Neʼe Feafeaʼi Te Liliu ʼa Te Keletiate Ko He Koga ʼo Te Mālama ʼAenī

ʼI TE temi ʼaē neʼe to ai te puleʼaga loma, neʼe tuputupu ai te tui faka kilisitiano ʼo te temi muʼa. Tokolahi te kau tagata fai hisitolia ʼe nātou ʼui ko te to ʼaia neʼe ko te temi ʼaia ʼo te mālo fakaʼosi ʼa te tui faka kilisitiano ʼi te lotu pagani. ʼI tana fakahā te kehe ʼo tana manatu, neʼe tohi fēnei e te ʼēpikopō anglican ko E. W. Barnes: “ ʼI tona ʼuhiga sivilisasio neʼe fakaʼalu ke puli, ko te tui faka kilisitiano neʼe gata leva tona fakaʼaliʼaliki kia Sesu Kilisito: neʼe liliu ko te lotu ʼaoga ʼi tona ʼuhiga ʼaē ko he noʼo faka sosiale ʼo he mālama kua tahi ʼalu.” — The Rise of Christianity.

ʼI muʼa ʼo te to ʼaia, lolotoga te lua, te tolu pea mo te fā sēkulō, ʼe fakamatala e te hisitolia e lahi te ʼu faʼahi ko nātou ʼaē neʼe nātou ʼui ʼe nātou mulimuli kia Sesu neʼe nātou nofo mavae mai te mālama loma. Kae ʼe ina toe fakahā foki te tuputupu ʼo te ʼapositasia ʼi te ʼu akonaki, ʼi te aga pea mo te kautahi, ohage ko tona fakakikite e Sesu mo tana kau tisipulo (Mateo 13:36-43; Gāue 20:29, 30; 2 Tesalonika 2:3-12; 2 Timoteo 2:16-18; 2 Petelo 2:1-3, 10-22). Ko te holoʼi ʼo te ʼu fakatuʼutuʼu neʼe hoko ʼaki te mālama keleka-loma, pea ko ʼihi ʼaē neʼe nātou ʼui ko nātou ko te kau kilisitiano neʼe nātou tali te tauhi pagani ʼo te mālama (ohage ko tana ʼu fakafiafia pea mo tana tauhi ʼo te ʼatua fafine-faʼe pea mo te tahi tolu), tana filosofia (ohage ko te akonaki ʼo te nefesi tuputupua), pea mo tana kautahi takitaki (ʼe ʼiloga ʼi te kalasi ʼo te kau takitaki lotu). Neʼe ko te tui faka kilisitiano heʼemaʼa leva ʼaia ʼaē neʼe ina ʼaumai te hahaʼi pagani tokolahi pea mo fakaliliu ko he mālohi neʼe ʼuluaki faigaʼi e te ʼu tuʼi loma ke nātou molehi pea ki muli age neʼe nātou tali pea mo nātou faigaʼi tona fakaʼaogaʼi ki te ʼu lelei ʼo nātou.

Lavā ʼi te mālama

Neʼe fakahā e te tagata fai hisitolia ʼo te ’Ēkelesia ko johann Neander te ʼu tuʼutāmaki ʼe  fakapipiki ki te ʼu vāhaʼa foʼou ʼo te “tui faka kilisitiano” pea mo te malamanei. Neʼe ina tohi fēnei: kapau neʼe sakilifisioʼi e te kau kilisitiano tanatou mavae ʼaē mai te malamanei, “ko te ikuʼaga ko te maveuveu ʼo te ’Ēkelesia mo te malamanei (...) ʼaki te pulihi e te ’Ēkelesia tona ʼuhiga maʼa, pea, ʼi te hage mai ʼaē ʼe mālo, kae neʼe liliu ia ʼo lavā”. — General History of the Christian Religion and Church, Tohi 2, pasina 161.

