1, 2. (a) Geeshsha Maxaafay baynnaakko deˈoy ay mala gidanee? (b) Nuuni Geeshsha Maxaafaappe goˈettanaadan aybi maaddanee?

GEESHSHA MAXAAFAY baynnaakko ne deˈoy ay mala gidanee? Ne deˈuwan ubba galla maaddiya, ammanttiya zore demmana danddayakka. Xoossaabaa, deˈuwaabaanne sinttanaabaa xeelliyaagan denddiya oyshatuyyo suure zaaro demmakka. Qassi Yihooway beni asawu oottidobaa erana danddayakka.

² Nuuni hegaa mala azzanttiya hanotan deˈenna gishshawu galatoos. Yihooway ba Qaalaa, Geeshsha Maxaafaa nuussi immiis. Qassi i ba Qaalay merinawu daanaagaa yootiis. Kiitettida PHeexiroosi Isiyaasa 40:8⁠ppe hegaa yootiis. He xiqisee yootiyoy Geeshsha Maxaafaabaa gidennaagaa nuuni eroos; shin ayyaanaa kaaletuwan xaafettida he qofay Geeshsha Maxaafay yootiyoobawukka hanees. (1 PHeexiroosa 1:24, 25 nabbaba.) Geeshsha Maxaafay nuuni loytti akeekiyo qaalan deˈikko, keehi goˈettoos. Xoossaa Qaalaa siiqiyaageeti daro wodeppe kase hegaa akeekidosona. Hegee metiyaaba gidikkonne, ashkke asati daro xeetu layttawu Geeshsha Maxaafaa birshshiyoogaaninne asawu gattiyoogan minnidi oottidosona. Eta koshshay, “Asai ubbai attanaadaaninne tumatettaa eranaadan” koyiya Xoossaa qofaara maayiyaaba.—1 Xim. 2:3, 4.

3. Ha huuphe yohuwan nuuni ay xannaˈanee? (Doomettan deˈiya misiliyaa xeella.)

 ³ Ha huuphe yohuwan, (1) qaalay laamettiyoogee, (2) polotikaa hanotay laamettiyoogeenne (3) Geeshsha Maxaafaa birshshiyoogaa eqettiyoogee deˈishinkka Xoossaa Qaalay waanidi xayennan deˈidaakko xannaˈana. Hegaa xannaˈiyoogee nuna waati maaddanee? Yaatiyoogee, nuuni Geeshsha Maxaafaa nashshanaadan, qassi nu goˈˈaassi a xaafissidaagaa wozanappe siiqanaadan oottees.—Mik. 4:2; Roo. 15:4.

4. (a) Qaalay takkidi waani laamettii? (b) Xoossay ay qaalakka haraappe shaakki xeellennaagaa bessiyaabi aybee, hegee neessi aybi siyettanaadan oottii?

⁴ Qaalay takkidi laamettees. Issi issi qaalaatunne qofatu birshshettay kaseegaappe keehi dummatana danddayees. Neeni haasayiyo qaalay waani laamettidaakko bessiyaabaa qoppana danddayaasa. Geeshsha Maxaafan deˈiya maxaafatuppe dariya baggay xaafettido Ibraawettonne Giriiketto qaalaara gayttidaagankka hanotay hegaa mala. Geeshsha Maxaafay beni xaafettido qaalaappe ha wodiyaa Ibraawettoynne Giriikettoy keehi dumma. Yaatiyo gishshawu, Xoossaa Qaalaa eranawu koyiya ooninne, haray atto ha wodiyaa Ibraawettuwaa woy Giriikettuwaa eriya asaykka birshshettidaagaa nabbabana koshshees. Issoti issoti koyro xaafettido qaalan Geeshsha Maxaafaa nabbabana mala, beni wode Ibraawettuwaanne Giriikettuwaa tamaarana koshshees gi qoppoosona. Gidoppe attin, hegee eti qoppiyoogaa keena maaddiyaaba gidenna. * Kumetta Geeshsha Maxaafay woy a shaahoy 3,000 gidiya qaalatun birshshettidoogee ufayssiyaaba. Yihooway ‘asa ubbay, zare ubbay, dumma dumma biittaa qaala ubbay’ ba Qaalaappe goˈettanaadan koyees. (Ajjuutaa 14:6 nabbaba.) Hegee neeni siiqiya, asa asappe shaakkenna nu Xoossaakko shiiqanaadan oottennee?—Oos. 10:34.

