Le úuchben tsʼíiboʼob yéetel le Bibliaoʼ

LE KA tsʼoʼok u xaʼakʼbesaʼal le tʼaanoʼob tu kaajil Babeloʼ, pʼáat xan jejeláas bix u yúuchul tsʼíib. Le máaxoʼob yanoʼob kaʼach Mesopotamia, jeʼex le sumerioʼob yéetel le babilonioʼoboʼ, tu beetoʼob upʼéel tsʼíib ku kʼaabaʼtik cuneiforme. Le úuchben tsʼíibaʼ chʼakbil u beetaʼal kaʼach yóokʼol arcilla maʼ tijkiʼ.

Le arqueologoʼoboʼ tsʼoʼok u kaxtikoʼob úuchben tsʼíiboʼob ku tʼaanoʼob tiʼ máakoʼob anchajoʼob, bey xan tiʼ baʼaloʼob jach tu jaajil úuchoʼob jeʼex u yaʼalik le Bibliaoʼ. Baʼaleʼ, ¿baʼax ojéelaʼan tiʼ le úuchben tsʼíiboʼobaʼ? Yéetel ¿bix u yeʼesikoʼob jach tu jaajil úuch le baʼaxoʼob ku yaʼalik le Bibliaoʼ?

Upʼéel tsʼíib jach úuchben

Le máaxoʼob yaʼab baʼal u yojloʼob tiʼ le tsʼíiboʼobaʼ, ku yaʼalikoʼobeʼ le ka káaj u beetaʼaleʼ cada tsʼíib wa dibujoeʼ ku chíikbesik upʼéel tʼaan wa upʼéel baʼax ku tuklaʼal. Jeʼex utiaʼal u yúuchul tʼaan tiʼ utúul wakaxeʼ ku dibujartaʼal u pool utúul wakax. Baʼaleʼ tumen kʼaʼabéetchaj u maas tsʼíibtaʼal yaʼab baʼaloʼobeʼ, anchaj u jelbesaʼal le úuchben tsʼíibaʼ. Le libro NIV Archaeological Study Bible ku yaʼalik: «Le dibujoʼoboʼ meyajnajoʼob xan bey letraʼob utiaʼal u yúuchul tʼaan tiʼ wa baʼaxeʼ». Ka máan kʼiineʼ beetaʼab 200 upʼéelel dibujoʼob utiaʼal u kanaʼal bix unaj «u tsʼíibtaʼal, u xoʼokol yéetel u tʼaʼanal» le úuchben tʼaan cuneiformeoʼ.

Tu kʼiiniloʼob Abraham, maʼ xaaneʼ dos mil jaʼaboʼob táanil tiʼ u síijil Jesuseʼ, le tsʼíib cuneiformeoʼ jach kʼaj óolaʼan. Le ka máan dos mil jaʼaboʼobeʼ, maʼ xaaneʼ quince uláakʼ tʼaanoʼobeʼ joʼopʼ u tsʼíibtaʼal jeʼex le cuneiformeoʼ. Óoliʼ tuláakal le tsʼíiboʼob cuneiforme tsʼoʼok u kaxtaʼaloʼ, tsʼíibtaʼaboʼob tiʼ tablillas beetaʼan yéetel arcilla. Ichil le ciento cincuenta jaʼaboʼob tsʼoʼok u máanoʼ tsʼoʼok u kaxtaʼal yaʼabkach tablillas tu kaajil Ur, Uruk, Babilonia, Nimrud, Nippur, Asur, Nínive, Mari, Ebla, Ugarit yéetel Amarna. Le revista Archaeology Odyssey ku yaʼalik: «Le máaxoʼob kaʼanchajaʼan u xookoʼoboʼ ku yaʼalikoʼobeʼ maʼ xaaneʼ tsʼoʼok u kaxtaʼal kex upʼéel wa kaʼapʼéel millón tablillas, yéetel cada jaʼab ku máaneʼ ku chíikpajal 25,000 uláakʼoʼob».

Baʼaleʼ maʼ chéen yaan yéetel ka kaxtaʼakoʼobiʼ, unaj xan u yojéeltaʼal baʼax u kʼáat u yaʼaloʼob. Le nojoch meyajaʼ ku beetaʼal tumen yaʼab máakoʼob kaʼanchajaʼan u xookoʼob tiʼ tuláakal yóokʼol kaab. Upʼéel censo beetaʼabeʼ ku yeʼesik «tiʼ tuláakal le úuchben tsʼíiboʼob cuneiformeoʼ chéen 10 tiʼ cada cien upʼéeleleʼ tsʼoʼok u yojéeltaʼal baʼax u kʼáat u yaʼale».

Tsʼoʼoleʼ le yáax tablillas kaxtaʼaboʼob ku taaskoʼob le tsʼíib cuneiforme ich kaʼapʼéel wa óoxpʼéel tʼaanoʼoboʼ, áantajnajoʼob utiaʼal ka ojéeltaʼak baʼax u kʼáat u yaʼal le úuchben tsʼíiboʼobaʼ. Le máaxoʼob jach ku xokikoʼob le baʼaloʼobaʼ, tu tsʼáajoʼob cuentaeʼ yaʼab utéenel ku chʼaʼachiʼitaʼal jujumpʼéel kʼaabaʼob, nojbeʼen kʼaabaʼob, chʼiʼibaloʼob yéetel kʼaayoʼob.