Ko te meʼa ʼaia neʼe hoko. ʼI te kamataʼaga ʼo te fā sēkulō, ko te tuʼi loma ko Constantin neʼe faiga ke ina fakaʼaogaʼi te lotu “faka kilisitiano” ʼo tona temi moʼo fakatahiʼi tana puleʼaga ʼaē neʼe tahi ʼalu. Moʼo faka aʼu te faʼahi ʼaia, neʼe ina foaki kia nātou ʼaē neʼe nātou ʼui ko te kau kilisitiano ia te ʼāteaina faka lotu pea mo ina hili ʼihi pilivilesio ʼo te kau pelepitelo pagani ki ʼana kau takitaki lotu. ʼE ʼui fēnei e te tohi (The New Encyclopædia Britannica): “Neʼe fakahā e Constantin ki te ’Ēkelesia tana situʼa ʼaē ki te mālama moʼo fakalotoʼi ke ina tali he tuʼulaga faka sosiale pea mo tokoni ki te sosiete pagani ke maʼu maʼa te ’Ēkelesia.”

Ko he lotu faka puleʼaga

ʼO hoa atu kia Constantin, ko te tuʼi ko Julien (taʼu 361 ki te taʼu 363 ʼo totatou temi) neʼe ina faigaʼi ke fakafeagai ki te tui faka kilisitiano pea mo fakatuʼu te lotu pagani. Kae neʼe mole ina lavaʼi ia, pea hili kiai te taʼu e 20, neʼe tapuʼi e te tuʼi ko Théodose 1 te lotu pagani pea neʼe ina fakatuʼu fakakinau te “tui faka kilisitiano” ʼe lagolago ki te tahitolu ko he lotu faka puleʼaga ʼo te Puleʼaga loma. Neʼe fēnei te tohi fakahagatonu e te tagata fai hisitolia falani ko Henri Marrou: “ ʼI te fakaʼosi ʼo te temi pule ʼa Théodose, ko te tui faka kilisitiano, ʼi tona fakahagatonu, ko te lotu katolika orthodoxe neʼe liliu ko te lotu faka puleʼaga ʼi te mālama loma katoa.” Ko te lotu katolika orthodoxe neʼe ina fetogi te tui faka kilisitiano moʼoni pea neʼe liliu ia ʼo “kau ki te malamanei”. Ko te lotu faka puleʼaga ʼaia neʼe vaha kehekehe ia mo te lotu ʼo te ʼu ʼuluaki tisipulo ʼo Sesu, ʼaē neʼe ina ʼui age kia nātou: “ ʼE mole koutou kau ki te malamanei.” — Soane 15:19.

Ko te tagata fai hisitolia pea mo filosofia falani ko Louis Rougier neʼe ina tohi fēnei: “ ʼI tana mafola, neʼe hoko te ʼu fetogi ki te tui faka kilisitiano ʼo aʼu ki te mole kei feala hana toe ʼiloʼi. (...) Ko te ’Ēkelesia ʼo te temi muʼa ʼo te tagata masiva, ʼaē neʼe maʼuli ʼuhi ko te aga ʼofa, kua liliu ia ko te ’Ēkelesia toʼa pea neʼe felogoi mo te ʼu pule fakamālama ʼaē ʼe tuʼu mo kapau neʼe mole fealagia kia ia hana puleʼi te ʼu pule ʼaia.”

ʼI te kamataʼaga ʼo te nima sēkulō, ko te “sagato” katolika loma ʼaē ko Aukusitino neʼe ina tohi tana tohi lahi (The City of God). ʼI tana tohi neʼe ina fakamatalatala te ʼu kolo e lua, “ ʼaē ʼa te ʼAtua pea mo ʼaē ʼa te mālama”. Neʼe fakahāhā lelei koa e te tohi ʼaia te mavae ʼa te kau katolika mai te mālama? Kailoa. ʼE tala fēnei e te polofesea ko Latourette: “Neʼe fakamoʼoni lelei e Aukusitino ko te ʼu kolo e lua, ʼaē fakakelekele pea mo ʼaē ʼi te lagi, neʼe fefioʼaki.” Neʼe ako e Aukusitino “ko te Puleʼaga ʼa te ʼAtua neʼe kua kamata ʼi te mālama ʼaenī ʼaki te fakatuʼutuʼu ʼa te ’Ēkelesia [katolika]”. (The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia, Tohi 4, pasina 506). Koia, logope he fakatuʼutuʼu ʼuluaki ʼa Aukusitino, ko tana ʼu akonaki neʼe ʼi ai tona ikuʼaga ki te faka ʼāʼāsili ʼo te fakapipiki ʼa te ’Ēkelesia katolika ki te ʼu meʼa faka politike ʼo te mālama ʼaenī.

