FAN̈ONTANIAN̈A 1
Karakory ma Nampisy Olombelon̈o?
Taminy anao mbala hely mety efa nan̈ontany karaha ty tamindry olobenao: “Baka aia ma haviany zazamena e?” Ke mba ino eky ho iro? Mety nen̈atra iro, na namaly mekimeky fo, na koa iro mety tsy nivolan̈a foeky. Mbala hely loatra baka fahitandro anao. Na koa iro mety namoron̈o tantara. Tafara tatỳ vo hainao fa kaiky tsy marin̈y aby izin̈y. Sady tsy maintsy nivolan̈indro taminao fo ny marin̈y, baka tamy lelahy ndreky man̈angy mitambatra nahavy zazamena, fotony baka anao tsy tiandro han̈ano hadalan̈a, baka io tiandro mba ho von̈ono amy vadian̈a.
Man̈avia raimandreny maro mikoran̈a momba fomba nampisy zazamena. Fa mbala misy fan̈ontanian̈a bebenizen̈y tsy tiany siantifiky aby io valian̈a. Ty izio: Karakory ma nampisy olombelon̈o? Izikoa haintsika valinizio, ho haintsika ino antony iain̈antsika. Ke karakory ma nampisy atsika?
Seliliny tsaiky vo miforon̈o an̈aty kibo. Sary nankabiazin̈y, natao in-800
Akory volan̈iny siantifiky maro? Iro mino evolision io mivolan̈a fa fiain̈ana ty zen̈y niforon̈o tan̈aty ranorano marikitry andranomasin̈y, na tambany ranomasin̈y tan̈y zen̈y, efa andrivony tapitrisa taon̈o loso zay. Nisy raha simiky nitambatambatra zen̈y ho iro, tan̈aty rano io tao ke zen̈y amy zay nan̈amia raha boribory hely karaha balon. Ke izio baka io nanjary molekily maro garamidany. Io zen̈y selily voanalohany, sady “tsotra” hely. Nahainaro fo selily io baka tio, sady baka tamizio niboahany raha manampahin̈ana jiaby.
Kanefa raha zen̈y tsy ikeny siantifiky hafa mino evolision. Iro mieritreritry fa baka aminy habakabaka zen̈y naviany selily voanalohany, na fara faharatsiny raha an̈atiny ao. Nan̈ino? Fotony ndray iô ezaka mare nataondro, mbala tsendriky vitany siantifiky aby io man̈aporofo ino nahavy molekily tsisy fahin̈ana nafaka nan̈aboaka raha manampahin̈ana. Nankamafy zen̈y Alexandre Meinesz, manampahizan̈a momba raha manampahin̈ana. Taminy 2008, izy nivolan̈a fa tan̈atiny 50 taon̈o farany tatỳ “tsy avoaporofo foeky fa baka tamy molekily tsisy fahin̈ana niboahany raha manampahin̈ana ambony tany eto. Sady ndray mandroso mare siansy, zen̈y mbala tsy ho voaporofo fo.”1
Ino ten̈a izy? Haintsika tsarabe baka aia naviany zazamena. Efa voaporofondro siantifiky aby io koa fa baka amy raha manampahin̈ana fo hiboahany raha manampahin̈ana. Ke mba karaha zen̈y edy koa va raha nandalo taloha ela be tan̈y, sa raha manampihan̈ana aby io niforon̈o hoazy baka tamy raha simiky tsisy fahin̈ana? Ino ten̈a izy?