Tu jaʼabiloʼob 1850, kʼuch ojéelbil baʼax u kʼáat u yaʼal le tʼaan ku beetaʼal kaʼach tumen le acadioʼoboʼ, le asirioʼoboʼ yéetel le babilonioʼoboʼ. Le Encyclopædia Britannicaoʼ ku yaʼalik: «Le ka ojéeltaʼab baʼax u kʼáat u yaʼal le tʼaan ku beetik kaʼach le acadioʼoboʼ, kʼuch naʼatbil bix káajik u tsʼíibtikoʼob le tʼaan ku beetkoʼoboʼ yéetel meyajnaj utiaʼal u naʼataʼal le úuchben tsʼíiboʼob ku beetaʼal tiʼ uláakʼ tʼaanoʼoboʼ». ¿Baʼax túun yaan yil le úuchben tsʼíiboʼob cuneiforme yéetel le baʼax ku yaʼalik le Bibliaoʼ?

Jujumpʼéel baʼaxoʼob uchaʼan jeʼex u yaʼalik le Bibliaoʼ

Le Bibliaoʼ ku yaʼalikeʼ táanil tiʼ u baʼateʼel David tu contra u kajnáaliloʼob Jerusalén óoliʼ tu jaʼabiloʼob 1070 táanil tiʼ t-kʼiinoʼobeʼ, le kaajaʼ  gobernartaʼan kaʼach tumen le cananeoʼoboʼ (Jos. 10:1; 2 Sam. 5:4-9). Jujuntúul máakoʼob kaʼanchajaʼan u xookoʼobeʼ tu yaʼaloʼob maʼ jaaj le baʼax ku yaʼalik le Bibliaaʼ. Baʼaleʼ tu jaʼabil 1887 utúul koʼolel ku meyajtik le kʼáaxoʼ tu kaxtaj tu kaajil Amarna (Egipto) upʼéel tablilla beetaʼan yéetel arcilla. Ka máan kʼiineʼ naatsʼ teʼeloʼ kaxtaʼab xan 380 tablillas tuʼux ku chíikpajal baʼaxoʼob tu manaj yéetel baʼaxoʼob tu konaj u reyiloʼob Canaán yéetel u reyiloʼob Egipto Amenhotep III yéetel Akhenatón. Ichil le tablillaʼobaʼ chíikpaj xan seis tsʼíiboʼob tu beetaj Abdi-Heba, utúul u gobernantei Jerusalén.

Le revista Biblical Archaeology Review ku yaʼalik: «Maʼ xaaneʼ Jerusaleneʼ upʼéel reino maʼ sen nojchiʼ, tumen le tablillas kaxtaʼab Amarnaoʼ ku yeʼesikeʼ Jerusaleneʼ maʼ chéen upʼéel chan kajtaliliʼ, yéetel ku yaʼalikeʼ Abdi-Hebaeʼ utúul [...] gobernador yaan upʼéel u yotoch yéetel ku kanáantaʼal tumen 50 soldadoʼob egipcioʼob». Tsʼoʼoleʼ ku yaʼalik xan: «Wa k-chʼaʼik en cuenta le tsʼíiboʼob kaxtaʼab Amarnaoʼ, k-ojéelkeʼ desde teʼ kʼiinoʼob jeʼeloʼ [Jerusaleneʼ] upʼéel kaaj nojoch».

Kʼaabaʼob ku chʼaʼachiʼitaʼal teʼ Bibliaoʼ yéetel tiʼ u úuchben tsʼíiboʼob Asiria yéetel Babilonia

Le baʼax ku yúuchul kaʼach tiʼ le asirioʼob yéetel le babilonioʼoboʼ, tu tsʼíibtoʼob tiʼ tablillas beetaʼan yéetel arcilla, tiʼ tuunich póolaʼanoʼob bey xan tiʼ pakʼoʼob. Le oʼolal le ka ojéeltaʼab tumen le máaxoʼob kaʼanchajaʼan u xookoʼob baʼax u kʼáat u yaʼal le u úuchben tsʼíib le acadioʼoboʼ, tu tsʼáajoʼob cuentaeʼ le kʼaabaʼobaʼ ku chʼaʼachiʼitaʼaloʼob xan teʼ Bibliaoʼ.

Le libro The Bible in the British Museum ku yaʼalik: «Tu jaʼabil 1870, le ka tu máansaj upʼéel tsoltʼaan tu táan le Sociedad de Arqueología Bíblica, le maʼ sen úuch beetaʼakoʼ, le doctor Samuel Birch tu yaʼaleʼ [tiʼ le úuchben tsʼíiboʼob cuneiformeoʼ] ku chíikpajal [u kʼaabaʼ] le reyoʼob hebreoʼob Omrí, Acab, Jehú, Azarías [...], Menahem, Péqah, Hosea, Ezequías yéetel Manasés, bey xan u reyiloʼob Asiria Tiglat-piléser [III] [...], Sargón, Senaquerib, Esar-hadón yéetel Asurbanipal, [...] bey xan le u reyiloʼob Siria, Benhadad, Hazael yéetel Rezín».