Ko he puleʼaga vaevae

ʼI te taʼu 395 ʼo totatou temi, ʼi te mate ʼa Théodose 1, ko te Puleʼaga loma neʼe vae lua leva. Ko te Puleʼaga ʼo te potu Hahake peʼe byzantin neʼe ko tona kolo muʼa ko Constantinople (ʼāfea atu ko Byzance, ʼi te temi nei ko Istanbul), pea ko te Puleʼaga ʼo te potu Hihifo neʼe kolo muʼa (ʼi te ʼosi ʼo te taʼu 402 ʼo totatou temi) ki Ravenna, ʼi Italia. Ko te meʼa neʼe hoko, ko te keletiate neʼe vaelua ʼi te faʼahi faka politike pea mo te faʼahi faka lotu. ʼO ʼuhiga mo te vāhaʼa ʼa te ’Ēkelesia pea mo te Puleʼaga, ko te ’Ēkelesia ʼo te potu Hihifo neʼe ina muliʼi te akonaki ʼa Eusèbe ʼo Sesalea (ko he tagata neʼe maʼuli ʼi te temi ʼo Constantin le Grand). ʼI tana fakapōʼuli ʼaē ki te fakatuʼutuʼu faka kilisitiano ʼaē ko te mavae mai te mālama, neʼe fakamahinohino e Eusèbe kapau ʼe liliu te tuʼi pea mo te puleʼaga ko he kau kilisitiano, ko te ’Ēkelesia pea mo te Puleʼaga ʼe liliu anai ko he sosiete faka kilisitiano pe e tahi, ʼaki  te tuʼi ʼe ʼafio ʼi tona ʼuhiga fakafofoga ʼo te ʼAtua ʼi te kele. ʼI te fakasiosio katoa ki te ʼu meʼa ʼaia, ko te vāhaʼa ʼaia ʼo te ’Ēkelesia pea mo te Puleʼaga neʼe nā faifaitahi lolotoga te ʼu sēkulō e te ʼu ’Ēkelesia orthodoxes ʼo te potu Hahake. ʼI tana tohi (The Orthodox Church), ko Timothy Ware, ko te ʼēpikopō orthodoxe, neʼe ina fakahā te fua: “Ko te tauhi ʼaē ki te fenua ʼaē neʼe ina fakaʼauha te pipiki maʼu ki te ʼu fakatuʼutuʼu ʼāfea lolotoga te ʼu sēkulō fakaʼosi e hogofulu.”

ʼI te potu Hahake, ko te tuʼi loma fakamuli neʼe fakahifo ʼi te taʼu 476 ʼo totatou temi ʼi te ʼohofi ʼa te ʼu telepi siamani. Ko te meʼa ʼaia neʼe ina fakaʼiloga te gata ʼo te Puleʼaga loma ʼo te potu Hihifo. ʼI te vaha noa faka politike ʼaē neʼe hoa mai kiai, ʼe tala fēnei e te tohi (The New Encyclopædia Britannica): “Ko te pule foʼou neʼe fakatuʼu: ko te ’Ēkelesia loma, ko te ’Ēkelesia ʼo te ʼēpikopō ʼo Loma. Neʼe manatu ia e te ’Ēkelesia ʼaia koia ko te hōloga ʼo te Puleʼaga loma ʼaē kua puli.” Ko te encyclopédie ʼaia ʼe ina toe ʼui: “Ko te ʼu tuʼi tapu loma (...) neʼe nātou fakatuputupu te tagi ki te ʼu meʼa fakamālama ʼo te kau takitaki lotu ʼo fakalaka ʼi te ʼu tuʼakoi ʼo te ’Ēkelesia-Puleʼaga pea ina fakatuputupu te akonaki ʼaē ʼe higoaʼi ki te heletā e lua, ʼo ina ʼui ko Kilisito neʼe mole gata pe tana foaki ki te tuʼi tapu te pule fakalaumālie ʼo te ’Ēkelesia kae feiā ai mo te pule ki te ʼu puleʼaga fakamālama.”