Hitany pikaroko fa telo, fara fahaheliny, molekily maro garamidany tsy maintsy miaraka, zay vo selily araiky hafa ho velon̈o. Iô ohatra ADN (acide désoxyribonucléique), ARN (acide ribonucléique), ndreky proteiny. Amy zioty, efa vitsy siantifiky masaky mivolan̈a fa selily io navinavy hoazy baka tamy raha simiky tsisy fahin̈ana. Fa posibla edy ma ARN ndreky proteiny io raha nisy ho azy tio fo? *
Stanley Miller, 1953
Nisy eksperiansy nataony pikaroko araiky, Stanley L. Miller, taminy 1953. Baka tamizio nahavy siantifiky maro nanjary nino fa raha manampahin̈ana io navinavy hoazy tio fo. Izy baka nahavita nampisy acide aminé. Izio raha simiky an̈aty proteiny, baka tamy gazy isankarazany navoriny, avio nampian̈a courant. Nieritreritry baka izy fa taloha tan̈y feno gazy nandrakotro tany teto. Sady letrizay, nisy acide aminé hita tan̈aty tainy lakintan̈a. Ke dikanizen̈y ma afaka miforon̈o hoazy iro raha jiaby ilain̈y baka hampisy raha manampahin̈ana io?
Karaha ty nivolan̈iny Robert Shapiro, papianatra chimie taminy Iniversiteny New York: “Misy mihevitry fa mba hazahoan̈a raha jiaby ilain̈y hampisy raha manampahin̈ana io, mila man̈ano eksperiansy [karaha nataony Miller in̈y] fo. Iro koa mino fa raha aby in̈y efa hita tan̈atindro tainy lakintan̈a in̈y. Ten̈a diso hevitry iro.”2 *
Alo baka atsika handiniky momba ARN. An̈atinizio ao misy molekily maromaro kaian̈a nucléotides. Iro io baka aminy acide aminé, sady ten̈a maro garamidany. Karaha ty ho Shapiro: “Zaho mbala tsy naharen̈y fa nisy [siantifiky] nahavita nucléotides izikoa fa nan̈ano eksperiansy [karaha nataony Miller]. Sady zaho koa mbala tsy naharen̈y fa nisy nucléotides tamy tainy lakintan̈a aby io tao.”3 “Sarotro” koa hoizy “hino fa nisy ARN niboaka hoazy baka tamy raha simiky, sady ndray nisy ankitin̈y raha zen̈y, na taia io na taia, zen̈y raha sendra nisy fo.”4
ARN (1) ilain̈y mampisy proteiny (2), sady proteiny koa ilain̈y mampisy ARN. Dikanizen̈y tsy afaka hiforon̈o hoazy iô araiky amindro, intsaka eky ke iro roe. Amy toko man̈araka atsika mikoran̈a momba ribôzômy (3).
Fa karakory ndraiky momba proteiny? Misy acide aminé 50 firaka andrivony maro an̈atinizio ao. Iro io mitambatambatra sady milamin̈y tsarabe. Ahitan̈a acide aminé 200 amy proteiny tsy maro garamidany, an̈aty selily araiky “tsotra.” Kanefa an̈aty selily aby in̈y, mbala misy karazan̈a proteiny andrivony. Ke araka fikarohan̈a natao, tsy posibla ho nisinisy hoazy foeky, ndray iro proteiny tsisy izikoa tsy acide aminé 100.
Ndray molekily maro garamidany fo efa mila siantifiky mahay vo mahavita izy, intsaka eky molekily ten̈a maro garamidany mare an̈aty selily ao io! Navinavy hoazy fo edy iro io?