Le libro The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating ku ketik le baʼax ku yaʼalik le tsʼíiboʼob cuneiforme yéetel le baʼax ku yaʼalik le Biblia yoʼolal Israel yéetel yoʼolal Judaoʼ. ¿Baʼax tu yaʼalaj le máax tsʼíibt le libroaʼ? «Tiʼ le úuchben libroʼoboʼ ku chíikpajal [u kʼaabaʼ] quince wa dieciséis u reyiloʼob Judá yéetel Israel, le máakoʼobaʼ láayliʼ letiʼe kuxlajoʼob teʼ kʼiinoʼob ku yaʼalik [u libroi] Reyesoʼ. Mix utúul tiʼ u reyiloʼob ku pʼáatal maʼ u chʼaʼachiʼitaʼaloʼob, yéetel le úuchben libroʼoboʼ ku tʼaanoʼob tiʼ tuláakal le reyoʼob ku yaʼalik le Bibliaoʼ.»

Tu jaʼabil 1879 kaxtaʼab u Cilindro Ciro, lelaʼ upʼéel tiʼ le tsʼíiboʼob cuneiforme jach kʼaj óolaʼan bejlaʼoʼ. Le cilindroaʼ ku yaʼalikeʼ ka tsʼoʼok u xuʼulsik tiʼ Babilonia tu jaʼabil 539 táanil tiʼ k-kʼiinoʼobeʼ, le rey Cirooʼ tu chaʼaj u suut tu luʼumil le máaxoʼob u palitsilmoʼoboʼ, tuʼux táakaʼan kaʼach yaʼab israelitaʼob (Esd. 1:1-4). Teʼ siglo diecinueveoʼ, yaʼab máakoʼob kaʼanchajaʼan u xookoʼobeʼ tu yaʼaloʼobeʼ maʼ jaaj wa Ciro chaʼa u suut le israelitaʼob tu luʼumoʼob jeʼex u yaʼalik le Bibliaoʼ. Baʼaleʼ le tsʼíiboʼob cuneiforme beetaʼan tumen le persaʼob, tuʼux táakaʼan le u Cilindro Cirooʼ, tu yeʼesoʼob jach jaaj le baʼax ku yaʼalik le Bibliaoʼ.

Tu jaʼabil 1883 tu kaajil Nippur, naatsʼ tiʼ Babiloniaeʼ kaxtaʼab maas tiʼ setecientos tsʼíiboʼob cuneiformeʼob. Ichil le 2,500 kʼaabaʼob ku chʼaʼachiʼitkoʼoboʼ, 70 tiʼ letiʼobeʼ judíoʼob. Edwin Yamauchi, utúul historiadoreʼ ku yaʼalikeʼ u kʼaabaʼ «contratistaʼob, máaxoʼob ku koonoloʼob, máaaxoʼob ku beetkoʼob u testigoiloʼob, máaxoʼob ku kʼamkoʼob impuestoʼob yéetel máaxoʼob ku meyajoʼob tiʼ le palaciooʼ». Tsʼoʼok u yilaʼaleʼ, yaan tiʼ le judíoʼob chaʼaboʼoboʼ pʼáatoʼob kajtal naatsʼ tiʼ Babilonia. Lelaʼ ku yeʼesik jach jaaj le ken u yaʼal le Biblia chéen «tsʼeʼetsʼek tiʼ u kaajil Israel» yaan u suutoʼob kaʼach Judea, tumen yaʼab tiʼ letiʼobeʼ yaan u pʼáatloʼob Asiria yéetel Babilonia (Isa. 10:21, 22).

Teʼ yáax mil jaʼaboʼob máan desde ka beetaʼab wíinikoʼ, le tsʼíib cuneiformeoʼ anchaj ichil le uláakʼ úuchben tsʼíiboʼob ku beetaʼal kaʼach yéetel letraʼoboʼ. Baʼaleʼ ka máan kʼiineʼ le asirioʼob yéetel le babilonioʼoboʼ xuʼul u meyajtiʼob le tsʼíib cuneiformeoʼ ka káaj u tsʼíiboʼob jeʼex u beetaʼal bejlaʼoʼ.

Teʼ museʼoboʼ yaan u milesi úuchben tsʼíiboʼob maʼ ojéeltaʼak baʼax u kʼáat u yaʼaloʼobiʼ. Baʼaleʼ le tsʼoʼok u yojéeltaʼaloʼoboʼ ku yeʼeskoʼob jach jaaj le baʼax ku yaʼalik le Bibliaoʼ. Maʼ xaaneʼ yaʼab wal uláakʼ baʼaloʼob yaan u yojéeltaʼal yéetel yaan u yeʼeskoʼob jach jaaj le baʼaxoʼob tsʼíibtaʼan teʼ Bibliaoʼ.

[U tsolajil le oochel teʼ táan juʼun 21]

Le fotoaʼ tsʼaʼab tumen le Museo Britanicooʼ