Ko te ʼu ’Ēkelesia polotesita ʼe nātou tauhi ki te ʼu puleʼaga

Lolotoga te Moyen Âge, ko te lotu orthodoxe pea mo te lotu katolika loma neʼe nā haga pipiki mālohi aipe ki te politike, ki te ʼu fihifihia fakamālama, pea mo te ʼu tau. Ko te Kamataʼaga ʼo te lotu polotesita ʼo te 16 sēkulō neʼe ina fakaʼiloga ʼaki koa he toe liliu ki te tui faka kilisitiano moʼoni, ko he mavae mai koa ʼaia mai te mālama?

 Kailoa. ʼE tou lau fēnei ʼi te tohi (The New Encyclopædia Britannica): “Ko te kau hahaʼi ʼo te Kamataʼaga ʼo te lotu polotesita ʼo te ʼu talatisio lutelo, mo kalevino pea mo anglicane (...) neʼe nātou pipiki maʼu ki te ʼu manatu ʼa Aukusitino, ia ia ʼaē neʼe nātou ʼofa makehe ki tana filosofia. (...) Ko te ʼu talatisio ʼaia e tolu ʼo te Eulopa ʼi te 16 sēkulō (...) neʼe nātou maʼu tokoni mai te ʼu pule fakamālama ʼi Saxe [Siamani ʼo te potu lotomalie], ʼi Suisi, pea mo Pilitania pea neʼe nātou nonofo ʼi te tuʼulaga pe ʼaia ʼo ʼuhiga mo te Puleʼaga ohage pe ko te ’Ēkelesia ʼo te Moyen-Âge.”

Mole ʼui ke ina fakatupu he toe liliu ki te tui faka kilisitiano fakamalotoloto, ko te Kamataʼaga ʼo te lotu polotesita neʼe ina fakatupu te ʼu ’Ēkelesia fakafenua peʼe faka telituale neʼe nātou kumi ʼofa ʼi te ʼu puleʼaga faka politike pea mo nātou lagolago ki te ʼu Puleʼaga ʼaia ʼi tanatou ʼu tau. ʼIo, ko te ʼu ’Ēkelesia loma pea mo polotesita neʼe nātou laga tau faka lotu. ʼI tana tohi (An Historian’s Approach to Religion), neʼe ʼui fēnei e Arnold Toynbee ʼo ʼuhiga mo te ʼu faʼahiga tau ʼaia: “Neʼe nātou tuku te kau Katolika pea mo te kau Polotesita ʼi Falani, ʼi Holani, ʼi Siamani, pea mo Ilelani, pea mo te ʼu magaʼi lotu ʼo te kau Polotesita ʼaē ʼe nātou fakafeagai ʼi Pilitania pea mo Écosse ki te agamālohi ke nātou faigaʼi te femolehiʼaki ʼaki te mālohi pea mo te ʼu meʼa tau.” Ko te ʼu tau ʼo te temi nei ʼaē ʼe ina veuki ia Ilelani pea mo Iukoselavia, ʼe nātou fakahā ko te ʼu ’Ēkelesia katolika loma pea mo orthodoxe ʼe kei nātou kau mālohi pe ki te ʼu meʼa ʼo te mālama ʼaenī.

Ko te ʼu meʼa fuli ʼaia ʼe ina faka ʼuhiga koa ko te tui faka kilisitiano moʼoni, ʼaē ʼe mavae mai te mālama, ʼe mole kei maʼu ʼi te kele? Ko te alatike ʼaē ka hoa mai ʼe ina tali anai te fehuʼi ʼaia.

[Talanoa ʼo te ʼu pasina 10, 11]

KO TE LILIU ʼA TE “TUI FAKA KILISITIANO” KO HE LOTU FAKA PULEʼAGA

KO TE tui faka kilisitiano neʼe mole heʼeki faka ʼuhiga ia ko he koga ʼo te mālama ʼaenī (Mateo 24:3, 9; Soane 17:16). Kae ko te ʼu tohi faka hisitolia ʼe nātou tala mai ʼi te fā sēkulō ʼo totatou temi, ko te “tui faka kilisitiano” neʼe liliu ko te lotu faka puleʼaga neʼe fakamoʼoni e te Puleʼaga loma. Neʼe feafeaʼi tana iku ki te faʼahi ʼaia?