5. King Jems Verzhiniyaa keehi koshshiyaaba oottidabay aybee?

⁵ Geeshsha Maxaafay birshshettido qaalaykka wodiyaappe wodiyan laamettees. Birshshettido wode koyro heeran nabbabanawu wayssenna birshshettaa qofaykka guyyeppe qoncce gidennan aggana danddayees. Inggilizetto qaalawu birshshido Geeshsha Maxaafaara gayttida issi leemisuwaa beˈa. King Jems Verzhin giyo birshshettay koyro 1611n kiyiis. Hegee Inggilizettuwan asay keehi dosiyo maxaafa gidiis; qassi Inglizetto qaalawu keehi maaddiis. King Jems Verzhin giyo birshshettan Xoossaa sunttay darosan deˈenna. He birshshettan, Ibraawetto Geeshsha Maxaafaa shaahuwan koyro Xoossaa sunttay xaafettido amarida xiqisetun “Yihoowa” giya sunttay deˈees, shin hara xiqisetun wogga pitaliyan “GODAA” giya qaalay deˈees. Guyyeppe attamettida Giriiketto Geeshsha Maxaafaa shaahuwankka wogga pitaliyan “GODAA” giya qaalay amarida xiqisetun deˈees. Yaatiyoogan, King Jems Verzhin giyoogaa birshshidaageeti Xoossaa sunttay Ooratta Maachaa geetettiya shaahuwan xaafettana bessiyoogaa akeekidosona.

6. Ooratta Alamiyaa Birshshettaa gishshawu nuuni ufayttiyoy aybissee?

⁶ Gidoppe attin, King Jems Verzhiniyan xaafettoosappe daro wodee aadhin, an deˈiya daro qaalay ha wodiyan asay goˈettennaba gidiis. Hara qaalan beni birshshettida hara Geeshsha Maxaafaa birshshettatikka hegaa mala. SHin Ooratta  Alamiyaa Geeshsha Maxaafaa Birshshettay ha wodiyan asay goˈettiyo qaalan giigido gishshawu keehi ufayttoos. Ha birshshettay kumettay woy appe amaridaagee 150⁠ppe dariya qaalan deˈiyo gishshawu, ha wodiyan deˈiya asaappe dariya baggay hegaa demmana danddayees. An deˈiya qoncce qaalay Xoossaa Qaalay yootiyoobay nu wozanaa denttettanaadan oottees. (Maz. 119:97) Ooratta Alamiyaa Birshshettan Xoossaa sunttay Geeshsha Maxaafan kase ba deˈiyoosan zaarettidi xaafettiis.

7, 8. (a) Heezzantto xeetu layttan K.K. daro Ayhudati Ibraawetto Geeshsha Maxaafaa erennay aybissee? (b) Giriiketto Septujenttee aybee?

⁷ Issi wodiyan deˈiya daro asay haasayiyo qaalay, polotikaa hanotaappe denddidaagan issi issitoo laamettees. SHin Yihooway asay akeekiyo qaalan Geeshsha Maxaafay deˈanaadan oottiis. Leemisuwawu, Geeshsha Maxaafan koyro 39 maxaafata Ayhudati woy Israaˈeelati xaafidosona. Eti “Xoossai ba kiitaa hadaraa” koyro immidoogeeta. (Roo. 3:1, 2) SHin, heezzantto xeetu layttan K.K., daro Ayhudati Ibraawettuwaa erokkona. Aybissi? Gita Iskkinddiri ba xoonido biittan Giriike haaruwaa aassido gishshataassa. (Dane. 8:5-7, 20, 21) He haaroy aakkido wode, Giriikettoy darosan laalettidi deˈiya Ayhudata gujjin, daro asay haasayiyo qaala gidiis. Daro Ayhudati darotoo haasayiyoy Giriikettuwaa gidin, Ibraawetto Geeshsha Maxaafaa akeekanawu daroti metootidosona. Yaatin aybi maaddanee?

