 2,800ppe dariya qaalan deˈees. Geeshsha Maxaafaagaa keena daro asaa gakkidanne demmana danddayiyo maxaafi baawa. Issi issi Geeshsha Maxaafaa birshshettati haratuugaa keena qoncce woy ammanttiyaageeta gidokkona. Gidikkokka, ubba birshshettatuppe Geeshsha Maxaafan deˈiya hidootaabaanne atotettaabaa tamaarana danddayoos.

15. (a) Ha wodiyan qaalaara gayttidaagan metootennaadan ammanettida ashkkaray waatidee? (b) Ayyaanaabaa qumaa giigissanawu Inggilizetto qaalay waati maaddidee?

¹⁵ Aadhida xeetu layttaa doomettan Geeshsha Maxaafaa minnidi xannaˈiya amaridaageetu citay ‘ammanettida wozannaama ashkkara’ gididi sunttettiyo wode, eti  ‘so asaa’ darotoo haasayissiyoy Inggilizettuwaana. (Maa. 24:45) He ‘ashkkaray’ kaseegaappe daro qaalan ayyaanaabaa qumaa giigissanawu keehi baaxetiiddi takkiis; he qooday haˈˈi 700ppe daro. Inggilizettoy zalˈˈiyaaninne timirttiyan darosan asay goˈettiyo qaala gidiyo gishshawu, Koyne giyo koyro xeetu layttaa Giriikettuwaagaadan birshshettaa oosuwawu keehi maaddees.

16, 17. (a) Xoossaa asawu aybi koshshiyoogee erettidee? (b) He koshshiyaabay waani kumidee? (c) Ishaa Noori amottidobay aybee?

¹⁶ Ayyaanaabaa qumay Geeshsha Maxaafaappe giigees. Inggilizettuwan 1950 heeran daro asay goˈettiyo Geeshsha Maxaafay 1611n attamettida King Jems Verzhin giyo maxaafaa. SHin, he maxaafay xaafettido qaalaa he wode asay goˈettenna. Qassi kushiyan beni xaafettida Geeshsha Maxaafan Xoossaa sunttay shaˈan qoodettiya sohuwan deˈikkonne, he maxaafan Xoossaa sunttay deˈiyo xiqiseti keehi guutta. He birshshettan balay deˈees; qassi kushiyan xaafidaageetuppe keehi gamˈˈidaageetun baynna xiqisetikka deˈoosona. Inggilizettuwan birshshettida he wode deˈiya hara Geeshsha Maxaafatikka hegaa mala.

¹⁷ Koyro xaafettida qofaa he wode asay haasayiyo qaalan Geeshsha Maxaafaa suure birshshana koshshiis. Ooratta Alamiyaa Geeshsha Maxaafaa Birshshiya Konttee sunttettin, eti birshshidoogee 1950ppe 1960 gakkanaashin deˈiya tammu layttan usuppun maxaafan shaahettidi kiyiis. Hegeetuppe koyroy kiyidoogaa Naase 2, 1950n erissiyo wode, Ishaa Naatan Noori gita shiiquwaa shiiqida asawu hagaadan giis: “Qonccida tumaara maayettiya, nuuni tumaa loytti akeekanaadan maaddiya, koyro xaafettida qofaa ammanttiya ogiyan qonccissiyaanne ha wodiyan haasayiyo qaalan birshshettida, Kiristtoosi erissiyo ashkkaratuppe koyroogeeti xaafidobaa ashkke gidida coo asay he wode akeekiyoogaadan ha wodiyan nabbabiyaageetikka akeekiyo Geeshsha Maxaafaa birshshettay keehi koshshiis.” I he birshshettay miilooniyan qoodettiya asaa ayyaanaaban maaddana giidi amottiyoogaa qonccissiis.

18. Geeshsha Maxaafaa birshshanawu maaddidabay aybee?

¹⁸ Maatiyoosappe Ajjuutaa Gakkanaassi Deˈiya Ooratta Alamiyaa Birshshettay 1963n hara usuppun qaalan, hegeetikka Dache qaalan, Paranssayettuwan, Jarmanettuwan, Xaalettuwan, Porchugaale qaalaaninne Isppeene qaalan kiyido wode, he amottidobay polettiis. Yihoowa Markkata Bolla Gididi Heemmiyaagee Geeshsha Maxaafaa birshshanaadan maaddiya kifiliyaa waanna biiruwan 1989n giigissiis. Hegaappe simmin 2005n, ha maxeetee birshshettiyo qaalatun Geeshsha Maxaafaa birshshanaadan paqqadettiis. Hegaappe denddidaagan, Ooratta Alamiyaa Birshshettay kumettay woy appe amaridaagee ha wodiyan 130ppe dariya qaalan deˈees.

19. Xiqimita 2013n hanida gitabay aybee, qassi kaalliya huuphe yohuwan nuuni beˈanabay aybee?

¹⁹ Daro layttappe guyyiyan, Inggilizettuwan attamettida Ooratta Alamiyaa Birshshettaa Inggilizetto qaalay laamettiyoogaara maayettiya ogiyan giigissana koshshiyoogaa akeekida. Xiqimita 5ninne 6n, 2013n, 1,413,676 gidiya, 31 biittaa asay, 129tta Wach Tawer Baybil end Trakt Sosayti of Pennsilveeniya laytta shiiquwaa yan shiiqiis woy harasan shiiqidi Intternneetiyan kaalliis. Zaarettidi giigissido Ooratta Alamiyaa Birshshettay Inggilizettuwan kiyidoogaa Bolla Gididi Heemmiyaagaa yaray yootiyoogaa siyidi shiiqidaageeti ubbay ufayttidosona. Zaarettidi giigissido Geeshsha Maxaafay shiiqidaageetussi immettiyo wode daroti afuxxidosona. Zaarettidi giigissido Geeshsha Maxaafaappe xiqisee nabbabettiyo wode, Xoossaa Qaalay Inggilizettuwan kase hegaadan loˈˈo birshshetti erennaagaa shiiqidaageeti akeekidosona. Kaalliya huuphe yohoy zaarettidi giigissido he maxaafaabaanne hara qaalatun hegaa birshshiyoogaabaa loytti qonccissees.