Talu mai te temi ʼo Nelone (taʼu 54 ki te taʼu 68 ʼo totatou temi) ʼo aʼu ki te tolu sēkulō, ko te ʼu tuʼi loma fuli neʼe nātou fakatagaʼi te kau kilisitiano peʼe nātou fakagafua te fakatagaʼi ʼo nātou. Ko Gallien (taʼu 253 ki te taʼu 268 ʼo totatou temi) neʼe ko te ʼuluaki tuʼi ʼaia neʼe ina tā te fakatuʼutuʼu mo tali ia nātou (te kau kilisitiano). Kae māʼiape la te faʼahi ʼaia, ko te tui faka kilisitiano neʼe ko he lotu ia neʼe tapuʼi ʼi te puleʼaga fuli. Hili te temi ʼo Gallien, ko te fakataga neʼe hoko atu ia, pea ʼi te temi ʼo Dioclétien (taʼu 284 ʼo aʼu ki te taʼu 305 ʼo totatou temi) pea mo tana ʼu hōloga, neʼe ʼāsili age ia.

Ko te maliuʼaga neʼe hoko ʼi te kamata ʼo te fā sēkulō ʼaki te meʼa ʼaē ʼe higoaʼi ko te tafoki ki te tui faka kilisitiano ʼa te tuʼi ko Constantin 1. ʼO ʼuhiga mo te “tafoki” ʼaia, ʼe tala fēnei e te tohi falani (Théo—Nouvelle encyclopédie catholique): “ ʼE tala e Constantin ko ia ko te tuʼi kilisitiano. ʼI tona fakahagatonu, neʼe hoki papitema pe ia ʼi tona palepale mate.” Kae, ʼi te taʼu 313 ʼo totatou temi, ko Constantin mo tona kaugā tuʼi, ko Licinius, neʼe nā fakatuʼu te lao ʼe fakamoʼoni te ʼāteaina faka lotu ki te kilisitiano feiā ai mo te hahaʼi pagani. ʼE tala fēnei e te tohi (The New Catholic Encyclopedia): “Ko te fakalahi ʼo te ʼāteaina ʼo te tauhi ʼa te kau kilisitiano, ʼaē ko tona faka ʼuhiga ʼi te tukuʼaki ko he religio licita [ko he lotu ʼe fakamoʼoni kiai te puleʼaga] ʼi tuʼa atu ʼo te lotu pagani, neʼe ko he aga foʼou ia.”

Kae, ʼe tala fēnei e te tohi (The New Encyclopædia Britannica): “Ko ia [ia Constantin] neʼe mole ina fakaliliu te tui faka kilisitiano ko he lotu ʼa te puleʼaga.” ʼE tohi fēnei e te tagata fai hisitolia falani ʼaē ko Jean-Rémy Palanque, ʼe kau ʼi te Kau fakatuʼutuʼu ʼo Falani: “Ko te Puleʼaga loma (...) neʼe tukuʼaki pe ia ʼi tona ʼuhiga pagani. Pea ko Constantin, ʼi tana kau ʼaē ki te lotu ʼa Kilisito, neʼe mole ina fakagata te ʼaluʼaga ʼaia.” ʼI tana tohi (The Legacy of Rome), ʼe tala e Ernest Barker: “[Ko te mālo ʼa Constantin] neʼe mole iku ia ki he fakatuʼu ʼi te moʼi temi pe ʼaia te tui faka kilisitiano ʼi tona ʼuhiga lotu ʼa te Puleʼaga. Neʼe fakamoʼoni pe ia e Constantin ko te tui faka kilisitiano ʼe kau ʼi te ʼu tauhi ʼiloa ʼo te Puleʼaga. Lolotoga te ʼu taʼu e fitugofulu neʼe hoko mai kiai, ko te ʼu toʼotoʼoga pagani ʼāfea neʼe fai faka puleʼaga ia ʼi Loma.”