⁸ Heezzantto xeetu layttaa K.K. baggaa heeran, Geeshsha Maxaafan deˈiya koyro ichashu maxaafati Ibraawettuwaappe Giriikettuwan birshshettidosona. Attida Ibraawetto Geeshsha Maxaafay naaˈˈantto xeetu layttan K.K. birshshettidi wuriis. He Geeshsha Maxaafaa birshshettay Giriiketto Septujenttiyaa geetettees. Septujenttee kumetta Ibraawetto Geeshsha Maxaafaa birshshetta gidida koyro maxaafa.

9. (a) Septujentteenne beni birshshettida harati Xoossaa Qaalaa nabbabiya asaa waatidi maaddidonaa? (b) Ibraawetto Geeshsha Maxaafaappe neeni dosiyo xiqisee awugee?

⁹ Septujenttee Giriikettuwaa haasayiya Ayhudatinne harati Ibraawetto Geeshsha Maxaafaa akeekanaadan keehi maaddiis. Eti bantta eriyo qaalan Xoossaa Qaalaa siyidoogaaninne nabbabidoogan ay keena ufayttidaakko qoppa! Guyyeppe, Geeshsha Maxaafaappe amarida shaahoy daro asay haasayiyo Siriyake, Gotikenne Laatine qaalan birshshettiis. Asay loytti eriyo qaalan Xoossaa Qaalaa nabbabiyo wode, ha wodiyan nuugaadan, daroti dosiyo xiqiseta demmiyoogee qoncce. (Mazamure 119:162-165 nabbaba.) Daro asay haasayiyo qaalay laamettikkonne, Xoossaa Qaalay merinawu deˈees.

10. Jon Wiklifa wode, daro asay Geeshsha Maxaafaa demmana danddayennay aybissee?

¹⁰ Deriyaa haariya daroti asay Geeshsha Maxaafaa nabbabenna mala digganawu daro layttawu malidosona. SHin, ashkke asati hegaa mala yedetaa eqettidosona. Leemisuwawu, 14tta xeetu layttaa haymaanootiyaa eranchaa Jon Wiklifabaa beˈa. I ubba asay Xoossaa Qaalaappe goˈettana bessiyoogaa mintti ammanees. SHin he wode, Inggilizen deˈiya daro asay Geeshsha Maxaafaa demmana danddayeenna. Aybissi? Issi gaasoy, kushiyan xaafettida maxaafay keehi alˈˈo gidiyo gishshawu, daro asay bawu buzo maxaafaa demmana danddayenna. Hegaa bollikka, asaappe dariya baggay nabbabana danddayenna. Eti woosa keettaa  biyo wode, hegaa nabbabishin siyana danddayoosona. SHin he siyiyoobaa daroti akeekokkona. Aybissi? Woosa Keettan nabbabiyo maxaafay (Vulget giyo) Laatiniyan xaafettidaagaa gidiyo gishshataassa. SHin, he wode Laatine qaalay daro asay akeekenna qaala! Geeshsha Maxaafan deˈiya alˈˈobaa eti waati akeekanee?—Lee. 2:1-5.

11. Wiklifa Geeshsha Maxaafaa goˈˈay aybee?

¹¹ Qassi 1382n, guyyeppe Wiklifa Geeshsha Maxaafaa giyo Inggilizetto birshshettay giigiis. Hegaa Wiklifa kaalliyaageeti sohuwaara dosidosona. Yuuyidi sabbakiya Lolard giyoogeeti asay Xoossaa Qaalaa loytti akeekanaadan maaddanawu Inggilize biittan kumettan heeraappe heeran tohuwan yuuyidosona. Lolard giyo asati darotoo demmiyo asawu Wiklifa Geeshsha Maxaafaappe amarida qofaa nabbabidi, kushiyan xaafido koppiyaa etawu immoosona. Eti hegaadan oottidoogee asay Xoossaa Qaalaa zaarettidi siiqanaadan oottiis.