Karaha ty ho Hubert P. Yockey, mino evolision: “Tsy baka tamy proteiny foeky nahavy raha manampahin̈ana.”5 Fotony tsy maintsy baka aminy ARN mampisy proteiny, sady tsy maintsy baka amy proteiny fo koa mampisy ARN. Fa karakory ndraiky izikoa niaraka nisy hoazy tamy toeran̈a araiky tio iro roe, mbala tsy ho posibla foeky? Mba ho nikamban̈a edy iro baka hiboahany selily araiky afaka mahaimaro? Nivolan̈a karaha ty Pr. Carol Cleland * miasa amy Sampandraharaha Amerikain Mikarakara Sambondan̈itry ndreky Raha An̈abo Tsy Hita Maso an̈y (NASA): ‘Zen̈y tsy posibla foeky. Ankamarozany pikaroko aby io donko mino fa izikoa fa mazava amindro fomba nampisy hoazy proteiny ndreky ARN, hazava amindro koa fomba nampikamban̈a iro io.’ Karaha ty koa ho izy: “Tsisy mahafapô foeky fan̈azavan̈a hindesiny siantifiky aby io han̈aporofoan̈a fa nisinisy hoazy raha aby io.”6
Ndray robot fo mila olo mahiratsain̈y vo mahavita miasa izy, kanefa izio raha tsy manampahin̈ana, ke mba akory eky selily, intsaka eky olombelon̈o?
Nan̈ino ilaintsika mahay zen̈y? Sarotro amy pikaroko aby io man̈aporofo amy karakory nahavy raha manampahin̈ana io navinavy hoazy. Marin̈y ndraiky fa iro nahita acide aminé tan̈aty tainy lakintan̈a, sady izio hita an̈aty seliliny raha manampahin̈ana ankitin̈y. Fa iro baka tio nila nifen̈y mare nan̈amboatra molekily mahaimaro garamidany fo koa. Tsy maintsy nampiasa tekniky maro sarotro mare iro vo nahavita zen̈y. Tanjon̈ondro hamoron̈o raha jiaby ilain̈y hahavitan̈a selily “tsotra” araiky. Iro mitovy aminolo tihan̈amboatra robot. Raha voajan̈ahary antsendriky halainy han̈amboaran̈a vy, plastiky, silikony, ndreky tariby. Amboariny amy zay robot io, baka io izio hataony mahay man̈amboatra robot hafa miran̈a aminany. Kanefa raha zen̈y ma man̈aporofo ino? Hita baka amy zen̈y fa olo mahiratsain̈y fo afaka man̈amboatra masiny maro garamidany.
Koa ohatrandraha nahavita nan̈amboatra selily marin̈y edy iro siantifiky aby io, ten̈a mahay ankitin̈y iro. Kanefa voaporofondro baka zen̈y edy ma fa selily io nisy hoazy tio fo? Tsy ny mifanohitry amy zen̈y edy va?
Akory hevitrinao? Letrizay, porofo aratsiansy man̈aboaka fa baka amy raha manampahin̈ana fo hiboahany raha manampahin̈ana. Ke ten̈a sarotro hino fa selily io, ndray izio selily araiky farany “tsotra”, niboaka baka tamy raha tsy manampahin̈ana.
Ke anao ma mbala hino zen̈y fo? Alohany hamalianao fan̈ontanian̈a zen̈y, alo antsendriky atsika handiniky tsarabe momba selily. Ho hitanao izikoa marin̈y na tsy marin̈y raha ampianariny siantifiky aby io, fa nisinisy hoazy tio fo raha manampahin̈ana.
^ Amy toko fahatelo an̈y atsika hikoran̈a momba ADN io, “Izio ma ADN io Raha Navinavy Hoazy?”
^ Shapiro tsy mino fa raha manampahin̈ana io nisy namoron̈o. Fa izy mino fa nisy hoazy tio fo olo ndreky biby, fa tsy ten̈a hay fo tamy fomba karakory. Taminy 2009, siantifiky taminy Iniversiteny Manchester, tan Angletera, nivolan̈a fa iro zen̈y nahavita nan̈amboatra nucléotides (raha hita an̈atiny ARN). Fa Shapiro nivolan̈a fa “izio tsy mitovy amindro nucléotides an̈atiny ARN foeky.”
^ Pr. Cleland tsy mino fa raha manampahin̈ana io nisy namoron̈o. Izy mino fa olo ndreky biby io nisinisy hoazy tio fo, fa tsy ten̈a hay fo zen̈y tamy fomba karakory.