Koia ʼi te potu ʼaia ko te “tui faka kilisitiano” neʼe ko te lotu neʼe fakamoʼoni e te Puleʼaga loma. Ko te temi fea ʼaē neʼe liliu ai, ʼo katoa ai te kupu ʼaē, ko te lotu faka puleʼaga? ʼE tou lau fēnei ʼi te tohi (New Catholic Encyclopedia): “Ko te fakatuʼutuʼu [ʼa Constantin] neʼe hoko atu e tona ʼu hōloga, gata ko Julien [mai te taʼu 361 ki te taʼu 363 ʼo totatou temi] ʼaē neʼe tuku fakapunamaʼuli tana fakatagaʼi te kau kilisitiano ʼi tana mate. Pea, ʼi te ʼu taʼu fakaʼosi e ʼuafulu tupu ʼo te fā sēkulō, ko Théodose le Grand [mai te taʼu 379 ʼo aʼu ki te taʼu 395 ʼo totatou temi] neʼe ina fakaliliu te tui faka kilisitiano ko te lotu faka puleʼaga pea neʼe ina molehi te tauhi pagani ʼiloa.”

ʼI tana fakamoʼoni te faʼahi ʼaia pea mo ina fakahā tonu peʼe koteā te ʼuhiga ʼo te lotu faka puleʼaga foʼou ʼaia, ko te tagata poto neʼe ina ako te Tohi-Tapu pea mo fai hisitolia ko F. J. Foakes Jackson neʼe ina tohi fēnei: “ ʼI te temi ʼo Constantin ko te tui faka kilisitiano pea mo te Puleʼaga neʼe nā logo tahi. Kae ʼi te temi ʼo Théodose, neʼe fakatahiʼi nāua. (...) Talu mai ai, neʼe ʼāteaina leva te higoa katolika kia nātou ʼaē neʼe nātou tauhi te Tāmai, te ʼAlo pea mo te Laumālie Maʼoniʼoni ʼi tonatou ʼuhiga tatau. Ko te manatu katoa faka lotu ʼa te tuʼi ʼaia neʼe fakaʼosiʼosi pe ki te faʼahi ʼaia, pea ko tana ikuʼaga ko te tui katolika neʼe liliu ko te lotu pe ʼaia e tahi neʼe fakamoʼoni e te lao ko te lotu ʼa te kau Loma.”

Neʼe tohi fēnei e Jean-Rémy Palanque: “Ko Théodose, ʼi tana ina tauʼi te lotu pagani, neʼe ina maʼu te ʼofa ʼo te ’Ēkelesia [katolika] orthodoxe; ko tana lao ʼo te taʼu 380 ʼo totatou temi neʼe ina fakatotonu ki te ʼu hahaʼi ʼe kaugana kia ia ke nātou faka tui ki te tuʼi tapu ko Damase pea mo te ʼēpikopō ʼo Alexandrie [ʼe nātou lagolago ki te Tahitolu] pea mo ina fakamasiva ia nātou ʼaē ʼe nātou lagolago ki te ʼāteaina ʼo te ʼu faʼahiga tauhi. Ko te fono lahi neʼe hoko ʼi Constantinople (ʼi te taʼu 381) neʼe ina toe tauteaʼi te heletiko fuli, pea ko te tuʼi neʼe ina fakamoʼoni ʼe mole ʼi ai anai he ʼēpikopō ʼe lagolago kia nātou. Ko te tui faka kilisitiano ʼo Nicée ʼaē ʼe lagolago ki te Tahitolu neʼe liliu tonu pe ia ko te lotu faka puleʼaga. (...) Ko te ’Ēkelesia neʼe pipiki tahi mo te Puleʼaga pea neʼe fakafiafia ʼi tana lagolago.”

Koia, neʼe mole ko te tui faka kilisitiano maʼa ʼo te temi ʼo te kau ʼapositolo ʼaē neʼe liliu ko te lotu faka puleʼaga ʼo te Puleʼaga loma. Neʼe ko te lotu katolika ia ʼaē neʼe lagolago ki te Tahitolu ʼo te fā sēkulō, ʼaē neʼe fakakinauʼi fakamālohi e te tuʼi ko Théodose 1 pea neʼe maʼuliʼi e te ’Ēkelesia katolika loma, ʼaē, ohage pe ko tona ʼuhiga ʼi te temi ʼaē pea toe feiā aipe ʼi te temi nei, ko he koga moʼoni ʼo te mālama ʼaenī.

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki]

Emperor Theodosius I: Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid (Foto Oronoz)

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki pasina 8]

Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.