IBhayibheli Eliwumqulu Owodwa

LAPHO enza amakhophi eBhayibheli, amaKristu okuqala aba ngawokuqala ukusebenzisa i-codex—incwadi, hhayi umqulu ogoqwayo. Nokho, amaKristu awaqalanga zibekwa nje ukwenza umqulu owodwa onazo zonke izincwadi zeBhayibheli. Igxathu elibalulekile ekhiqizeni amaBhayibheli amaningi awumqulu owodwa lathathwa nguFlavius Cassiodorus ngekhulu lesithupha leminyaka.

UFlavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus wazalelwa emkhayeni ocebile cishe ngo-485 kuya ku-490 C.E. eCalabria, enhlonhlweni eseningizimu ye-Italy yanamuhla. Wayephila esikhathini seziyaluyalu emlandweni we-Italy, njengoba leyo nhlonhlo yaqale yathathwa amaGoth yase ithathwa amaByzantium. Lapho eseneminyaka engaba ngu-60 noma 70 ubudala, uCassiodorus wasungula umuzi wezindela waseVivarium ngasemzini wakhe eSquillace, eCalabria.

Umhleli WeBhayibheli Ocophelelayo

Phakathi kwezinto uCassiodorus ayezikhathalela kakhulu kwakuwukudlulisela iBhayibheli kwabanye. Isazi-mlando uPeter Brown siyabhala: “Ngokombono kaCassiodorus, zonke izincwadi zesiLatini kwakufanele zisetshenziselwe ukudlulisela imiBhalo kwabanye. Zonke izinsiza ezasisetshenziswe ngaphambili ukuze kutadishwe futhi kukopishwe imibhalo yesiGreki sasendulo kwakufanele zisetshenziselwe ukuqonda imiBhalo nokuyikopisha ngendlela ekhaliphile. Njengesimiso samaplanethi esisanda kuvela, isiLatini nempucuko yaso yonke kwakufanele kujikeleze elangeni elikhulu eliyiZwi likaNkulunkulu.”

UCassiodorus waqoqela abahumushi nezazi zemithetho yolimi emzini wezindela waseVivarium ukuze kucutshungulwe futhi kuhlanganiswe lonke iBhayibheli, wayesengamela inqubo eyayinemicikilisho eminingi yokulihlela. Lo msebenzi wawuphathisa amadoda ambalwa afundile. La madoda kwakufanele agweme ukulungisa ngokuxhamazela lokho okwakungase kubonakale kungamaphutha abalobi. Uma kukhona umbuzo mayelana nemithetho yolimi, kwakufanele kubhekwe imibhalo yeBhayibheli yakudala njengenegunya ngaphezu kwendlela isiLatini esamukelekayo esasisetshenziswa ngayo. UCassiodorus wayala: “Izinto ezihlukile emithethweni yolimi . . . kumelwe ziyekwe zinjalo, ngoba umbhalo owaziwa njengophefumulelwe akumelwe wonakaliswe. . . . Indlela yeBhayibheli yokubeka izinto, izingathekiso nezisho [zalo] akumelwe kushintshwe, ngisho noma kuxaka ngokwezindinganiso zesiLatini, njengoba kunjalo nangezindlela ‘zamaHeberu’ zokubiza amabizo-qho.”—The Cambridge History of the Bible.

ICodex Grandior

Abakopishi basemzini wezindela waseVivarium banikwa umsebenzi wokwenza izinhlelo ezihlukene okungenani ezintathu zeBhayibheli lesiLatini. Olunye lwazo, olwaluyimiqulu engu-9, cishe lwalunombhalo wesiLatini Esidala, okuyinguqulo eyaba khona ekupheleni kwekhulu lesibili. Uhlelo lwesibili lwalune-Vulgate yesiLatini, uJerome ayiqeda ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesihlanu. Olwesithathu, iCodex Grandior, okusho “i-codex enkulu,” lwenziwa kususelwa emaBhayibhelini amathathu. Zombili lezi zinhlelo zokugcina zazinazo zonke izincwadi zeBhayibheli emqulwini owodwa.