12. Wiklifanne a oosuwaa xeelliyaagan haymaanootiyaa kaalettiya asatuyyo aybi siyettidee?

¹² Yaatin, haymaanooteta kaalettiyaageeti waanidonaa? Eti Wiklifa, a Geeshsha Maxaafaanne a kaalliya asata ixxidosona. Qassi Lolard giyo asata yedettidosonanne bantta demmido, Wiklifa Geeshsha Maxaafa ubbaa xayssidosona. Wiklifi hayqqi simminkka, kaddidaagaa giidi mootidosona. Issi asi hayqqaappe sinttan, a qaxxayana danddayettenna. SHin haymaanooteta kaalettiyaageeti Wiklifa meqettaa duufuwaappe kesissi xuuggidi, bidinttaa shaafan olidosona. Gidoppe attin, woosa keettay asay Xoossaa Qaalaa nabbabidi eranawu koyiyoogaa diggana danddayibeenna. Hegaappe kaallidi deˈiya xeetan qoodettiya layttappe guyyiyan, Awurooppaaninne kumetta saˈan deˈiya daroti asay goˈettanaadan Geeshsha Maxaafaa birshshiyoogaanne asawu gattiyoogaa doommidosona.

13. Nuuni ay ammanettiyoo, qassi hegee nu ammanoy kaseegaappe minnanaadan waati maaddii?

¹³ Ha wodiyan deˈiya Kiristtaaneti Septujenttiyaa, Wiklifa Geeshsha Maxaafaa, King Jems Verzhiniyaa woy hara birshshettaa Xoossaa ayyaanay kaalettin  birshshidosona giidi qoppokkona. Gidoppe attin, nuuni ha taarikiyaanne hanno gakkanawu birshshettida harata qoppiyo wode, Yihooway giidoogaadan a Qaalay merinawu deˈiyoogaa akeekoos. Ha hanotay Yihooway qaalaa gelido hara ubbabaykka polettanaagaa neeni kaseegaappe aaruwan ammananaadan oottennee?—Yaas. 23:14.

14. Xoossaa Qaalay nuuni a kaseegaappe aaruwan siiqanaadan waati maaddii?

¹⁴ Geeshsha Maxaafay hanno gakkanawu waani takkidaakko eriyoogee nu ammanoy minnanaadan oottiyoogaa xalla gidennan, Yihoowa loytti siiqanaadankka oottees. * SHin i ba Qaalaa nuussi immidoy, qassi a Qaalay xayennaagaa yootidoy aybissee? Nuna siiqiyo gishshataassanne nuna maaddiyaabaa tamaarissana koyiyo gishshataassa. (Isiyaasa 48:17, 18 nabbaba.) Yihooway nuna siiqiyo gishshawu, nuunikka a azazota azazettiyoogan a siiqiyoogee bessiyaaba.—1 Yoh. 4:19; 5:3.

15. Kaalliya huuphe yohuwan ay tobbanee?

¹⁵ Nuuni Xoossaa Qaalaa nashshiyo gishshawu, appe loytti goˈettana koyiyoogee erettidaagaa. Nuuni Geeshsha Maxaafaa buzo xannaˈiyo wode waanidi loytti goˈettana danddayiyoo? Nuuni haggaazuwan demmiyo asati Geeshsha Maxaafaa nashshanaadan waati maaddana danddayiyoo? Gubaaˈiyan tamaarissiyaageeti eti tamaarissiyo ubbabay Xoossaa Qaalaappe gidiyoogaa waati erana danddayiyoonaa? Ha oyshatu zaaruwaa kaalliya huuphe yohuwan tobbana.