Kubonakala sengathi uCassiodorus wayengowokuqala ukwenza amaBhayibheli esiLatini awumqulu  owodwa, ewabiza ngama-pandectae. * Ngokungangabazeki wayekubona ukuba usizo kokuhlanganisa zonke izincwadi zeBhayibheli emqulwini owodwa, kanjalo kugwenywe ukuphenya imiqulu eminingi, okudla isikhathi.

Ukusuka ENingizimu Italy Ukuya EBrithani

Ngemva nje kokufa kukaCassiodorus (cishe ngawo-583 C.E.), uhambo lweCodex Grandior lwaqala. Ngaleso sikhathi, kucatshangwa ukuthi ingxenye yomtapo wolwazi waseVivarium yayisiyiswe emtatsheni waseLateran eRome. Ngo-678 C.E., umphathi womuzi wezindela ongumAnglo-Saxon uCeolfrith wafika nale codex eBrithani, ekade evakashele eRome. Yafika kanjalo emizini emibili yezindela, owaseWearmouth nowaseJarrow, eyayiphethwe nguCeolfrith, endaweni esiyiNorthumbria, eNgilandi.

Kumelwe ukuba iBhayibheli likaCassiodorus eliwumqulu owodwa lamhlaba umxhwele uCeolfrith nezindela zakhe, okungenzeka bakhangwa yindlela elalisebenziseka kalula ngayo. Ngakho, phakathi namashumi ambalwa nje eminyaka, bakha amanye amaBhayibheli amathathu aphelele awumqulu owodwa. Okuwukuphela kwekhophi yawo esekhona iwumbhalo omkhulukazi okuthiwa yiCodex Amiatinus. Inamakhasi angu-2 060 esikhumba, ngalinye lingamasentimitha angaba ngu-51 ubude nangu-33 ububanzi. Uma uhlanganisa nesembozo sawo, uwugqinsi olungamasentimitha angu-25, isisindo sawo singamakhilogremu angaphezu kwangu-34. UyiBhayibheli lesiLatini elidala kunawo wonke awumqulu owodwa asekhona. Isazi esivelele semibhalo yeBhayibheli sekhulu le-19, uFenton J. A. Hort, sayibona ngo-1887 le codex. UHort wathi: “Ngisho nakumuntu wanamuhla lesi simangaliso [sombhalo wesandla] sibangela umuzwa othi awube sakwesaba.”

Ukuphindela E-Italy

ICodex Grandior yokuqala eyenziwa ngomyalo kaCassiodorus seyalahleka. Kodwa lena eyenziwa ngama-Anglo-Saxon kamuva, iCodex Amiatinus yesiLatini, yaqala uhambo lokuphindela e-Italy ngemva nje kokuqedwa kwayo. Ngaphambi nje kokuba afe, uCeolfrith wanquma ukuphindela eRome. Wahamba nomunye wemibhalo yakhe yeBhayibheli yesiLatini emithathu eyokupha uPapa Gregory II. UCeolfrith wafela endleleni, ngo-716 C.E., eLangres, eFrance. Kodwa iBhayibheli lakhe laqhubeka nohambo liphethwe ababehamba naye. Le codex yagcina ifakwe emtatsheni wasemzini wezindela waseNtabeni Yase-Amiata, enkabeni ye-Italy, okuyindawo okususelwa kuyo igama layo elithi Codex Amiatinus. Ngo-1782 lo mbhalo wayiswa eMtatsheni WaseMedicean-Laurent eFlorence, e-Italy, lapho namanje usengenye yezinto eziyigugu kakhulu khona.

ICodex Grandior iye yasithinta kanjani thina? Kusukela esikhathini sikaCassiodorus, abakopishi nabanyathelisi baye bathambekela nakakhulu ekwenzeni amaBhayibheli awumqulu owodwa. Kuze kube namuhla, ukuba neBhayibheli elinjalo kuye kwakwenza kwaba lula kubantu ukulifunda futhi kanjalo bazuze emandleni elinawo ekuphileni kwabo.—Heberu 4:12.

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(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

Uhambo lweCodex Grandior

Umuzi wezindela waseVivarium

IRome

IJarrow

IWearmouth

Uhambo lweCodex Amiatinus

IJarrow

IWearmouth

INtaba Yase-Amiata

IFlorence

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Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

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Ngenhla: ICodex Amiatinus Kwesokunxele: Umfanekiso ka-Ezra okuyiCodex Amiatinus

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Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Firenze